OUT OF MANYA History of the American People

Brief Fourth Edition

John Mack FaragherYALE UNIVERSITY

Mari Jo BuHeBROWN UNIVERSITY

Daniel CzitromMOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE

Susan H. ArmitageWASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

SUB Gottingen211 719 749

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Preface xxiiiCommunity & Diversity xxx

1 A Continent of Villages,to 1500 1

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Cahokia:Thirteenth-Century Life on the Mississippi 1

Settling the Continent 3Who Are the Indian People? 3Migration from Asia 3Clovis: The First American Technology 5

New Ways of Living on the Land 5Hunting Traditions 6Desert Culture 6Forest Efficiency 7

The Development of Farming 8Mexico 8The Resisted Revolution 9Increasing Social Complexity 9Farmers of the Southwest 10The Anasazis 10Farmers of the Eastern Woodlands 10Mississippian Society 11The Politics of Warfare and Violence 12

Cultural Regions of North America on theEve of Colonization 12

The Population of Indian America 12The Southwest 12The South 13The Northeast 14

Chronology 15 Conclusion 16 Review Questions 16Recommended Reading 16 On the Web 17

2 When Worlds Collide,1492-1590 20

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The Englishand the Algonquians at Roanoke 20

The Expansion of Europe 22European Communities 22The Merchant Class and the New Monarchies 23The Renaissance 2 3Portuguese Explorations 24Columbus Reaches the Americas 24

The Spanish in the Americas 26The Invasion of America 26The Destruction of the Indies 26Intercontinental Exchange 28The First Europeans in North America 28The Spanish New World Empire 29

Northern Explorations and Encounters 29Fish and Furs 29The Protestant Reformation and the First FrenchColonies 30Sixteenth-Century England 31Early English Efforts in the Americas 32

Conclusion 32 Chronology 33 Review Questions 33Recommended Reading 33 On the Web 34

Community & Memory:The Battle Over Burials 18

3 Planting Coloniesin North America,1588-1701 35

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Communities Strugglewith Diversity in Seventeenth-Century Santa Fe 3 5

Spain and Its Competitors in North America 37New Mexico 38New France 38New Netherland 39

England in the Chesapeake 40Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy 40Tobacco, Expansion, and Warfare 40Indentured Servants 41Community Life in the Chesapeake 41

The New England Colonies 42The Social and Political Values of Puritanism 42Early Contacts in New England 42Plymouth Colony and the Mayflower Compact 42The Massachusetts Bay Colony 43Indians and Puritans 43The New England Merchants 4 3Community and Family in Massachusetts 43Dissent and New Communities 44

The Restoration Colonies 44Early Carolina 45From New Netherland to New York 45The Founding of Pennsylvania 46

Conflict and War 46King Philip's War 46Bacon's Rebellion 47Wars in the South 48King William's War 48

Chronology 49 Conclusion 49 Review Questions 49Recommended Reading 50 On the Web 50

4 Slavery and Empire,1441-1770 51

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: African SlavesBuild Their Own Community in Coastal Georgia 51

The Beginnings of African Slavery 53Sugar and Slavery 53West Africans 53

The African Slave Trade 54The Demography of the Slave Trade 54Slavers of All Nations 54

The Shock of Enslavement 55The Middle Passage 56Arrival in the New World 57Political and Economic Effects on Africa 57

The Development of North AmericanSlave Societies 58

Slavery Comes to North America 58The Tobacco Colonies 58The Lower South 59Slavery in the Spanish Colonies 60French Louisiana 60Slavery in the North 60

African to African American 60The Daily Life of Slaves 61Families and Communities 61African American Culture 61The Africanization of the South 62Violence and Resistance 63

Slavery and the Economics of Empire 64Slavery the Mainspring 64The Politics of Mercantilism 65Wars for Empire 65British Colonial Regulation 66The Colonial Economy 66

Slavery and Freedom 67The Social Structure of the Slave Colonies 67White Skin Privilege 67

Chronology 68 Conclusion 69 Review Questions 69Recommended Reading 69 On the Web 70

