Invertebr. Taxon., 1991, 5 , 1-31

Osmylidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) from the Oriental Region

T. R. New

Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia.

Abstract

Information is given on Osmylidae from Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. The regional fauna is dominated by Spilosmylinae, and keys are given to facilitate identification of species of Thaumatosmylus Kriiger (5 species, 2 described as new) and Spilosmylus Kolbe (14 species, 3 described as new). A new species of Osmylus Latreille is described from Taiwan.

Introduction

Recent studies of the Osmylidae of the New Guinea region have shown that one genus, Spilosmylus Kolbe, is remarkably diverse there (New 1986a, 1989) and extends into northern Australia (New 1986b). Indeed, no other genera of Osmylidae are known from these areas, if the broad definition and synonymy of Spilosmylus advocated by Tjeder (1957) is adopted, but others occur in the eastern Palaearctic and southeast Asia. Thus, as examples, Osmylus Latreille (Osmylinae) is found in Japan (Kuwayama 1962), Thaumatosmylus Kriiger (Spilosmylinae) in Malaysia and Indonesia, and this genus and Heterosmylus Kriiger (Protosmylinae) in Taiwan (Nakahara 1955). Spilosmylus s.1. is well represented also in the Philippines (Banks 1937) and several Indonesian and Malaysian species are included in this genus. Southeast Asia, therefore, seems to be a critical region for considering the evolution and distribution of the Osmylidae. It is clearly a major centre of diversity, but also one where faunal attenuation occurs from the Palaearctic and apparent compensation by diversification of Spilosmylinae has occurred.

This paper provides redescriptions or reappraisals of a number of described Oriental Osmylidae and descriptions of new species, as documentation towards investigating this transition. It is based on re-examination of types, and other identified material, of many of the described species and from other specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH), the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (RNHL), the United States National Museum (USNM) and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard (MCZ), as well as specimens collected by myself. It is still not possible to appraise all specific names erected for species from the region. In particular, several taxa raised by Kriiger or Navas have been very poorly characterised and their types have not been traced. Some of these are referred to comparatively in diagnostic comments later in the paper.

Terminology follows that used in my earlier papers; measurements of forewing length (FW), hindwing length (HW), antenna length (A) and body length (B) are given in mm, as are scale lines to abdominal apices in the figures; illustrations of abdomens omit setae.

0818-0164/91/010001$10.00

2 T. R. New

OSMYLINAE

This Palaearctic subfamily is dominated by Osmylus Latreille and its close relatives, and about 20 species have been described; some synonymy is uncertain. Nine species are known from the U.S.S.R. (Makarkin 1985) and five from Japan (Kuwayama 1962). A distinctive new species from Taiwan is described below. It is referred to Osmylus rather than Plethosmylus Kriiger, as the forewing costal crossveins are not interlinked. Both these genera occur in Japan, but otherwise true Osmylus is by far the more widespread.

Osmylus taiwanensis, sp, nov.

(Figs 1-5) Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Taiwan: Nantowlo, Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18.vi.1980, forest, D. R. Davis (USNM).

1 .o I

4

J Figs 1-5. Osmylus talwanensls, sp. nov.: 1, forewing; 2, hindwing; 3, female, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of base of gonocoxites IX; 4, sternite VII, ventral; 5, sperma- theca. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 3.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region 3

Coloration Very dark brown. Eyes black. Face paler immediately below antenna1 sockets and on

genae; conspicuous dark brown median stripe; palpi and antennae dark. Rest of body unmarked except weakly defined pale anterior border and angles to pronotum and narrow pale median stripe along anterior third of pronotum; mesonotal suture lines very slightly pale. Legs paler than antennae, t5 black. Wings: Sc and R1 partially pale; most other veins (FW) brown; some outer gradates in both wings pale, some in FW with hyaline central region; FW extensively mottled with greyish-brown (Fig. 1); HW pale except for slight costal darkening near pterostigma.

Wing venation as Figs 1, 2: FW M P fork beyond separation of MA from Rs; many costal crossveins forked, but not interlinked.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 3: sternite VII (Fig. 4) with small median preapical

projection; sternite VIII membranous; tergite IX with long ventral projection; ectoproct tapered; gonocoxite IX long, relatively narrow, stylus long, anterior extension (Fig. 3) long and tapered. Spermatheca (Fig. 5) bent medially, duct narrow and unornamented.

Male Unknown.

Dimensions FW 28, HW 25, A c. 9, B 13.

Comments The Taiwan Osmylidae appear to be rather diverse, and several subfamilies have been

recorded. This is the first species of Osmylus known from the island, and seems to be related to some Japanese species. The facial patterns of these, 0. tessellatus McLachlan and 0. pryeri McLachlan, differ clearly from that of 0. taiwanensis. Genitalic details are not available for the Japanese species. The intensive forewing markings and very dense cross- venation appear to be distinctive, and differ clearly from all described Osmylus species.

PROTOSMYLINAE

Heterosmylus primus Nakahara

(Fig. 6 )

Heterosmylus primus Nakahara, 1955: 9 .

Comments The forewing of this unusual species from Taiwan is shown in Fig. 6, based on

Nakahara's (1955) plate, to indicate some features of a nominal member of the Protosmy- linae from the region. The genitalic structure of this species is unknown, but any other relatively long-winged species with sparse gradate veins from the Oriental Region merit careful appraisal.

SPILOSMYLINAE

Generic classification in the Spilosmylinae has been confused since Kriiger's (1913a, 1913b, 1914, 1915) seemingly excessive reliance on small venational differences to distinguish genera. Many of these were included in the synonymy of Spilosmylus by Tjeder (1957), and this has been welcomed generally. Thaumatosmylus Kriiger was maintained as distinct by Tjeder. It was separated by Kriiger from Spilosmylus (and Thyridosmylus Kriiger) by lacking a space free of crossveins following the basal M-Cu crossvein in the forewing, and then from Glenosmylus Kriiger by having only one crossvein (rather than two or three) before the forewing radial fork. The spacing of crossveins in the M-Cu area is very variable, and

4 T. R. New

is not sufficiently consistent to alone provide unambiguous allocation of all specimens to either Spilosmylus or Thaumatosmylus.

