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Contention 1 InherencyContention 1 is Inherency The National Ocean Policy is afailure. Budget and coordination eorts ha!string holisticstrategy for e"#loration.

$ee% 1&(Jane, writer for Science Magazine, US National Ocean Policy: No SuccessWithout Science? Science, !"#"$%, htt&:""news'scienceag'org"%)$%")!"u's'*national*ocean*&olicy*no*success*without*science+

oa-ing U'S' federal agencies to 'or( together is no s!all feat' .ut an eergingNational Ocean Policy (NOP+ is atte&ting to /o 0ust that' 1he O2aa 3/inistration4s &ro&ose/ NOP will hel&fe/eral agencies 2etter organize arine research e5orts an/ in0ect /ata into &olicy /ecisions6an/ &otentially&re7ent con8icts 2etween ocean users an/ sa7e oney, U'S' o9cials argue' .ut recent &u2lic coents on the3/inistration4s &lan for i&leenting the new &olicy suggest that researchers are concerne/ that 2u/get

shortfalls an/ &rogra eliinations coul/ un/erine e5orts to realize these goals' U'S' &olicyaers ha7etrie/ to coe u& with a coor/inate/ ocean*use &olicy for years' 1he ost recent e5ort starte/in %))) when ongress &asse/ the Oceans 3ct, which calle/ for the foration of a U'S' oission on OceanPolicy' 1he coission issue/ recoen/ations for a national ocean &olicy in a re&ort release/ in %));' .ut it

wasn4t until July %)$), when Presi/ent .arac O2aa signe/ is going to hel& us an/ in/ustry sa7e illions of /ollars,> she &re/icte/'An &articular, the &olicy highlights nine goals that see to a//ress the ost &ressing issues regar/ing the oceansan/ @reat Baes' 1hey inclu/e shifting regulators to a ore holistic ecosyste*2ase/ anageent &ers&ecti7e,2etter integrating scientiCc inforation in &olicy /ecisions, an/ creating a &lanning &rocess for /eterining whatin/s of acti7ities shoul/ tae &lace in /i5erent &arts of U'S' waters (a conce&t o9cially nown as coastal an/arine s&atial &lanning+' At also ais to encourage %D fe/eral agencies to wor together on ocean anageentan/ research e5orts' An January, the 3/inistration release/ a &lan for i&leenting the &olicy, an/ the general&u2lic ha/ until the en/ of March to su2it their thoughts an/ o&inions to the National Ocean ouncil' 1hethousan/s of &ages of coents, inclu/ing any fro researchers an/ science organizations, re7eal a range of7iews &raising an/ criticizing the &lan' oastal an/ arine s&atial &lanning in &articular has elicite/ worries thatlocal an/ regional interests will 2e e-clu/e/ fro /ecision*aing &rocesses' Soe coercial Cshers are alsoconcerne/ that /ecisions 2ase/ solely on scientiCc inforation won4t tae into consi/eration the cultural an/

historical tra/itions of their counities' Many of the research*focuse/ coenters, howe7er, sai/ theya&&reciate/ the NOP4s intent to ha7e the go7ernent anage resources using an ecosyste*2ase/ &ers&ecti7e'1hat ars a shift fro any tra/itional go7ernent anageent strategies, which often focus on sustaining onety&e of arine organis or user grou& without consi/ering the syste as a whole' >A a&&lau/ the e&hasis onecosyste*2ase/ anageent,> wrote Ea7i/ Jay, a &hysical oceanogra&her at Portlan/ State Uni7ersity in Oregon'>1oo often, fe/eral agency initiati7es are 2ase/ on narrow analyses that fail to consi/er i&acts of a &ro0ect fro a

2roa/ ecosyste &ers&ecti7e'> Other coenters, howe7er, e-&resse/ concerns a2out how &ro&ose/ 2u/getcuts woul/ a5ect the go7ernent4s a2ility to i&leent NOP ' For e-a&le, a 0oint stateent2y lean Ocean 3ction, Eelaware Gi7eree&er Networ, an/ N"NJ .ayee&er laents a recent White House&ro&osal to eliinateNO334s Jaes J' Howar/ Marine Science Ba2 at San/y Hoo, New Jersey, aswell as the agency4s Marine Maal Gescue 3ssistance @rant Progra, which hel&s researchersrescue an/ stu/y stran/e/ whales an/ seals' 1he &rogras also generate /ata on ocean aci/iCcation,arine aal health,