Community & Memory:The Living History of Slavery 71

5 The Cultures of ColonialNorth America,1700-1780 73

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: From Deerfield toKahnawake: Crossing Cultural Boundaries 73

North American Regions 75Indian America 75The Spanish Borderlands 76The French Crescent 78New England 79The Middle Colonies 80The Backcountry 80The South 81

Traditional Culture in the New World 82The Frontier Heritage -.82

Diverging Social and Political Patterns 83Population Growth and Immigration 83Social Class 84Economic Growth and Increasing Inequality 85Contrasts in Colonial Politics 85

The Cultural Transformation of British NorthAmerica 86

The Enlightenment Challenge 86A Decline in Religious Devotion 88The Great Awakening 88The Politics of Revivalism 89

Chronology 90 Conclusion 90 Review Questions 91Recommended Reading 91 On the Web 92

6 From Empireto Independence,1750-1776 93

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The FirstContinental Congress Shapes a National PoliticalCommunity 9 3

The Seven Years' War in America 95The Albany Conference of 1754 95Colonial Aims and Indian Interests 95Frontier Warfare 96The Conquest of Canada 97The Struggle for the West 97

The Imperial Crisis in British North America 99The Emergence of American Nationalism 99The Press, Politics, and Republicanism 99The Sugar and Stamp Acts 99The Stamp Act Crisis 100Repeal of the Stamp Act 101

"Save Your Money and Save Your Country" 101The Townshend Revenue Acts 101Nonimportation: An Early Political Boycott 102The Massachusetts Circular Letter 102The Politics of Revoltand the Boston Massacre 103

From Resistance to Rebellion 103Intercolonial Cooperation 104The Boston Tea Party 104The Intolerable Acts 105The First Continental Congress 106Lexington and Concord 107

Deciding for Independence 108The Second Continental Congress 108

Canada, the Spanish Borderlands, and theRevolution 108Fighting in the North and South 109No Turning Back 109The Declaration of Independence 110

Chronology 111 Conclusion 112 Review Questions 112Recommended Reading 112 On the Web 113

Community & Memory:The Invention of the LibertyBell 114

7 The Creation of theUnited States,1776-1786 116

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: A NationalCommunity Evolves at Valley Forge 1 1 6

The War for Independence 118The Patriot Forces 118The Loyalists 119The Campaign for New York and NewJersey 120The Northern Campaigns of 1777 120The French Allianceand the Spanish Borderlands 121Indian Peoples and the Revolutionin the West 122The War in the South 123Yorktown 124

The United States in Congress Assembled 125The Articles of Confederation 125Financing the War 126Negotiating Independence 126The Crisis of Demobilization 126The Problem of the West 127

Revolutionary Politics in the States 129The Broadened Base of Politics 129Declarations of Rights 130A Spirit of Reform 130African Americans and the Revolution 131Economic Problems 132State Remedies 132Shays' Rebellion 133

Chronology 133 Conclusion 134 Review Questions 134Recommended Reading 134 On the Web 135

8 The United Statesof North America,1786-1800 136

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Mingo CreekSettlers Refuse to Pay the Whiskey Tax 1 3 6

Forming a New Government 138Nationalist Sentiment 138The Constitutional Convention 138Ratifying the New Constitution 139The Bill of Rights 140

The New Nation 140The Washington Presidency 140An Active Federal Judiciary 141Hamilton's Controversial Fiscal Program 141The Beginnings of Foreign Policy 142The United States and the Indian Peoples 143Spanish Florida and British Canada 144Domestic and International Crises 145Jay's and Pinckney's Treaties 145Washington's Farewell Address 146

Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans 146The Rise of Political Parties 146The Adams Presidency 146The Alien and Sedition Acts 147The Revolution of 1800 147Democratic Political Culture 148

"The Rising Glory of America" 149The Liberty of the Press 149The Birth of American Literature 149Women on the Intellectual Scene 150

Conclusion 150 Chronology 151 Review Questions 151Recommended Reading 151 On the Web 152

9 An Agrarian Republic,1790-1824 153

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Expansion TouchesMandan Villages on the Upper Missouri 1 5 3