The three described species of Thaumatosmylus have rather broad wings with dark brown or greyish spots, and none has an embossed forewing spot. The hindwing tends to be very broad across the central region and to have the apex distinctly acute. Two new species, described below, are clearly allied with these three and are allocated to Thaumatosmylus. The remaining species of this generic complex noted here are easily embraced within Spilosmylus as used by Tjeder (1957) and in my earlier papers on this group.

Figs 6-9. Wings: 6, Heterosmylus primus Nakahara, forewing; 7, Thaumatosmylus ornatus Nakahara, forewing; 8, 9, Thaumatosmylus delicatus Banks, forewing and hindwing. (6, 7, redrawn from Nakahara 1958; 8, 9, holotype.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Genus Thaumatosrnylus Kriiger

Thaumatosmylus Kriiger 1913a: 21.

Type species: Thaumatosmylus diaphanus (Gerstaecker).

Key to Species

1. Hindwing radial area with several large discrete dark marks (Taiwan) ................ T. ornatus Hindwing radial area without large discrete dark marks (Malaysia, Indonesia) ................. 2

2. Hindwing with 2 main dark spots on basal posterior region ......................................... 3 Hindwing with more diffuse greyish-brown markings on posterior half ........................... 4

3. Forewing with several large dark patches along basal costal region (Q: spermatheca long and slender, no distinct apical lobe) ............................................................. T. delicatus

Forewing without such discrete costal markings (Q: spermatheca with slender apical lobe from broad central region) ........................................................................ T. diaphanus

... 4. Forewing with greyish-brown shading almost wholly on basal half (Fig. 32) T. raoengensis Forewing with greyish-brown shading more diffuse (Fig. 25) .......................... T. urnbratus

Thaumatosmylus ornatus Nakahara (Fig. 7)

Thaumatosmylus ornatus Nakahara, 1955: 10.

Comments This species was described from a single damaged male from Taiwan and was differ-

entiated by Nakahara from T. diaphanus and T, delicatus by having dark spots along the hindwing radial area: these are conspicuous in Nakahara's (1955) plate, and the forewing markings (reproduced in Fig. 7 ) are also rather restricted. The affinities of this species cannot be assessed fully in the absence of more specimens, but it appears to be distinct and an 'outlier' from the main concentration of Thaumatosmylus in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Thaumatosmylus diaphanus (Gerstaecker) (Figs 21-24)

Osmylus diaphanus Gerstaecker, 1893: 168. Thaumatosmylus diaphanus. -Kriiger, 1913a: 89.

Material Examined

Holotype. 'Java oxcident' teste Gerstaecker: (no locality data attached to specimen). Labelled: 'Type', 'Thaumatosmylus diaphanus Gerst. L. Kriiger determ. 1913' 'Zool. Mus. Greifswald 27473'. Pinned: antennae broken; both HW reglued and with bases obscured.

Coloration and Morphology Dark brown. Eyes black. Vertex darker than face, face apparently unmarked; antenna

with scape and pedicel darker than flagellar segments 1-12 (all present). Pronotum longer than wide, narrow dorsolateral black line. Both wings marked with dark greyish-brown as in Figs 21, 22; venation otherwise pale. Wing venation as in Figs 22, 23.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 23: gonocoxite VIII small, rounded; gonocoxite IX broad.

Spermatheca (Fig. 24) with narrow apically rounded distal lobe from main broad body, with short broad duct.

Male Unknown.

Dimensions FW 18, HW 17;, A (broken), B 9.

6 T. R. New

Comment See under T. delicatus: these two species appear t o be related, although the spermathecal

form of T. diaphanus allies it also with a new species from Java described below. The latter

Figs 10-20. Thaurnatosmylus delicatus Banks: 10, forewing; 11, hindwing; 12, 14, female, apex of abdomen, lateral; 13, 15, spermatheca; 16, male, apex of abdomen, lateral; 17, male, genitalia, lateral; 18, apex of gonarcus, dorsal; 19, subarcus, ventral; 20, paramere, lateral. (Scale, mm, to Figs 12, 14, 16.) (14, 15, Sumatra female.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region 7

has more extensive wing markings and the two differ also in genitalic details. Van der Weele (1909) noted a second specimen of T. diaphanus from Java, but it seems to be a scarce species. This second individual (RNHL, seen) appears from the wings to be correctly identified, but the body is badly damaged and no genitalia are present.

Thaumatosmylus delicatus Banks

(Figs 8-20)

Thaumatosmylus delicatus Banks, 193 1 : 41 8.

Material Examined

Nolotype. Q , 'B.N. Borneo' (now E. Malaysia, Sabah), Mt Kinabalu, Kamborangah, 7000 ft, 31.iii.1929.

Paratypes. 30 ex, all Mt Kinabalu area, various sites and altitudes. All BMNH: seen; 1 paratype in USNM.

Other material examined. 3, Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Mesilau Camp, Mesilau Caves Trail, Bembangen River, 1988 (BMNH); 1, Mt Kinabalu, near Park Headquarters, June 1988, T. R. New; 1, Indonesia, Sumatra, Sungei Kumbang, Korinchi, 4500 ft, April 1914, Robinson & Kloss (BMNH).

Figs 21-24. Thaumatosmylus diaphanus (Gerstaecker), holotype female: 21, forewing; 22, hind- wing; 23, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of gonocoxite VIII; 24, spermatheca. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 23.)

8 T. R. New

Coloration and Morphology Body generally dark brown, abdomen paler. FW with dark brown spots as in Figs 8, 10;

HW typically with two spots near basal hind margin and two across outer gradates; venation as in Figs 8-11: FW MP fork basal to separation of MA from Rs; no embossed spot.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Figs 12, 14: gonocoxite VIII scarcely evident; gonocoxite IX

rather broad. Spermatheca (Figs 13, 15) large: a broad coil with narrowed apical process.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 16: ectoproct with rounded posterior expansion. Genitalia

(Figs 17-20) rather small: gonarcus tapered to bilobed apex; subarcus (Fig. 19) shallowly rounded; parameres (Fig. 20) ventrally rounded, a narrow anterodorsal projection.

Dimensions FW 16-19, HW 16-18, A C. 9, B 10-13.