an/ water Iuality' Ocean o2ser7ing

eIui&ent, such as 2uoys an/ shi&s,

isalso

facing 2u/get &ro2les, other coenters note/' >Flat 2u/gets in ties of escalating costs ha7eresulte/ in a near*hal7ing of shi& utilization, &utting the shi&s at the 2rin of unsustaina2ility,> wroteathleen Gitzan, assistant /irector at Scri&&s Anstitution of Oceanogra&hy in San Eiego, alifornia' One solution,she wrote, woul/ 2e to 2etter coor/inate the use an/ fun/ing of U'S'*2ase/ research 7essels 2y fe/eral agencies,inclu/ing NO33, the U'S' @eological Sur7ey, an/ the Ee&artent of LWe are looing across the fe/eralfaily an/ assessing ca&a2ilities that our oceanogra&hic 8eet has,> she sai/' 1he goal is to see how agencies canshare soe of their issions an/ assets, such as 2uoys or unanne/ 7ehicles, rather than o&erate &ieceeal'

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NOP4s goal of 2etter coor/inating ocean research across the fe/eral go7ernent 'on)tnecessarilychange the scienti*c +uestions ,eing as(ed ,y agencies, ozell sai/ at last wee4ssy&osiu, 2ut o9cials ho&e it will change how /ata are share/ an/ use/' >1he ho&e is, oreinforation 2eing 2rought together to anage resources are going to ha7e a 2etter en/ result,> she sai/'

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Contention & Science -i#lo!acyFlight /0 #roes that 2S ocean e"#loration is dis!al.3elarg 451(E3AE H

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1he oceans co7er nearly three*Iuarters of the sai/ John Orcutt,the coittee chair for one of the re&orts an/ /e&uty /irector, Scri&&s Anstitution ofOceanogra&hy, Uni7ersity of alifornia, San Eiego' >Once &rogras are esta2lishe/elsewhere, grou&s of nations coul/ then colla2orate on research an/ &ool theirresources un/er international agreeents'> Using new an/ e-isting facilities,technologies, an/ 7ehicles, &ro&ose/ e5orts to un/erstan/ the oceans woul/ followtwo /i5erent a&&roaches' One co&onent /e/icate/ to e-&loration woul/ utilizeshi&s, su2ersi2les, an/ satellites in new ways to unco7er the ocean4s 2io/i7ersity,such as the ecosystes associate/ with /ee&*sea hy/rotheral 7ents, coral reefs,an/ 7olcanic, un/erwater ountains' 3 secon/ co&onent ** a networ of ocean>o2ser7atories> co&ose/ of oore/ 2uoys an/ a syste of telecounicationca2les an/ no/es on the sea8oor ** woul/ co&leent the e-isting 8eet of researchshi&s an/ satellites' 1he 2uoys woul/ &ro7i/e inforation on weather an/ cliate aswell as ocean 2iology, an/ the ca2les woul/ 2e use/ to transit inforation frosensors on C-e/ no/es a2out 7olcanic an/ tectonic acti7ity of the sea8oor,earthIuaes, an/ life on or 2elow the sea8oor' 3lso, a 8eet of new anne/ an/unanne/ /ee&*/i7ing 7ehicles woul/ roun/ out this research infrastructure'

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#ositie relationshi#s 'ith other countries through science ' Our country can2etter a/7ance U'S' national security an/ econoic interests 2y hel&ing 2uil/ technologicalca&acities in other nations an/ woring with international &artners to sol7e glo2alchallenges' 1his is why A ha7e wore/ in a 2i&artisan anner to lea/ the intro/uction of four 2ills at theintersection of science an/ /i&loacy: the Anternational Science an/ 1echnology oo&eration 3ctK the @lo2alonser7ation 3ctK the @lo2al Science Progra for Security, o&etiti7eness, an/ Ei&loacy 3ctK an/ the Startu&

3ct %')' Anternational challenges are 0ust that: glo2al in their sco&e an/ in their solutions'1he Unite/ States cannot sol7e ultifacete/, ultinational &ro2les in scientiCc or /i&loatic isolation' Forgingnetwors with scientists an/ institutions a2roa/ hel&s the Unite/ States an/ its &artners Cn/ technical solutions to ey glo2al challenges' An an era where international se&ticis a2outU'S' foreign &olicy a2oun/s, ci7il society6inclu/ing scientists and engineers6&lays acritical role in reinforcing 2.S. foreign #olicy #riorities ia engage!ent'ith its counter#arts