North American Communitiesfrom Coast to Coast 155

Spainish Colonies 155British and Russian Colonies 156

A National Economy 156The Economy of the Young Republic 156Shipping and the Economic Boom 158

The Jefferson Presidency 158Republican Agrarianism 158Jefferson's Government 159An Independent Judiciary 159Opportunity: The Louisiana Purchase 160Incorporating Louisiana 161Texas and the Struggle for Mexican Independence 161

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America 161Problems with Neutral Rights 162The Embargo Act 162Madison and the Failure of "Peaceable Coercion" 162A Contradictory Indian Policy 162Indian Resistance 163

The War of 1812 165Defining the Boundaries 167

Another Westward Surge 167The Election of 1816 and the Era of Good Feelings 168The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams 169The Panic of 1819 170The Missouri Compromise 170

Chronology 171 Conclusion 171 Review Questions 172Recommended Reading 172 On the Web 173

Community & Memory: In theFootsteps of Lewis and Clark 174

10 The Growthof Democracy,1824-1840 176

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Martin Van BurenForges a New Kind of Political Community 1 7 6

The New Democratic Politicsin North America 178

Continental Struggles over Popular Rights 178The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage 179The Election of 1824 180The New Popular Democratic Culture 180The Election of 1828 181

The Jackson Presidency 181A Popular President 182A Strong Executive 182

Internal Improvements:Building an Infrastructure 183

The Transportation Revolution 183Canals and Steamboats 183

Railroads 184Commercial Agriculture -in the Old Northwest 184Effects of the Transportation Revolution 185

Jackson and His Opponents:The Rise of the Whigs 185

The Nullification Crisis 187Indian Removal 188The Bank War 189Jackson's Reelection in 1832 189Whigs, Van Buren, and the Election of 1836 190The Panic of 1837 190

The Second American Party System 191Whigs and Democrats 191The Campaign of 1840 191The Whig Victory Turns to Loss:The Tyler Presidency 192

American Arts and Letters 192Popular Cultures and the Spread of theWritten Word 192Creating a National American Culture 193Artists and Builders 194

Chronology 195 Conclusion 195 Review Questions 196Recommended Reading 196 On the Web 197

African American Religion 207Freedom and Resistance 208Slave Revolts 208Free African Americans 209

The White Majority 209The Middle Class 209Yeomen 210Poor White People 210Yeoman Values 210

Planters 211Small Slave Owners 211The Planter Elite 211Plantation Life 212The Plantation Mistress 212Coercion and Violence 213

The Defense of Slavery 214Developing Proslavery Arguments 214After Nat Turner 214Changes in the South 215

Chronology 216 Conclusion 216 Review Questions 217Recommended Reading 217 On the Web 218

1211 The South

and Slavery,1790s-1850s

Industryand the North,1790s-1840s 219

198AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:Natchez-under-the Hill 198

Cotton and Southern Expansion 200The Cotton Gin and Expansioninto the Old Southwest 200Changing Attitudes toward Slavery 201The Internal Slave Trade 201The Economics of Slavery 202Cotton Culture 202

To Be a Slave 202The Maturing of the American Slave System 202The Challenge to Survive 203From Cradle to Grave 204House Servants 204Artisans and Skilled Workers 205Field Work and the Gang System of Labor 205Sold "Down the River" 205

The African American Community 206Slave Families 206

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:Women Factory Workers Form a Community

in Lowell, Massachusetts 219

Preindustrial Ways of Working 221Urban Artisans and Workers 221Patriarchy in Family, Work, and Society 221The Social Order 222

The Market Revolution 222The Accumulation of Capital 222The Putting-Out System 223The Spread of Commercial Markets 224British Technologyand American Industrialization 224The Lowell Mills 225Family Mills 225"The American System of Manufactures" 226Other Factories 226

From Artisan to Worker 226Personal Relationships 226Mechanization and Women's Work 226The Cash Economy 227Free Labor 227Early Strikes 227