Comments Although this species varies somewhat in wing marking intensity, the components of large

forewing costal spots and posterior hindwing spots are general and, apparently, diagnostic. The spermatheca is simpler than that of T. diaphanus (Gerstaecker) (Fig. 24) which also has similar hindwing marks, and a new species from Kinabalu described below has much more intensive wing patterning and distinctive male genitalia.

The Sumatran specimen is anomalous in distribution, but is clearly conspecific with Sabah material.

Thaumatosmylus umbvatus, sp. nov. (Figs 25-31)

Material Examined

Holotype. 0 , E. Malaysia, Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, near Park headquarters, 25.vi.1988, T. R. New (ANIC).

Coloration Pale yellowish-grey. Eyes black. Face and palpi pale; ocellar region partially black with

long black hairs; posterior of vertex dark suffused. Antennae with scape and pedicel dark brown, flagellum pale. Pronotum with median ivory area, this expanded posteriorly; sinuous black dorsolateral line; posterior margin dark; small median anterior black spot. Dorsum of thorax with all sutures outlined in black; lateral scutal lobes more extensively darkened. Posterior of abdominal tergites black. Legs pale. Longitudinal wing veins mainly pale, many crossveins dark; wings shaded with greyish-brown as in Figs 25, 26.

Pronotum slightly longer than broad. Wing venation as in Figs 25, 26: FW MP fork basal to separation of MA from Rs.

Female Unknown.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Figs 27, 28: ectoproct with broad rounded posterior lobe.

Genitalia (Figs 29-31): gonarcus with broad apex incipiently bilobed; subarcus (Fig. 31) strongly tapered; pararneres (Fig. 29) strongly rounded.

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Dimensions FW 18, HW 16, A 11, B 10.

Comments See comment under T. delicatus, also from Mt Kinabalu. The intensive wing markings

of T. umbratus are somewhat similar to those of T. raoengensis, sp. nov. from Java and, as the latter is known only from the female, it is possible that these may later prove to represent the same species. However, the differences in wing markings, with the central region of both wings more extensively shaded in the Kinabalu specimen, strongly suggest that they are different.

Figs 25-31. Thaumatosmylus umbratus, sp. nov., male: 25, forewing; 26, hindwing; 27, apex of abdomen, lateral; 28, same, dorsal; 29, genitalia, lateral; 30, apex of gonarcus, dorsal; 31, subarcus, ventral. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 27.)

T. R. New

Thaumatosmylus uaoengensis, sp . nov.

(Figs 32-35) Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Indonesia, E. Java, G. Raoeng, 1000 m, 23.ix.1932, L. J. Toxopeus (RNHML).

Coloration Eyes black. Face pale yellowish-brown, slightly darkened immediately below antenna1

sockets. Palpi darkened apically. Antennae with scape and pedicel dark brown dorsally; flagellum pale, few segments near base irregularly dark, in apical half more generally dark. Vertex slightly darkened. Pronotum with broad pale median stripe, laterally black. Pterothorax and abdomen dark: central areas of lateral mesoscutal lobes paler. Legs pale. Most wing venation pale: some gradates dark, especially where shaded. Greyish-brown shading (Figs 32, 33) on basal half of both wings.

Pronotum longer than broad. Wings broad, venation as in Figs 32, 33: FW MP fork basal to separation of MA from Rs.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 34: gonocoxite VIII weakly developed, broad with rounded

median lobe; gonocoxite IX broad. Spermatheca (Fig. 35): with ovoid body linked by short duct to expanded sac.

Figs 32-35. Thaumatosmylus raoengensis, sp. nov., female: 32, forewing; 33, hindwing; 34, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of gonocoxite VIII; 35, spermatheca. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 34.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Male Unknown.

Dimensions FW 19, HW 17, A c. 10, B 8.

Comments See under last species. The present individual is very unusual amongst known Indonesian

Osmylidae.

Genus Spilosmylus Kolbe

Spilosrnylus Kolbe, 1897: 3; for synonymy see New, 1986a: 856.

Key to Species Examined

Wing venation 'open': most branches of forewing Rs linked by n o more tha .n 3 crossveins between them ................................................................................................ S. pretiosus

Wing venation denser: usually many more crossveins between at least the more basal branches of forewing Rs ................................................................................................. 2

Hindwing with dark streak across basal region ........................................ S. javensis Hindwing without dark streak across basal region, commonly entirely unmarked ............. 3 Forewing with diffuse iridescent gold/pale brown bands .............................................. 4 Forewing without such markings; if marked, in greyish-brown, black or dark brown, not in

diffuse bands ................................................................................................... 5 Forewing with embossed spot on posterior margin; veins Sc and R1 with 5 dark lengths;

spermatheca with a simple nodulated duct .......................................... S. inqurnatus Forewing without embossed spot on posterior margin; veins Sc and R1 with 6 or 7 dark lengths;

spermatheca with long coiled duct .......................................................... S. ocellatus Forewing with greyish-brown or similar shading on some part of wing behind vein R1 ..... 6 Forewing with no major shading other than one or more of cell Sc, embossed spot (if present),

small discrete spot(s) near apex of cells M and Cu ........................................... 10 Forewing with narrow transverse band about : length from base of wing (Fig. 60) ..............

.................................................................................................. S. inthanonensis Forewing markings different, usually more diffuse ...................................................... 7 Forewing MP fork clearly basal to separation of M A from RS ..................................... 8 Forewing M P fork almost opposite separation of MA from Rs ..................................... 9 (Females only known) Spermatheca (Fig. 55) strongly reflexed; long duct coiled around main body ... S. conspersus Spermatheca (Fig. 51) expanded preapically then narrowed to long apical lobe; duct coiled but

not predominantly around main body of spermatheca ............................... S. fraternus Larger species (FW 22); outer gradate series of both wings shaded ............... S. mont~colus Smaller species (FW 16); outer gradates intermittently shaded in forewing, unmarked in hindwing

............................................................................................................. S. alleni Forewing cell Sc with several central streaks, usually paralleling dark lengths of veins Sc and

