Overexploitation Tokyo Tuna Market. Types of Overexploitation Commercial exploitation Subsistence...

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Overexploitation Tokyo Tuna Market

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Transcript of Overexploitation Tokyo Tuna Market. Types of Overexploitation Commercial exploitation Subsistence...

Page 1: Overexploitation Tokyo Tuna Market. Types of Overexploitation Commercial exploitation Subsistence exploitation Recreational exploitation Incidental exploitation.

Overexploitation

Tokyo Tuna Market

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Types of Overexploitation

• Commercial exploitation

• Subsistence exploitation

• Recreational exploitation

• Incidental exploitation

• Indirect exploitation

• Pet and garden market

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Commercial exploitation• Potential market for wild products is enormous

• Given market, people will exploit wild species for financial gain

• Domestic substitutes for wild products are not identical in value

• Market price for wild products increases as product becomes rarer

• Wild resources are communal resources owned by no one or everyone

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Morel Mushrooms for Sale

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Coral harvested for jewelry

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Rhinoceros exploitation

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Rhino hornProducts – Dagger marketin Yemen

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Rhino Horn in Traditional Medicine

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Wild Blueberries

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Wild Salmon

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Egret plumes and feathered hat

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Tragedy of the Commons

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Japanese Whaling Ships

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Subsistence exploitation

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Subsistence Fishing

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Ojibway wild rice harvesting

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Recreational exploitation

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Hunting as Recreation

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Shell Collection

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Gordon Alcorn

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Photographic safari

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Cheetah on Land Rover

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Dive boat damage to coral reefs

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Incidental exploitation

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Trawling

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Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle

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Shrimp net with TED – turtle exclusion device

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Indirect exploitation

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Overgrazing

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Domestic cats preying on small birds

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Pet and Garden Market

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Gray Parrots in Smuggler’s Crate

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Tropical Fish for Aquarium Trade

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Cactus Market

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Saguaro Cactus

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Consequences of Overexploitation

1. Population Effects

- Reduction in population size

- Age structure

- Sex ratio

- Genetic structure

2. Ecosystem Effects

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Age Structure: A – fish in typical populationB – fish taken by fishing

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Sex Ratios – The Fisher

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Fisher Distribution

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Genetic Structure – Coho Salmon

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Genetic Structure – Coho Salmon

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Ecosystem Structure – Loss of Large Trees

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Giant Redwood

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Redwood Forest in the Air

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Planting Sequoias

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Ecosystem Structure – Loss of Snags

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Loss of Keystone Species - Sea Otter with Sea Urchin

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Loss of Keystone Species - Glyptodont

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Maclura pomifera – Osage Orange

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Exotic Species

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Mrs. Black Horse, Cheyenne Nation, and dog travois

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American Chestnut

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Cracking From Chestnut Blight

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Exotic Species

• Conservation biologists typically call introduced species “exotic species” - species which live outside their natural range

• Botanists typically refer to exotic plants as alien species

• Other terms you may see include biological invaders, introduced species, invasive species, non-indigenous species, non-native species (my preferred term)

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How Do Exotic Species Get Dispersed?

1. Stowaways

2. Subsistence and Commerce

3. Recreation

4. Whimsy or aesthetics

5. Science

6. Biological Control

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Norway Rat as ship rat

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Earthworms and pre-exotic distribution

Lumbricus terrestris

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Cars transport seeds via mud stuck to car

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Ballast Water Discharge

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Commerce and Subsistence

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Commerce and Subsistence

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Monterey Pine

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Blue Gum Eucalyptus

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Feral Pig - Florida

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Bighead Carp

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Carp Jumping

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Recreation - Brown Trout

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Ring-necked Pheasant

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Chukar

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Red Deer – New Zealand

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Whimsy or Aesthetics – European Starling

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House Sparrow

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Exotic plants in New Zealand

• Native flora of 2065 species

• 24,774 documented introduced alien species

• About 2200 exotics have become established (naturalized)

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Multiflora Rose

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Tree of Heaven - Ailanthus

Light blue – counties where Ailanthus is present

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Scotch Broom

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Walking Catfish

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Cherry Headed Conures in San Francisco

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Monk Parrots – Chicago, Harold Washington Park and Hyde Park

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Science - Gypsy Moth

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Africanized Honey Bees

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Movement of Africanized Honey Bees

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Movement of Africanized Honey Bees

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Biocontrol

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Klamath Weed – aka – St. John’s Wort

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Chrysolina beetle

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Prickly Pear Hedge - Tunisia

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Prickly pear in Australia – before control

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Cactoblastis cactorum

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Prickly pear – same location after control

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Red Fox - Australia

With native Bobuck possum

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Red fox - Australia


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