A New Social Order 228Wealth and Class 228Religion and Personal Life 228The New Middle-Class Family 228Family Limitation 229Middle-Class Children 230

Chronology 231 Conclusion 231 Review Questions 232Recommended Reading 232 On the Web 233

13 Coming to Termswith the New Age,1820s-1850s 234

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Seneca Falls:Women Reformers Respond to the MarketRevolution 234

Urban America 236The Growth of Cities 236Patterns of Immigration 237Irish Immigration 237German Immigration 237Class Structure and Living Patternsin the Cities 238Ethnic Neighborhoods 239Urban Popular Culture 240Urban Life of Free African Americans 240

The Labor Movement and Urban Politics 241The Tradition of Artisanal Politics 241The Union Movement 241Big-City Machines 242

Social Reform Movements 242Evangelism, Reform, and Social Control 242Education and Women Teachers 243Temperance 244Moral Reform, Asylums, and Prisons 244Utopianism and Mormonism 245

Antislavery and Abolitionism 245The American Colonization Society 245African Americans' Fight against Slavery 246Abolitionists 246Abolitionism and Politics 247

The Women's Rights Movement 247The Grimke Sisters 247Women's Rights 248

Conclusion 248 Chronology 249 Review Questions 250Recommended Reading 250 On the Web 251

14 The TerritorialExpansion of theUnited States,1830s-1850s 252

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Texans andTejanos"Remember the Alamo!" 252

Exploring the West 254The Fur Trade 254Government-Sponsored Exploration 255Expansion and Indian Policy 255

The Politics of Expansion 255Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist Ideology 256The Overland Trails 256Oregon 258The Santa Fe Trade 258Mexican Texas 259Americans in Texas 259The Texas Revolt 260The Republic of Texas 261Texas Annexation and the Election of 1844 262

The Mexican-American War 262Origins of the War 262Mr. Polk's War 263The Press and Popular War Enthusiasm 264

California and the Gold Rush 265Russian-Californio Trade 265Early American Settlement 265Gold! 265Mining Camps 265

The Politics of Manifest Destiny 267The Wilmot Proviso 267The Free-Soil Movement 267The Election of 1848 268

Conclusion 268 Chronology 269 Review Questions 270Recommended Reading 270 On the Web 271

Community & Memory:Remembering the Alamo 272

15 The Coming Crisis,the 1850s 274

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: IllinoisCommunities Debate Slavery 274

America in 1 8 5 0 2 7 6Expansion and Growth 276Political Parties and Slavery 277States' Rights and Slavery 277Northern Fears of "The Slave Power" 278Two Communities, Two Perspectives 279

The Compromise of 1850 279Debate and Compromise 279The Fugitive Slave Act 280The Election of 1852 282"Young America": The Politics of Expansion 282

The Crisis of the National Party System 283The Kansas-Nebraska Act 283The Politics of Nativism 284The Republican Party and the Election of 1856 285

The Differences Deepen 287The Dred Scott Decision 287The Lecompton Constitution 288The Panic of 1857 289John Brown's Raid 289

The South Secedes 290The Election of 1860 290The South Leaves the Union 292The North's Political Options 294Establishment of the Confederacy 294Lincoln's Inauguration 294

Chronology 295 Conclusion 295 Review Questions 296Recommended Reading 296 On the Web 297

1 /T The Civil War,1 ) 1861-1865 298

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Mother BickerdykeConnects Northern Communities to Their Boysat War 298

Communities Mobilize for War 3 0 0Fort Sumter: War Begins 300The Call to Arms 300The Border States 301

The Battle of Bull Run 301The Relative Strengths of North and South 302

Governments Organize for War 302Lincoln as War President 302Expanding the Power of theFederal Government 302Diplomatic Objectives 303Jefferson Davis as Confederate President 303Confederate Disappointments in Diplomacy andthe Economy 304Contradictions of Southern Nationalism 304

The Fighting through 1862 304The War in Northern Virginia 304Shiloh and the War for the Mississippi 305The War in the Trans-Mississippi West 306The Naval War 307The Black Response 308