R1 ................................................................................................................ 11 Forewing cell Sc pale or with, at most, one weakly defined dark streak ........................ 12 Forewing veins Sc and R1 with 4 dark lengths; no shading near apex of M ....... S. alticolus Forewing veins Sc and R1 with 7 dark lengths; a small spot on second crossvein before apex of

cell MA ............................................................................................. S. apoanus Forewing veins Sc and R1 with 2 dark lengths; embossed spot weakly defined as small greyish-

brown patch; forewing M P fork basal to separation of M A from Rs .......... S, proximus Forewing veins Sc and R1 with more numerous (at least 5) dark lengths; embossed spot variable,

if present, incorporating one or more veins and differentiated along these; forewing MP fork opposite or slightly 'beyond separation of M A from RS ......................................... 13

Female: gonocoxite VIII long and anteriorly narrow; spermatheca sac-like, duct not nodulated. Male: ectoproct with strongly elevated dorsal lobe ................................... S. modestus

Female: gonocoxite VIII broad, a short rounded anterior projection; spermathecal duct nodulated. Male: ectoproct without dorsal lobe ................................................... S, tuberculatus

T. R. New

Figs 36-45. Spilosmylus pretiosus (Banks) (36-39, female; 40-45, m;tle): 36, 40, forewing; 37, 41, hindwing; 38, 42, apex of abdomen, lateral; 39, spermatheca; 43, genitalia, lateral; 44, gonarcus, dorsal; 45, subarcus, posteroventral. (Scales, mm, to Figs 38, 42) (36-39, 'Kulu' female.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Spilosmylus pretiosus (Banks)

(Figs 36-48)

Stigmatosmylus pretiosus Banks, 1931: 417. Spilosmylus pretiosus.-Tjeder, 1957: 172 (by reference, as Stigmatosmylus Kriiger, was here

synonymised with Spilosmylus).

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , 'B.N. Borneo' (now E. Malaysia, Sabah), Mt Kinabalu, Lumu Lumu, 5500 ft, 8.iv.1929 (BMNH).

Other material examined. l o , E. Malaysia, Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Mesilau Cave, 10.iv.1964, 6200 ft, coll. S. Krush, BM 1964-250; tentatively associated: 1 indet, Naini Tal, 6600 ft, 20.vii.1935, J. A. Graham; l o , same locality but 22.vii.1935; 19 , Kulu (no other data). (All BMNH.)

It is presumed that 'Naini Tal' and Kulu' are localities in northeast India, although there are at least two places listed as 'Kulu' in China.

Coloration Dark brown on yellowish-buff ground. Eyes dark brown to black. Face generally pale

below antennae; ocelli dark; posterior of vertex very dark. Palpi pale, apical segment darkened. Antennae pale except dark scape. Pronotum with dark lateral streaks except pale posterior angles. Pterothorax and abdomen very dark dorsally; rnesonotum in one specimen with broad diagonal yellow stripes from anterior angles towards scutellum. Wing venation mainly pale; many setae from dark spots; few dark greyish-brown spots as in Figs 36, 40, 46: one prominent FW mark near anterior of second row of gradates.

Pronotum slightly longer than wide. FW MP fork slightly basal to, or opposite, separation of MA from RS; no embossed spot; venation rather 'open' (Figs 36, 37, 40, 41, 46).

Female Apex of abdomen as in Figs 38, 47: gonocoxite VIII scarcely evident; gonocoxite IX

rather long. Spermatheca (Figs 39, 48) large, reflexed and with small basal lobe, duct very long and slender, in about 25 coils around body of spermatheca.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 42: ectoproct simple, rounded. Genitalia (Figs 43, 45):

gonarcus (Fig. 44) broad, transverse; subarcus (Fig. 45) simple, rounded; parameres strongly rounded at apex.

Dimensions F W 14-18, H W 11-16, A (broken) >7 , B 9-11.

Comment The very open wing venation of this species is unusual and distinctive. However, genitalic

features of both sexes clearly ally it with other Oriental species of Spilosmylus. Association of the putative Indian specimens must be slightly doubtful, although they

agree with S. pretiosus in most essential features. They are grossly similar in wing appearance also to Gryposmylus pubicosra (Walker) (India, northern Thailand). The type of G. pubicosta (BMNH, seen) lacks an abdomen and fresh material is needed in order to clarify its status. The wings of the type have two well defined gradate series of crossveins and only few additional crossveins in the radial area. The Kulu female (Figs 36-39) differs from the Malaysian specimens in having some costal crossveins forked and in the broader gonocoxite IX; the spermatheca, although of the same general from, lacks a small lobe present in that of the S. pretiosus type.

T. R. New

Spilosmylus fraternus (Banks) (Figs 49-5 1)

Heliosmylus fraternus Banks, 193 1: 417. Spilosmylus fraternus.-Tjeder, 1957: 174 (by reference, as Heliosmylus Kriiger was here synony-

mised with Spilosmylus).

Figs 46-51. (46-48, Spilosmylus pretiosus (Banks), holotype; 49-51, S. fraternus Banks, paratype): 46, 49, forewing; 47, 50, apex of abdomen, lateral; 48, 51, sperrnatheca. (Scale, mm, to Figs 47, 50.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region 15

Material Examined Paratype. Q , 'B.N. Borneo' (now E. Malaysia, Sabah), Mt Kinabalu, Kamborangah, 7000 ft,

4.iv.1929, H. M. Pendlebury, ex F.M.S. Museum (BMNH).

Coloration (Discoloured.) Forewing (Fig. 49) very heavily mottled with greyish-brown; no embossed

spot; MP fork basal to separation of MA from Rs.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 50: gonocoxite VIII small and rounded; gonocoxite IX

moderately long. Spermatheca (Fig. 51) with long apical region and very long, slender duct in many irregular coils.

Dimensions FW 21, HW 20, A (broken), B 14.

Comments This long-winged and relatively heavily marked species is reminiscent of some species of

Thyridosmylus Kriiger and thus also resembles S. nebulosus New (Irian Jaya). The forewing MP fork is more basal than in S. nebulosus and the spermathecae of the two species differ

Figs 52-55. Spilosmylus conspersus (Walker), holotype female: 52, forewing; 53, hindwing; 54, apex of abdomen, lateral with inset of gonocoxite VIII, ventral; 55, spermatheca. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 54.)