Scienti*c di#lo!acy is necessary to sole !ulti#le scenarios fore"tinction transcends I: to sole 'ar.Sac(ett% 10(Penny, forer hief Scientist for 3ustralia, forer Progra Eirector at the

NSF, PhE in theoretical &hysics, the Eirector of the 3ustralian National Uni7ersity (3NU+Gesearch School of 3stronoy an/ 3stro&hysics, R"$), Science /i&loacy: olla2orationfor solutions, Foru for 3ustralian*

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which, when su&&orte/ at a &olitical le7el, can #roide a ;soft #olitics< route to other#olicy dialogues' 1hat is, if nationsare alrea/y woring together on glo2al scienceissues, they ay 2e ore liely to 2e o&en to colla2oration on other glo2al issuessuch as tra/e an/ security'

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Contention Phar!aceuticals$and ,ased #har!aceutical deelo#!ent has #lateaued ne'drugs are needed in the face of e!erging disease resistance.Ocean e"#loration unloc(s innoatie drugs.

National :esearch Council = 1he National 3ca/eics 3/7isors to the Nationon Science,

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/ee&*sea en7ironents, an/ the isolation an/culture of arine icroorganiss o5er twoun/ere-&lore/ o&&ortunities for /isco7ery of no7el cheicals with thera&eutic &otential' 1hesuccesses to /ate, which are 2ase/ u&on a 7ery liite/ in7estigation of 2oth /ee&*sea organiss an/ arineicroorganiss, suggest a high #otential for continued discoery of ne' drugs.

S#eci*cally% coral reefs are ho!e to life>saing !edicinesBruc(ner 1 ?Andre' @.% Andre' @. Bruc(ner ?andy.,ruc(nernoaa.go is acoral reef ecologist in the National arine Fisheries SericeSaing Products fro! Coral :eefs%Issues in Science and Technology% Noe!,er &/% &01% htt&:""issues'org"$R*="&2rucner" 9-

oral reefs are storehouses of genetic resources with ast !edicinal #otential, 2utthey ust 2e &ro&erly anage/' Euring the &ast /eca/e, arine 2iotechnology has 2een a&&lie/ to theareas of &u2lic health an/ huan /isease , seafoo/ safety , /e7elo&ent of newaterials an/ &rocesses, an/ arine ecosyste restoration an/ ree/iation' Eozens of&roising &ro/ucts fro arine organiss are 2eing a/7ance/, inclu/ing a cancer thera&y a/e fro algaean/ a &ainiller taen fro the 7eno in cone snails ' 1he anti7iral /rugs 3ra*3 an/ 3X1 an/ theanticancer agent 3ra*, /e7elo&e/ fro e-tracts of s&onges foun/ on a ari22ean reef, were aong the earliest o/ern e/icines

o2taine/ fro coral reefs' Other &ro/ucts, such as Eolostatin $), isolate/ fro a sea hare foun/ in the An/ianOcean, are un/er clinical trials for use in the treatent of 2reast an/ li7er cancers,tuors, an/ leueia' An/ee/, coral reefs re&resentan i&ortant an/ as yet largely unta&&e/source of natural &ro/ucts with enorous &otential as &haraceuticals, nutritionalsu&&leents, enzyes , &estici/es, cosetics, an/ other no7el coercial&ro/ucts'1he &otential i&ortance of coral reefs as a source of life*sa7ing an/ life*enhancing &ro/ucts, howe7er, is still notwell un/erstoo/ 2y the &u2lic or &olicyaers' .ut it is a &owerful reason for 2olstering e5orts to &rotectreefs fro /egra/ation an/ o7ere-&loitation an/ for anaging the in sustaina2leways' Bet'een 40 and G0 #ercent of all drugs currently in use, inclu/ing anyof the anti*tuor an/ anti*infecti7e agents intro/uce/ /uring the $R)s an/ $)s,

ha7e their origins in natural &ro/ucts' Most of these were /eri7e/ fro terrestrial &lants, anials, an/icroorganiss, 2ut arine 2iotechnology is ra&i/ly e-&an/ing' 3fter all, R) &ercent of all lifefors on