The Death of Slavery 308The Politics of Emancipation 308Black Fighting Men 309

The Front Lines and the Home Front 310The Toll of War 310Army Nurses 310The Life of the Common Soldier 311Wartime Politics 311Economic and Social Strains on the North 312The New York City Draft Riots 313The Failure of Southern Nationalism 313

The Tide Turns 314The Turning Point of 1863 314Grant and Sherman 314The 1864 Election 316Nearing the End 317Appomattox 317Death of a President 318

Conclusion 318 Chronology 319 Review Questions 319Recommended Reading 320 On the Web 320

I ^T Reconstruction,ft 1863-1877 321

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Hale County,Alabama: From Slavery to Freedom in a Black BeltCommunity 3 2 1

The Politics of ReconstructionThe Defeated South 323Abraham Lincoln's Plan 324

323

Andrew Johnsonand Presidential Reconstruction 325The Radical Republican Vision 325Congressional Reconstructionand the Impeachment Crisis 327The Election of 1868 327Woman Suffrage and Reconstruction 328

The Meaning of Freedom 329Moving About 330The African American Family 330African American Churches and Schools 331Land and Labor after Slavery 331The Origins of African American Politics 333

Southern Politics and Society 333Southern Republicans 334Reconstructing the States: A Mixed Record 334White Resistance and "Redemption" 335White Yeomen, White Merchants, and"King Cotton" 337

Reconstructing the North 338The Age of Capital 338Liberal Republicans and the Election of 1872 340The Depression of 1873 340The Electoral Crisis of 1876 341

Chronology 342 Conclusion 342 Review Questions 343Recommended Reading 343 On the Web 344

18Conquest andSurvival: The Trans-Mississippi West,1860-1900 345

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The OklahomaLand Rush 345

Indian Peoples under Siege 347On the Eve of Conquest 347Reservations and the Slaughterof the Buffalo 348The Indian Wars 349The Nez Perce 350

The Internal Empire 351Mining Towns 351Mormon Settlements 352Borderland Communities 352

The Cattle Industry 353Cowboys 354Cowgirls and Prostitutes 354Community and Conflict on the Range 354

Farming Communities on the Plains 355The Homestead Act 355Populating the Plains 355Work, Dawn to Dusk 356

The World's Breadbasket 357New Production Technologies 357Producing for the Market 358California Agribusiness 358The Toll on the Land 358

The Western Landscape 359Nature's Majesty 359The Legendary Wild West 360The "American Primitive" 360

The Transformation of Indian Societies 361Reform Policy and Politics 361The Ghost Dance 362Endurance and Rejuvenation 363

Chronology 364 Conclusion 364 Review Questions 365Recommended Reading 365 On the Web 366

19 The Incorporationof America,1865-1900 367

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Packingtown,Chicago, Illinois 367

The Rise of Industry, the Triumphof Business 369

A Revolution in Technology 369Mechanization Takes Command 370The Expanding Market for Goods 370Integration, Combination, and Merger 370The Gospel of Wealth 371

Labor in the Age of Big Business 371The Wage System 372The Knights of Labor 372The American Federation of Labor 373

The New South 373An Internal Colony 374Southern Labor 374The Transformation of Piedmont Communities 375

The Industrial City 376Populating the City 376The Urban Landscape 377The City and the Environment 378

Culture and Society in the Gilded Age 379"Conspicuous Consumption" 379Gentility and the Middle Class 379Life in the Streets 380

Cultures in Conflict, Culture in Common 381Education 381Leisure and Public Space 382National Pastimes 382

Chronology 383 Conclusion 383 Review Questions 384Recommended Reading 384 On the Web 385

Urban America andthe Progressive Era,1900-1917 407

Community & Memory:Representing Chicago'sHistory 386

20 Commonwealthand Empire,1870-1900 388

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The CooperativeCommonwealth 388

Toward a National Governing Class 390The Growth of Government 390The Machinery of Politics 390The Spoils System and Civil Service Reform 391

Farmers and Workers Organize TheirCommunities 391

The Grange 391The Farmers' Alliance 392Workers Search for Power 393Women Build Alliances 393Farmer-Labor Unity 394