16 T. R. New

considerably. The wings of S. conspersus are relatively broader than those of S. fraternus. Banks (1931) diagnosed S. fraternus 'in general . . . similar to H. krugeri as figured by Petersen'. S. kruegeri (Esben-Petersen) (placed tentatively by Esben-Petersen, 1914, in Glenosmylus) is smaller (FW 16) and more heavily marked.

Spilosmylus conspersus (Walker)

(Figs 52-55)

Osmylus conspersus Walker, 1853: 234. Spilosmylus conspersus. - Kolbe, 1897: 33.

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , 'E. Indies', (Antennae and most legs missing) (BMNH).

Colorafion Body pale brown. Vertex with 3 black marks on ocellar region. Pronotum longer than

broad: an interrupted black median stripe; 2 black dorsolateral spots each side, the posterior one elongate; posterior angles black. Both wings (Figs 52, 53) with diffuse brown shading: FW veins Sc and R1 wholly pale, cell Sc with small brown patches; no embossed spot. Wing venation as in Figs 52, 53: FW M P fork basal to separation of MA from Rs.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 54: gonocoxite VIII long, rounded anteriorly; gonocoxite IX

long, stylus slender. Spermatheca (Fig. 55) U-shaped, broad, duct in about 10-12 irregular loops, very slender.

Dimensions F W 16, HW 15, A (broken), B 9.

Comments This patterned-wing species has a spermatheca form allying it with several other species

discussed here. It most resembles the following new species from Thailand but the spermatheca is considerably larger and the duct not as elongate.

Spilosmylus alleni, sp. nov.

(Figs 56-59) Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Thailand, Khao Yai NP, 1200 m, 17.iv.1987, Col. M. G. Allen (BMNH).

Coloration Dark brown to black. Eyes black. Frons and vertex black, ventral part of face paler;

palpi pale; antennae dark. Pronotum with midline, anterior and lateral margins black. Pterothorax with midline black. Abdomen dorsally black. Legs pale. Wing venation mainly dark: some FW crossveins, including some outer gradates, pale; FW Sc and R1 with 4 dark lengths, and 3 dark streaks in tawny cell Sc; FW with greyish-brown shading as in Fig. 56: no embossed spot. Pronotum longer than wide. Wing venation as in Figs 56, 57: FW MP fork opposite separation of MA from Rs.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 58: gonocoxite VIII broad, incipiently divided at apex;

setose; gonocoxite IX rather long, stylus long. Spermatheca (Fig. 59) spherical, with very long narrow duct in about 20 coils around main body.

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Male Unknown.

Dimensions FW 16, HW 15, A c. 8, B 9.

Comments This female somewhat resembles S. conspersus (q.v.) and is also allied to the following

species, known only from a male. It is, indeed, possible that these are the two sexes of the same taxon, but the forewing markings are sufficiently different to regard them as different species, and some aspects of body coloration also differ.

Figs 56-59. Spilosmylus alleni, sp. nov.: 56, forewing; 57, hindwing; 58, female, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of gonocoxite VIII, ventral; 59, spermatheca. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 58.)

T. R. New

Spilosymylus inthanonensis, sp. nov. (Figs 60-64)

Material Examined

Holotype. D , Thailand, NW, Doi Inthanon NP, 1700 m, 25-27.vii.1987, Col. M. G. Allen (BMNH).

Coloration Brown. Eyes dark brown. Face paler than interantennal area; dark patch on- base of

clypeus. Vertex dark. Palpi and antennae pale. Pronotum dark, especially along anterior $ of lateral margins. Mesonotum with anterior of lateral scutal lobes dark, less conspicuously so on metanotum. Abdomen: tergites dark except for pale anterior angles. Legs pale, yellowish-brown. Venation: most veins with alternating dark and pale lengths; FW Sc cell tawny, with irregular dark brown streaks; 2 greyish-brown bands across wing in basal half,

Figs 60-64. Spilosmylus inthanonensis, sp. nov.: 60, forewing; 61, hindwing; 42, male, apex of abdomen, lateral; 43, 64, genitalia, (63) lateral, (44) posteroventral. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 62 . )

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region 19

some outer FW gradates shaded (Fig. 60); pterostigma of both wings with dark brown markings.

Wing venation as in Figs 60, 61: FW MP fork opposite separation of MA from Rs; no embossed spot.

Female Unknown.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 62: ectoproct with rounded ventral apical lobe; last sternite

long and rounded. Genitalia (Figs 63, 64): gonarcus broadly rounded, with dorsal and ventral median projections; parameres long, with ventral rounded lobe.

Dimensions FW 18, HW 16, A c. 9, B 9.

Comments See under previous species. The form of the ectoproct elaboration is unusual.

Spilosmylus javensis, sp. nov.

(Figs 65-73) Material Examined

Holotype. 9 , Indonesia, W. Java, Mt Patoeha, 2350 m , 15.x.1934, L. J . Toxopeus.

Paratypes. w, Q , W. Java, Mt Halimoen, 1700 m, 5.ix.1941, M. A. Lieftinck (all RMNHL).

Coloration Pale mottled-brown. Eyes dark greyish-brown. Face, palpi, antennae pale; vertex darker.

Pronotum with broad pale median stripe and black dorsolateral stripes diverging to posterior angles. Pterothorax and abdomen dorsally dark. Longitudinal wing veins generally pale, many crossveins dark; FW cell Sc with 5-6 short streaks; HW with pronounced greyish band (Fig. 66) in basal third.

Pronotum longer than broad. Wing venation as in Figs 65, 66: FW MP fork opposite separation of MA from Rs.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 67: gonocoxite VIII weakly developed, ectoproct deep,

gonocoxite IX long. Spermatheca (Fig. 68) strongly reflexed, broad, apex rounded, long narrow duct in c. 12 irregular coils.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Figs 69, 70: ectoproct elongated ventrally. Genitalia (Figs 71-73);

gonarcus broad, with small median extension; subarcus a simple arch; parameres rather small.

Dimensions FW 16-17, H W 14-15, A C . 10, B 9-10.

Comments The hindwing mark of this species is diagnostic, and differentiates S. javensis from all

described Oriental or Indo-Pacific Osmylidae.