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fro terrestrial ecosystes ' 1hese anials s&en/ ost of their tie Crly attache/ to the reef an/ cannot esca&een7ironental &ertur2ations, &re/ators, or other stressors' Many engage in a for of cheical warfare,using 2ioacti7e co&oun/s to /eter &re/ation, Cght /isease, an/ &re7ento7ergrowth 2y fouling an/ co&eting organiss' An soe anials, to-ins are alsouse/ to catch their &rey' 1hese co&oun/s ay 2e synthesize/ 2y the organis or 2y the en/osy2ioticicroorganiss that inha2it its tissues, or they are seIuestere/ fro foo/ that they eat'

.ecause of their uniIuestructures or &ro&erties, these co&oun/s ay yiel/ life*sa7ing e/icines or otheri&ortant in/ustrial an/ agricultural &ro/ucts'

And% ocean Hoor ,acteria can #roide ne' che!icals for !edicalresearch.2EST 0= (YU

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e-tinction of entire s&ecies ' 3lthough infectious /isease has tra/itionally not 2eenassociate/ with e-tinction this 7iew has change/ 2y the Cn/ing that a single chytri/fungus was res&onsi2le for the e-tinction of nuerous a&hi2ian s&ecies (Easza et al',$K Men/elson et al', %))D+' Pre7iously, the 7iew that infectious /iseases were not a cause ofe-tinction was &re/icate/ on the notion that any &athogens reIuire / their hosts

an/ that soe &ro&ortion of the host &o&ulation was naturally resistant'Howe7er,

thatcalculation /oes not a&&ly to icro2es that are acIuire/ /irectly fro theen7ironent an/ ha7e no nee/ for a host , such as the a0ority of fungal &athogens 'For those ty&es of hostZicro2e interactions it is &ossi2le for the &athogen to ill o5e7ery last e2er of a s&ecies without har to itself, since it woul/ return to itsnatural ha2itat u&on illing its last host' Hence, fro the 7iew&oint of e-istentialthreats en7ironental icro2es coul/ &otentially &ose a uch greater threat tohuanity than the nown &athogenic icro2es, which nu2er soewhere near $!)) s&ecies(lea7elan/ et al', %))$K 1aylor et al', %))$+, es&ecially if soe of these s&ecies acIuire/ theca&acity for &athogenicity as a conseIuence of natural e7olution or 2ioengineering'

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Contention 4 STE2S is falling ,ehind in STE-e#art!ent of Education 14 ?2nited States -e#art!ent of Education%Science% Technology% Engineering and athJ Education for Klo,al $eadershi#% 2.S.-e#art!ent of Education% &014. htt&:""www'e/'go7"ste% nyy

1he Unite/ States has 2ecoe a glo2al lea/er, in large &art, through the genius an/har/ wor of its scientists, engineers an/ inno7ators' et to/ay, that #osition isthreatenedas co&arati7ely few 3erican stu/ents &ursue e-&ertise in the Cel/sof science, technology, engineering an/ atheatics (S1

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&rogras are e7i/entK stu/ies ha7e shown not only that young &eo&le en0oy inIuiry*2ase/ S1IT Inention Inde"% 'hich gauges innoation a#titude a!ong youngadults% 0 #ercent of young adults ?ages 1 to &G na!ed at least one factor that #reented the! fro!#ursuing further education or 'or( in the STE *elds. Thirty>four #ercent said they don)t (no' !ucha,out the *elds% a third said they 'ere too challenging% and &R #ercent said they 'ere not 'ell>

#re#ared at school to see( further education in these areas. 1his is a &ro2le 6for young&eo&le an/ for our country' @e need STE>related talent to co!#ete glo,ally,an/ we will nee/ e7en ore in the future' At is not a atter of choice: For the Unite/States to reain the glo2al inno7ation lea/er, we ust ae the ost of all of the

http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/06/15/stem-education-is-the-key-to-the-uss-economic-futurehttp://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/06/15/stem-education-is-the-key-to-the-uss-economic-futurehttp://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/06/15/stem-education-is-the-key-to-the-uss-economic-futurehttp://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/06/15/stem-education-is-the-key-to-the-uss-economic-future