The Crisis of the 1890s 394Financial Collapse and Depression 394Strikes and Labor Solidarity 395The Social Gospel 396

Politics of Reform, Politics of Order 396The Free Silver Issue 396Populism's Last Campaigns 397The Republican Triumph 397Nativism and Jim Crow 398

"Imperialism of Righteousness" 399The White Man's Burden 399Foreign Missions 400An Overseas Empire 400

The Spanish-American War 402A "Splendid Little War" in Cuba 402War in the Philippines 403Critics of Empire 403

Chronology 404 Conclusion 405 Review Questions 405Recommended Reading 405 On the Web 406

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:The Henry Street Settlement House:

Women Settlement House Workers

Create a Community of Reform 407

The Currents of Progressivism 409Women Spearhead Reform 409The Urban Machine 411Political Progressives and Urban Reform 412Progressivism in the Statehouse:West and South 412New Journalism: Muckraking 413

Social Control and Its Limits 413The Prohibition Movement 413The Social Evil 414The Redemption of Leisure 414

Working-Class Communities and Protest 414New Immigrants from Two Hemispheres 415Urban Ghettos 416The AFL: "Unions, Pure and Simple" 416The IWW: "One Big Union" 417

Women's Movements and Black Awakening 417The New Woman 417Birth Control 418Racism and Accommodation 418Racial Justice, the NAACP, Black Women'sActivism 418

National Progressivism 419Theodore Roosevelt and Presidential Activism 419Trustbusting and Regulation 419Republican Split 420The Election of 1912: A Four-Way Race 420Woodrow Wilson's First Term 421

Chronology 422 Conclusion 423 Review Questions 423Recommended Reading 423 On the Web 424

Community & Memory:Battle for the Lower EastSide 425

World War I,1914-1920 427

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:Vigilante Justice in Bisbee, Arizona 4 2 7

Becoming a World Power 429Roosevelt: The Big Stick 429Wilson: Moralism and Realism in Mexico 430

The Great War 4 3 1The Guns of August 4 3 1American Neutrality 431Preparedness and Peace 432Safe for Democracy 432

American Mobilization 433Selling the War 433"You're in the Army Now" 433Americans in Battle 434

Over Here 435Organizing the Economy 435The Business of War 436Labor and the War 436Women at Work 437Woman Suffrage 437Prohibition 438

Repression and Reaction 438Muzzling Dissent:The Espionage and Sedition Acts 438The Great Migration and Racial Tensions 439Labor Strife 439

An Uneasy Peace 440The Fourteen Points 440Wilson in Paris 440The Treaty Fight 441The Red Scare 441The Election of 1920 442

Conclusion 442 Chronology 443 Review Questions 443Recommended Reading 444 On the Web 444

The Twenties,1920-1929 445

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The MovieAudience and Hollywood: Mass Culture Creates aNew National Community 4 4 5

Postwar Prosperity and Its Price 447The Second Industrial Revolution 447

The Modern Corporation 447Welfare Capitalism 448The Auto Age 449Exceptions: Agriculture, Ailing Industries 450

The New Mass Culture 450Advertising Modernity 450Radio Broadcasting 451Movie-Made America 451A New Morality? 452

The State, the Economy, and Business 452Harding and Coolidge 452Herbert Hoover and the "Associative State" 453Commerce and Foreign Policy 454

Resistance to Modernity 454Prohibition 454Immigration Restriction 454The Ku Klux Klan 455

Promises Postponed 456Feminism in Transition 456Mexican Immigration 456The "New Negro" 457The Election of 1928 459

Conclusion 459 Chronology 460 Review Questions 460Recommended Reading 461 On the Web 461

24 The Great Depressionand the New Deal,1929-1940 462

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:Sit-Down Strike at Flint: AutomobileWorkers Organize a New Union 4 6 2

Hard Times 464The Crash 464Underlying Weaknesses 464Mass Unemployment 465Hoover's Failure 465Protest and the Election of 1932 4 6 6

FDR and the First New Deal 466FDR the Man 466Restoring Confidence 467The Hundred Days 467