T. R. New

Figs 65-73. Spilosmylus javensis, sp. nov.: 65, forewing; 66, hindwing; (67, 68, female; 69-73 male); 67, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of gonocoxite VIII, ventral; 68, spermatheca; 69, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of margin of last sternite; 70, apex of abdomen, dorsal; 71, 72, genitalia, (71) lateral, (72) posterior; 73, subarcus, posteroventral. (Scale, mm, to Figs 67, 69.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Spilosmylus ocellatus (Kriiger)

Stigmatosmylus ocellatus Kriiger, 1914: 32. Spilosmylus ocellatus. - Kimmins, 1942: 855

Comment This Indonesian species was redescribed by New (1986~). At that time, it was the only

species known to have a long coiled spermathecal duct, but this feature is clearly more widespread in Oriental Spilosmylus. None of the species involved in this complex has an embossed forewing spot.

Spilosmylus modestus (Gerstaecker)

(Figs 74-80)

Osmylus modestus Gerstaecker, 1893: 169. Spilosmylus modestus. - Kolbe, 1897: 33.

Material Examined

E. Malaysia: lo, Sarawak: Mt Dulit, R. Koyan, 2500 ft, Primary forest, 18.xi.1932, Oxford Univ. Exped. (BMNH).

Comment This species was redescribed by New & Sudarman (1988). The form of the female

gonocoxite VIII and of the male ectoproct, with its strong dorsal lobe, appear to be diagnostic. The present specimen has the male genitalia rather better developed than that depicted earlier, and the parameres are more rounded at the apex. Genitalia of the Sarawak male are illustrated here (Figs 74-80) for comparison.

Figs 74-80. Spilosmylus modestus (Gerstaecker), male: 74, apex of abdomen, lateral; 75, same, dorsal; 76, genitalia, lateral; 77, gonarcus, dorsal; 78, subarcus, ventral; 79, 80, parameres, (79) dorsal, (80) lateral. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 74.)

T. R. New

Spilosmylus monticolus (Banks)

(Figs 81-88)

Heliosmylus monticolus Banks, 1937: 149. Spilosmylus montico1us.-Tjeder, 1957: 174 (by reference, as Heliosmylus Kriiger was here

synonymised with Spilosmylus).

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Philippines, Mt Apo, Mindanao, Galog River, 6000 ft, 7.xi.(1934), C. S. Clagg (MCZ 20204).

Figs 81-88. Spilosmylus monticolus (Banks), holotype male: 81, forewing; 82, hindwing; 83, apex of abdomen, lateral; 84, same, dorsal; 85, genitalia, lateral; 86, gonarcus, dorsal; 87, parameres and subarcus, ventral; 88, same, lateral. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 83.)

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region 23

Coloration Wing venation as in Figs 81, 82: many FW costal crossveins forked; MP fork very

slightly beyond separation of MA from Rs; no embossed spot; all venation except Sc and R1 dark; FW with pale greyish-brown shading as shown.

Female Unknown.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Figs 83, 84: ectoproct broad; last sternite broadly rounded.

Genitalia: gonarcus (Figs 85, 86) with short tapered median lobe, rather broad; subarcus broad with small median projection (Fig. 87); parameres (Figs 87, 88) broad, rounded at apex.

Dimensions F W 22, HW 20, A c. 7, B 11

Figs 89-95. Spilosmylus alticolus Banks, holotype male: 89, forewing; 90, hindwing; 91, apex of abdomen, lateral; 92, genitalia, lateral; 93, gonarcus, dorsal; 94, subarcus, ventral; 95, paramere, lateral. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 91.)

24 T. R. New

Comments

Banks (1937) provided only an unillustrated description of coloration and wing venation of this species, but noted two specimens, the other from Seliban River (Mt Apo)at 7000 ft. The additional information from the holotype male confirms that it is a very distinct species which is readily recognisable on wing pattern alone.

Spilosmylus alticolus Banks

(Figs 89-95)

Spilosmylus alticolus Banks, 1937: 151.

Material Examined

Holotype. w, Philippines, Mindanao, Mt Apo, Sibulan River, 7-8000 ft, 6.ix.(1934), C. S. Clagg (MCZ 20202).

Additional Description

Pronotum about as wide as long, with 4 regular large black spots and anterior angles dark. Mesonotum with anterior midline black, lateral scutal lobes black externally. Legs with apex of t5 darkened. Wing venation (Figs 89, 90) pale except for some gradates and (FW) intermediate lengths of Rs branches dark; FW Sc and R with 4 short dark lengths flanking streaks in cell Sc; embossed spot slightly tawny, veins enhanced with dark brown; FW postapical margin incipiently shadowed.

Female

Unknown.

Male

Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 91: ectoproct not markedly expanded. Genitalia (Figs 92-95): gonarcus (Fig. 93) transverse, anterior arms slightly divergent; subarcus (Fig. 94) arcuate, slight median process; parameres (Fig. 95) with strong dorsal hook, apex rounded.

Dimensions

FW 16, HW 15, A (broken), B 10.

Comments

This species, known only from the type, is recognisable by the dark subcostal cell streaks in the forewing and the very small embossed spot. It appears to be related to some species described from Irian Jaya (New 1989), but differs from all in details of wing and genitalia.

Spilosmylus proximus Banks (Figs 96- 102)

Spilosmylus proximus Banks, 1937: 15 1.

Material Examined

Holotype. w, Philippines, Mindanao, Mt Apo, Galog River, 6000 ft, 22.~.(1934), C. F. (:S) Clagg (MCZ 20201). (Formerly broken, and parts glued together.)

Additional Description

Face pale, with brown dark Y-mark below antennae; ocelli black, posterior of vertex black. Pronotum longer than broad, anterior rim black; 4 black patches, the posterior pale elongate; mesonotum with dark spot each side of midline anteriorly, larger spot on each lateral scutal lobe. Wings pale: Sc and R1 with 2 dark lengths, the more basal in centre of wing; few gradates in FW dark, embossed spot indicated only by irregular greyish-brown patch. Forewing venation as in Fig. 96: FW M P fork basal to separation of M A from Rs.