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&otential S1sector funding. CalledEducate to Innoate% it has s#a'ned Change the E+uation% 'hose study 'as cited a,oe. Anongoern!ental organi6ation% Change the E+uation 'as set u# ,y !ore than 100 CEOs% 'ith thecoo#eration of state goern!ents and educational organi6ations and foundations to align cor#orateeorts in STE education. ean'hile% fro! Lune &/ to &=% 2.S. Ne's 'ill dra' together% for the *rst

ti!e% hundreds of ,usiness e"ecuties% educators% #olicy!a(ers% goern!ent oDcials% technologye"#erts% #hilanthro#ists% co!!unity leaders% and association chiefs to deelo# solutions to the o,scrisis in the STE *elds. This #u,lic>#riate coo#eration is an e"a!#le of ,usiness)s recognition of thei!#ortance of STE to our econo!ic future. Business needs a talent #i#eline #roiding the s(illede!#loyees 'ho can routinely use scienti*c and technological s(ills in their o,s. Fortunately% !ore and!ore co!#anies and their senior e"ecuties recogni6e this and are #utting their !oney 'here their

long>ter! interests are. For 3erica, i&ro7ing achie7eent in s cience, t echnology,e ngineering, an/ ath will go a long way to ensuring that our country can co&eteglo2ally, create 0o2s, an/ achie7e the le7els of econoic growth that will 2uttress3ericans4 stan/ar/ of li7ing an/ social safety net' High*Iuality S1

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geo&olitical co&etition aong a0or &owers, increase incenti7es for local &owers to &lay a0or &owers againstone another, an/ un/ercut our will to &reclu/e or res&on/ to international crises 2ecause of the higher ris of

escalation' 1he staes are high' An o/ern history, the longest &erio/ of &eace aong the great&owers has 2een the era of U'S' lea/ershi& ' .y contrast, ulti*&olar systes ha7e 2eenunsta2le, with their co&etiti7e /ynaics resulting in fre+uent crises and !aor 'arsa!ong the great #o'ers' Failures of ulti*&olar international systes &ro/uce/ 2oth worl/ wars'

3erican retrenchent coul/ ha7e /e7astating conseIuences' Without an 3erican security 2lanet, regional&owers coul/ rear in an atte&t to 2alance against eerging threats' Un/er this scenario, therewoul/ 2ea heightene/ &ossi2ility of ars races, iscalculation, or other crises s#iraling intoall>out conHict' 3lternati7ely, in seeing to accoo/ate the stronger &owers, weaer &owers ay shifttheir geo&olitical &osture away fro the Unite/ States'

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PlanThus the #lanJ The 2nited States federal goern!ent shouldesta,lish the Ocean Science and E"#loration Agency.

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Contention G SolencyOSEA creation is essential to innoatie ocean e"#loration itsoles the adantages. Current goern!ent and #riate sector!odels 'ill fail.

cClain% 1&(raig, 3ssistant Eirector of Science for the National

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structure2e e-&ecte/ to eet the challenges of this &i7otal oent' For e-a&le, NO33 Clls a uch*nee/e/ role 2ut its ission is largely a&&lie/' NO33Ts ission stateent is Science, Ser7ice, an/ Stewar/shi&' 1oun/erstan/ an/ &re/ict changes in cliate, weather, oceans, an/ coasts, 1o share that nowle/ge an/ inforationwith others, an/ 1o conser7e an/ anage coastal an/ arine ecosystes an/ resource' ontrast that to N3S3Tssi&le ission, to &ioneer the future in s&ace e-&loration, scientiCc /isco7ery an/ aeronautics research' An anagency with a chie8y a&&lie/ ission, those &rogras that are &urely e-&loratory ust e7entually in7ent ana&&lie/ focus or face the a-e' For e-a&le, e7en un/er NUGP, e-&loration often focuse/ on corals an/ Csh of

consi/era2le econoic an/ conser7ation i&ortance rather than those s&ecies of greatest no7elty or nowle/ge/eCcit' 1he current situation at NO33 also highlights how less a&&lie/ scientiCc &rogras are liely to 2e lost'Monterey .ay 3Iuariu Gesearch Anstitute also &ro7i/es another o/el that coes close to OS

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1o/ay a &ossi2le answer to that Iuestion has 2een announce/' 3n/ it /oes not entail straining our necs to loo

sywar/' Finally, there is a growing recognition that soe of the ost i&ortant /isco7eries an/o&&ortunities for inno7ation ay lie 2eneath what co7ers ore than #) &ercent of our &lanet Z theocean' ou ay thin AT /oing y gran/father JacIues 7es*ousteau an/ y father Phili&&e a /isser7ice when Asay 'e