Left Turn and the Second New Deal 469Roosevelt's Critics 469The Second Hundred Days 469Labor's Upsurge: Rise of the CIO 470The New Deal Coalition at High Tide 471

The New Deal and the West 472The Dust Bowl 472 -Water Policy 473

Depression-Era Culture 473A New Deal for the Arts 473The Documentary Impulse 474Waiting for Lefty 474Film and Radio in the 1930s 475

The Limits of Reform 475Court Packing 475The Women's Network 475A New Deal for Minorities? 476The Roosevelt Recession 477

Conclusion 477 Chronology 478 Review Questions 478Recommended Reading 479 On the Web 479

25 World War II,1941-1945 480

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Los Alamos,New Mexico 480

The Coming of World War II 482The Shadows of War 482Roosevelt Readies for War 483Pearl Harbor 483

Arsenal of Democracy 484Mobilizing for War 484Economic Conversion 485New Workers 486Wartime Strikes 486

The Home Front 487Families in Wartime 487The Internment of Japanese Americans 488Civil Rights and Race Riots 489Zoot-suit Riots 489Popular Culture and "The Good War" 490

Men and Women in Uniform 490Creating the Armed Forces 490Women Enter the Military 491Old Practices and New Horizons 491The Medical Corps 492

The World at War 492Soviets Halt Nazi Drive 492The Allied Offensive 493The Allied Invasion of Europe 495The High Cost of European Victory 495The War in Asia and the Pacific 496

The Last Stages of War 497The Holocaust 498

The Yalta Conference 498The Atomic Bomb 499

Conclusion 499 Chronology 500 Review Questions 501Recommended Reading 501 On the Web 502

Community & Memory:Exhibiting the Enola Gay 503

2 /T The Cold War,O 1945-1952 505

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:University of Washington, Seattle:

Students and Faculty Face the Cold War 505

Global Insecurities at War's End 507Financing the Future 507The Division of Europe 508The United Nations and Hopesfor Collective Security 508

The Policy of Containment 508The Truman Doctrine 509The Marshall Plan 509The Berlin Crisis and the Formation of NATO 509Atomic Diplomacy 512

Cold War Liberalism 512"To Err Is Truman" 512The 1948 Election 513The Fair Deal 514

The Cold War at Home 514The National Security Act of 1947 514The Loyalty-Security Program 515The Red Scare in Hollywood 516Spy Cases 516McCarthyism 516

Cold War Culture 517An Anxious Mood 517The Family as Bulwark 518Military-Industrial Communities in the West 519Zeal for Democracy 520

End of the Democratic Era 520The "Loss" of China 520The Korean War 521The Price of National Security 522The Election of 1952 522

Chronology 523 Conclusion 524 Review Questions 525Recommended Reading 525 On the Web 526

27 Americaat Midcentury,1952-1963 527

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:Popular Music in Memphis 5 2 7

American Society at Midcentury 529The Eisenhower Presidency 529Subsidizing Prosperity 529Suburban Life 530Organized Labor and the AFL-CIO 531The Expansion of Higher Education 532

Youth Culture 532The Youth Market 532"Hail! Haill Rock 'n' Roll!" 532Almost Grown 532

Mass Culture and Its Discontents 533Television: Tube of Plenty 533Television and Politics 534Culture Critics 534

The Cold War Continued 535The "New Look" in Foreign Affairs 535Covert Action 535Intervening around the World 536Ike's Warning: The Military-IndustrialComplex 537

John F. Kennedy and the New Frontier 537The Election of 1960 537New Frontier Liberalism 538Kennedy and the Cold War 539The Cuban Revolutionand the Bay of Pigs 539The Missile Crisis 540The Assassination of President Kennedy 540

Conclusion 541 Chronology 542 Review Questions 542Recommended Reading 543 On the Web 543

*} O T h e Civil RightsMovement,1945-1966 544

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES:The Montgomery Bus Boycott:

An African American Community

Challenges Segregation 544

Origins of the Movement 546Civil Rights after World War II 546The Segregated South 547Brown v. Board of Education 5 4 8Crisis in Little Rock 548