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Figs 96-105. Spilosmylus spp. (96-102, S. proximus Banks, holotype male; 103-105, S. apoanus Banks, holotype female): 96, 103, forewing; 97, 104, apex of abdomen, lateral (104, with inset of gonocoxite VIII, ventral); 98, genitalia, lateral; 99, gonarcus, dorsal; 100, subarcus, ventral; 101, parameres, ventral; 102, paramere, lateral; 105, spermatheca. (Scale, mm, to Figs 97, 104.)

T. R. New

Female Unknown.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 97: ectoproct shallow, rather long. Genitalia (Figs 98-102):

gonarcus (Fig. 99) with broad transverse apex, anterior arms curved; subarcus (Fig. 100) anteriorly transverse with slight median process, arms slightly convergent; parameres (Figs 101, 102) medially convergent, apex rounded.

Dimensions FW 19, HW 17, A (broken), B 9.

Comments The very limited dark areas on FW veins Sc and R1 and the incipient nature of the

embossed spot are a diagnostic character combination for this species.

Spilosmylus apoanus Banks (Figs 103-105)

Spilosmylus apoanus Banks, 1937: 152.

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Philippines, Mindanao, Mt Apo, Galog River, 6000 ft, 8.ix.(1934), C. S. Clagg (MCZ 20203).

Additional Description Face darkened medially and between antennae. Ocelli pale. Pronotum slightly longer than

broad, unmarked; pterothorax with trace of broad median stripe. Wings pale: FW Sc and R1 with 6 (including apical junction) dark lengths and streaks in cell Sc; many crossveins partially dark, slight greyish-brown spotting on FW (Fig. 103); embossed spot small, shallow; FW MP fork slightly basal to separation of MA from Rs.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 104: gonocoxite VIII well developed, anteriorly rounded;

gonocoxite IX rather broad, stylus small. Spermatheca (Fig. 105) elongate, coiled and irregularly lobed, duct broad.

Male Unknown.

Dimensions F W 18, HW 16, A (broken), B 9.

Comments Banks (1937) distinguished S. apoanus from S. modestus by it having streaks in FW

cell Sc and lack of pronotal markings. On the form of the spermatheca, it is close to S. inquinatus (but lacks any golden forewing markings) and S. tuberculatus. Banks also noted three specimens from the Philippines without an embossed spot but apparently of this species: these have not been re-examined.

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Spilosmylus inquinatus McLachlan (Figs 106-1 14)

Osmylus inquinatus McLachlan, 1870: 200. Spilosmylus inquinatus. - Kolbe, 1897: 33.

Material Examined

Type. Sex indet. 'Cer'. 'Wallace', 'Osmylus inquinatus McL' 'Spilosrnylus inquinatus McL., Long. Navas det.' (right HW missing, right FW reglued) (BMNH).

Other material examined. Philippines: 1 cr , 1 Q , 1 indet., Luzon, Mt Makiling, Baker; 1, indet., Island Sanar, Baker (USNM).

Coloration Buff. Eyes black. Face, palpi, antennae pale: scape slightly darkened. Pronoturn: sides

and midline dark grey to black. Much of rest of thorax greyish-brown. Abdomen darkened

Figs 106-114. Spilosmylus inquinatus (McLachlan): 106, forewing; 107, female, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of gonocoxite VIII, ventral; 108, spermatheca; 109, male, apex of abdomen, lateral, with inset of last sternite, ventral; 110, apex of abdomen, dorsal 111-113, genitalia, (111) lateral; (112) posterior, (113) dorsal; 114, subarcus and parameres, ventral. (Scale, mm, to Figs 107, 109.)

28 T. R. New

dorsally. Legs pale. Wings not conspicuously spotted, most veins pale: FW Sc and R1 with 5 (more rarely 4 or 6) black lengths and sometimes accompanying dark streaks in tawny cell Sc; faint gold FW marks, as band to embossed spot and more conspicuous arc on apical half of wing approaching margin just behind apex; HW unmarked.

Pronotum slightly longer than broad. Forewing venation as in Fig. 106: MP fork usually slightly basal to separation of MA from Rs; embossed spot present.

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 107: gonocoxite VIII very broad, rounded median

prominence; gonocoxite VIII short and very broad, stylus small. Spermatheca (Fig. 108) expanded and reflexed at apex, about 8 preapical nodules, mainly rounded.

Male Apex of abdomen as in Figs 109, 110: ectoproct not expanded. Genitalia (Figs 111-114):

gonarcus broad, transverse with median notch; subarcus narrow; parameres rather small, with rounded apex.

Dimensions FW 16-18, HW 15-17, A C. 8, B 9-11.

Comments Although they have not been examined in detail, Banks (1937, p. 151) implied that two

species described by Navas, S. lineatus and S. nephelius (both from the Philippines), agree in their description with S. inquinatus: they may well be synonymous. Van der Weele (1909) regarded the golden pattern of the forewing as 'very characteristic'.

A further Philippines species, S. formosus Banks, also has golden forewing markings, but was differentiated by Banks (1937) by forewing veins Sc and R1 having only 2 dark lengths and the embossed spot being very large.

Spilosmylus tuberculatus (Walker) (Figs 115-1 19)

Osmylus tuberculatus Walker, 1853: 235. Spilosmylus tuberculatus. - Kolbe, 1897: 33

Material Examined

Type. (Sex indet., abdomen missing.) 'E. Ind.' (BMNH).

Other material examined. Taiwan: 20, 14 , Ping Tung Co. Kenting Bot. forest, 10-14.vii.1980, 260 m, D. R. Davis; 2 u , 1 4 , 1 indet., Kao Hsiung Co, 29.vi-l.vii.1980, 870 m, D. R. Davis ( l u , 1 indet., embossed spot absent); 1 H. Sauter, viii.10. 'Petersen det.' 'Osmylus tuberculatus Walk'; 1 indet., Kosempe, (all USNM).