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Inherency

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FundingFunding not ha##ening and is ital.3aidogal et. al 1 (Eale, Professor at Gutgers Uni7ersity in Physical oceanogra&hy,nuerical ocean circulation o/eling,

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when the Mars ro7er lan/e/ on the re/ &lanet late last year' One &articularly e-u2erant scientist, nown as Mo* haw @uy for his au/acious hair/o,2ecae a inor cele2rity an/ e7en Cel/e/ his share of s&ontaneous arriage &ro&osals' .ut when aeron 2ottoe/ out in the hallenger Eee& orethan =D,))) feet 2elow the surface of the sea, it was et with resoun/ing in/i5erence fro all 2ut the /oriest of ocean ner/s such as y* self' 3s a

result, the facts a2out ocean e-&loration are &retty 2lea ' Huans ha7e lai/ eyes on less than ! &ercent of theocean, an/ we ha7e 2etter a&s of the surface of Mars than we /o of 3ericaTs e-clusi7e econoic zone6theun/ersea territory reaching out %)) iles fro our shores' Sure, s&ace is se-y' .ut the oceans are too' 1o those intrigue/ 2y the Iuest for alien life,

consi/er this: Scientists estiate that we still ha7e not /isco7ere/ $ &ercent of the s&ecies that li7e

in our oceans' 3n/ soe of the loo &retty outlan/ish' @o ahea/ an/ @oogle the /ee&sea hatchetCsh, frill shar, or .athynous giganteus'An a tie of shrining 2u/gets an/ increase/ scrutiny on the return for our in* 7estents, we shoul/ 2e taing along, har/ loo at how we are &rioritizing our e-&loration /ollars ' Af the goal of go7ernent s&en/ingis to s&ur growth in the &ri7ate sector, entre&reneurs are far ore liely to Cn/ ins&iration /own in the /e&ths of the ocean than u& in the hea7ens' 1heocean alrea/y &ro7i/es us with a2out half the o-ygen we 2reathe, our single largest source of &rotein, a wealth of ineral re* sources, ey ingre/ients for&haraceuticals, an/ arine 2iotechnology' Of course s&ace e-&ortation /oes ha7e 2eneCts 2eyon/ the cool factor of &ut* ting &eo&le on the oon an/astronaut*2ar/s &laying Ea7i/ .owie co7ers in s&ace' An7entions create/ to facilitate s&ace tra7el ha7e 2ecoe u2iIuitous in our li7es6 cell*&honecaeras, scratch*resistant lenses, an/ water*Cltration systes, 0ust to nae a few6an/ research con/ucte/ in outer s&ace has le/ to 2reathroughs hereon earth in the technological an/ e/ical Cel/s' et /es&ite far*fetche/ &lans to ine asteroi/s for rare etals, the only tangi2le goo/s 2rought 2ac fros&ace to /ate reain a few &iles of oon rocs'

NASA gien !ore i!#ortance and fundingPeterson 1 (Molly, Bong .each to host Crst e5ort to craft a national ocean e-&loration &lan, SPG, July

$R, htt&:""www'sc&r'org"2logs"en7ironent"%)$=")#"$R"$;=)%"long*2each*to*host*Crst*e5ort*to*craft*a*nationa" +E

Eee& s&ace an/ the /ee& sea ha7e a few things in coon: theyTre /ar, theyTre col/, an/ theyTre fairly

inhos&ita2le to huan life' .ut the US s&en/s a BO1 ore oney e-&loring s&ace than it /oesthe ocean' 32out one hun/re/ of the nationTs lea/ing ocean e-&lorers are eeting Fri/ay an/ Satur/ay at the3Iuariu of the PaciCc in Bong .each as &art of a high*&roCle e5ort to change that' Q1he NationalOceanogra&hic an/ 3tos&heric 3/inistration got 0ust aroun/ \%; illion in theost recent Cscal year for ocean e-&loration' N3S3Ts 2u/get for s&ace e-&loration to&&e/out aroun/ \='R 2illion : a2out $!) ties ore oney' 3n/ NO33 fun/ing is always onshay groun/' An the last year, ongressagain ice/ aroun/ the i/ea of illing o5 theNational Un/ersea Gesearch Progra'Q1he 3Iuariu of the PaciCc is co*s&onsoring this weeen/Tseeting with NO33, se7eral foun/ations, an/ @oogle' 1he eetingTs e-ecuti7e chair is Marcia McNutt, a arinegeo&hysicist who until recently ran the US @eological Sur7ey' @o7ernent scientists, &olicyaers, an/ &eo&le fro

the &ri7ate sector will /iscuss e-&loration &riorities' 3t the en/, they &lan to &ro/uce the Crst national oceane-&loration &lan, which they will &resent to Presi/ent O2aa'Q