No Easy Road to Freedom, 1957-62 549Martin Luther King and the SCLC 549Sit-ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta 550SNCC and the "Beloved Community" 551The Election of 1960 and Civil Rights 552Freedom Rides 553The Albany Movement: The Limitsof Protest 553

The Movement at High Tide, 1963-65 554Birmingham 554JFK and the March on Washington 555LBJ and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 556Mississippi Freedom Summer 556Malcolm X and Black Consciousness 558Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 558

Forgotten Minorities, 1945-65 560Mexican Americans 560Puerto Ricans 561Indian Peoples 562Asian Americans 562

Chronology 563 Conclusion 564 Review Questions 564Recommended Reading 565 On the Web 565

Community & Memory:Flying the "Stars and Bars" 566

29 War Abroad,War at Home,1965-1974 568

30AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Uptown, Chicago,Illinois 568

Vietnam: America's Longest War 570Johnson's War 570Deeper into the Quagmire 570The Credibility Gap 572

A Generation in Conflict 572"The Times They Are A-Changin'" 573From Campus Protest to Mass Mobilization 574Teenage Soldiers 575

Wars on Poverty 576The Great Society 576Crisis in the Cities 578Urban Uprisings 578

1968 580The Tet Offensive 580King, the War, and the Assassination 580The Democratic Campaign 581"The Whole World Is Watching!" 582

The Politics of Identity 583Black Power 583Sisterhood Is Powerful 584Gay Liberation 586The Chicano Rebellion 586Red Power 587The Asian American Movement 588

The Nixon Presidency 589The Southern Strategy 589Nixon's War 590"The China Card" 591Domestic Policy 592

Watergate 593Foreign Policy as Conspiracy 593The Age of Dirty Tricks 593The Fall of the Executive 594

Conclusion 594 Chronology 595 Review Questions 596Recommended Reading 596 On the Web 597

The ConservativeAscendancy,1974-1987 598

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Grass-RootsConservatism in Orange County, California 598

The Overextended Society 600A Troubled Economy 600Blue-Collar Blues 602Sunbelt/Snowbelt Communities 602"Lean Years" Presidents: Ford and Carter 603

Communities and Politics 604The New Urban Politics 604The City and the Neighborhood 604The Endangered Environment 605Small-Town America 605

The New Conservatism 606The New Right 606Anti-ERA, Antiabortion 607"The Me Decade" 607

Adjusting to a New World 608A Thaw in the Cold War 608Foreign Policy and "Moral Principles" 609(Mis)Handling the Unexpected 610The Iran Hostage Crisis 611The 1980 Election 611

The Reagan Revolution 612The Great Communicator 612Reaganomics 613The Election of 1984 614Recession, Recovery, Fiscal Crisis 614

Best of Times, Worst of Times 615The Celebration of Wealth 616A Two-Tiered Society 616The Feminization of Poverty 617Epidemics: Drugs, AIDS, Homelessness 617

Reagan's Foreign Policy 618The Evil Empire 618The Reagan Doctrine and Central America 619Glasnost and Arms Control 620Iran-Contra Scandal 620

Chronology 621 Conclusion 622 Review Questions 622Recommended Reading 623 On the Web 624

31 Toward aTransnational America,since 1988 625

AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The WorldTrade Center, New York, as a Transnational

Community 625

A New World Order 627The Collapse of Communism 627War in the Middle East 628Peacekeeping in the Balkans 629

Changing American Communities 630The Boom Years 630Silicon Valley 631An Electronic Culture 632The New Immigrants and Their Communities 633

A New Age of Anxiety 635The Racial Divide 635The Forces of Fear 636

The Culture Wars 637High Crimes and Misdemeanors 639

The New Millennium 640The Election of 2000 640A Global Community? 641Terrorist Attack on America 642

Conclusion 643 Chronology 644 Review Questions 645Recommended Reading 645 On the Web 646

Community & Memory:The World Trade Center and Waysof Remembering 647

Appendix A-l

Text Credits C-l

Index 1-1