, Garden, subtropical 1-2 km W. Meishan, 4 , 1 indet., Alikang, H., Sauter, 7.vii.1911

Coloration Buff. Eyes black. Face, palpi, antennae pale. Vertex pale, with long pale setae. Pronotum

with 2 large black spots in line each side of midline, midline narrowly and indistinctly black; sides of mesonotum and metanotum black. Abdomen slightly darkened dorsally. Legs pale, irregular traces of banding on apical half of tibia. Most wing venation pale, but FW cross- veins irreguarly dark brown: 2-3 larger greyish-brown spots sometimes present (Fig. 116) along outer gradates and on first or second MA-MP crossveins from apex; FW Sc and R1 with 6 (rarely 5) black lengths.

Pronotum slightly longer than wide. Wings rather narrow; FW venation as in Figs 115, 116: embossed spot small, sometimes very reduced or absent; FW MP fork opposite or very slightly beyond separation of MA from Rs.

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region

Figs 115-119. Spilosmylus tuberculatus (Walker), female: 115, 116 forewings; 11 7, apex of abdomen, lateral; 118, gonocoxite VIII, ventral; 119, spermatheca. (Scale, mm, to Fig. 117.)

Female Apex of abdomen as in Fig. 117: gonocoxite VIII (Fig. 118) well developed, broad and

rounded; gonocoxite IX short, broad. Spermatheca (Fig. 119) long, duct with about 10-12 irregular nodular expansions, moderately broad.

Male Genitalia not separable from those of S. inquinatus.

Dimensions FW 16-20, HW 14-19, A C . 8, B 9-11.

Comments The synonymy of this species is confused, but is extensively cited by Kuwayama (1962),

who followed earlier workers in placing S. japonicus Okamoto and S. modestus as synonyms. S. japonicus has not been examined in detail, but is the only Japanese Spilosmylus with an embossed spot on the forewing. Banks (1937: 151) considered that S. modestus was 'extremely close' to S. tuberculatus, differing from it by having more pale crossveins in the middle of the (fore)wing. Other speculations on synonymy include the

30 T . R. New

suggestion that the types of S. conspersus and S. tuberculatus represent different sexes of the same species: this was based on the supposition that the female of S. tuberculatus has no embossed spot on the forewing (van der Weele 1909). Van der Weele also suggested a relationship with S. interlineatus (McLachlan), an African species redescribed by Tjeder (1957). These suggestions and others (e.g. by Nakahara 1955) have been based entirely on wing features, and emphasise the difficulty of correct interpretation of this species group. It now seems that, rather than few species of broad distribution, more numerous species, mostly with more restricted geographical ranges, are present in the Oriental region, and suggestions of synonymy need very careful investigation. The precise status of S. tuberculatus cannot be settled at present.

Acknowledgments

I thank the following curators who have kindly allowed me to borrow and examine specimens in their care and, in the case of the first two Museums, greatly facilitated my visits to examine Neuroptera: Dr P. C. Barnard and Mr S. J. Brooks (BMNH), Dr J. van To1 (RNHL), Dr 0 . S. Flint Jr (USNM), Dr C. Vogt (MCZ) and Dr G. Miiller (Greifswald). My fieldwork in Malaysia in 1988 was helped greatly by Professor H. S. Yong and his colleagues at the Department of Zoology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, and I also thank the Staff of the National Parks Services in Sabah and Sarawak, and Dr A. Wells for companionship.

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Banks, N., 193 1. Some neuropteroid insects from North Borneo, particularly from Mt Kinabalu, 13 455 ft. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum 16, 41 1-26.

Banks, N., 1937. Philippine neuropteroid insects. Philippine Journal of Science 63, 125-74. Esben-Petersen, P., 1914. Descriptions of a new genus and some new or interesting species of

Planipennia. Notes from the Leyden Museum 36, 263-70. Gerstaecker, C. E. A., 1893. Ueber neue und weniger gekannte Neuropteren aus der Familie Megaloptera

Burm. Mittheilungen aus dem naturwissenschaftlichen verein fur Neu-Pommern und Riigen in Greifswald 25, 93-173.

Kimmins, D. E., 1942. The genus Thyridosmylus Kruger, with notes on the subfamily Spilosmylinae (Neuroptera, Osmylidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11)9, 848-55.

Kolbe, H. J . , 1897. Die Netzflugler Deutsch-Ostafrikas. 'Deutsche Ostafrika'. Vol. 4. pp. 1-42. (Berlin.) Kriiger, L., 1913a. Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren familie der Osmylidae.

Stettiner Entomologisches Zeitung 74, 1-123. Kruger, L., 1913b. Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren familie der Osmylidae.

Stettiner Entomologisches Zeitung 74, 193-214. Kruger, L., 1914. Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren familie der Osmylidae.

Stettiner Entomologisches Zeitung 75, 9-130. Kriiger, L., 1915. Osmylidae. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren familie der Osmylidae.

Stettiner Entomologisches Zeitung 76, 60-87. Kuwayama, S., 1962. A revisional synopsis of the Neuroptera in Japan. Pacific Insects 4, 325-412. Makarkin, V. N., 1985. Review of the Osmylidae of the USSR. In: 'Taxonomy and Ecology of Far

Eastern Arthropoda'. [Moscow (in Russian).] McLachlan, R., 1870. New species etc. of Hemerobiina, with synonymic notes (second series).

Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 6, 195-201. Nakahara, W., 1955. Formosan Neuroptera collected by the late Dr T. Kano. Kontyti 23, 6-12

+ 2 plates. New, T. R., 1986a. Osmylidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) from New Guinea. Australian Journal of

Zoology 34, 855-84. New, T. R., 1986b. A revision of the Australian Osmylidae : Spilosmylinae (Insecta : Neuroptera).

Australian Journal of Zoology 34, 885-9. New, T. R., 1989. Osmylidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) from Irian Jaya. Invertebrate Taxonomy 2(1988),

805-39. New, T. R. & H. K. Sudarman, 1988. Neuroptera (Insecta) of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 322, 413-26. Tjeder, B., 1957. The lacewings of southern Africa. I. Introduction and families Coniopterygidae,

Sisyridae and Osmylidae. South African Animal Life 6, 95-188.

Osmylidae from the Oriental Region 31

Walker, F., 1853. List of the specimens of Neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part 11. (London.)

van der Weele, H. W., 1909. Mecoptera and Planipennia of Insulinde. Notes from the Leyden Museum 31, 1-101.

Manuscript received 3 April 1990; accepted 27 June 1990