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NOAA Bad

1he NO33 is a stagnant agency that is force/ into a corner 2y 2ureaucracy

Luda 14 LBawrence, Wors at the Ee&artent of Marine 35airs, Ocean Ee7elo&ent Anternational Baw,1aylor Francis, htt&:""www'tan/fonline'co"/oi"&/f"$)'$)R)")))R=%)=)%)D%#*Ea7eE '

Anstitutional change /i/ occur following the issuance of the Stratton oission Ge&ort' Presi/ent Ni-onesta2lishe/ a National Oceanic an/ 3tos&heric 3/inistration (NO33+,= 2ut it was not a/e an in/e&en/ent2o/y as suggeste/ 2y the Stratton o* ission' Gather, it was &lace/ in the Ee&artent of oerce' Further,not all of the go7ernental units that the Stratton oission woul/ ha7e transferre/ into that agency were so

o7e/';) 3lthough the creation of NO33 re&resente/ a signiCcant ste& towar/ ocean&olicy centralization, it /i/ not eliinate the reality that a nu2er of ci7ilian fe/eralgo7ernent /e&artents an/ agencies still aintaine/ i&ortant 0uris/ictional an/&rograatic res&onsi2ilities relating to ocean "coastal atters ' Soe saw theesta2lishent of NO33 only as the start of a &rocess of centraliza* tion of oceanauthority an/ &olicy';% An/ee/, se7eral 2ills were intro/uce/ in ongress calling for

the esta2lishent of a Ee&artent of the Oceans, a Ee&artent of the

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Funding52S $eadershi#A!erican funding and glo,al leadershi# on oceans isd'indling.cClain% 1&(raig, 3ssistant Eirector of Science for the National

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Ad Science

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No En. $eadershi#The 2S has lost its lead as the a green leader.9no"% 1&(John H' no- is the Henry ' Baueran Professor of Anternational Baw atWae Forest Uni7ersity' Professor no- has taught courses on en7ironental law,

international en7ironental law, huan rights, international tra/e, an/ &ro&ertylaw' His scholarshi& e-aines international en7ironental law, huan rights law,an/ international econoic integration, an/ has often focuse/ on areas where thoseCel/s o7erla& or con8ict, Geclaiing @lo2al

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2S Should $ead > Brin(The 2S !aintains its edge the scienti*c leader% ,ut ne'o#erations are necessary to sustain this #osition.A(st% 1&(Jef, asterTs /egree fro An/iana Uni7ersity an/ news e/itor at The Scientist, Sli&&ing fro the

1o&? The Scientist, ="$;"$%, htt&:""www'the*scientist'co"?articles'7iew"articleNo"=$R;!"title"Sli&&ing*fro*the*1o&*"+

1he Unite/ States is still a glo2al lea/er in science an/ technology research, 2ut the countryust act now to a7oi/ losing its e/ge ' 1his was the o7erall consensus aong two &anels of e-&erts,which inclu/e/ National Anstitutes of Health Eirector Francis ollins, asse2le/ to/ay (March $;+ 2y Gesearch`

3erica, a non&roCt &u2lic e/ucation an/ a/7ocacy alliance' A /o thin 3erica continues to 2e a&lace where 2ol/ness an/ inno7ation an/ creati7ity are encourage/, ollins sai/' .ut thereare warning signs, he a//e/, such as the facts that the country is now rane/ Dthin the worl/ withregar/ to the &ro&ortion of its gross /oestic &ro/uct that is in7este/ in research an/ /e7elo&ent an/that young high school stu/ents score relati7ely &oorly in ath an/ science co&are/ to teens in other nations' Af

e5orts are not taen to re7erse these tren/s, ollins warne/, we ight see 3erica lose theircoitent to su&&orting research at the le7el that it will tae to aintain that

co&etiti7eness' Gesearch`3erica to/ay release/ the results of a national &oll that suggests the3erican 7oting &u2lic is se&tical a2out the countryTs future in scientiCc research' Morethan half (!R &ercent+ of those &olle/ /o not 2elie7e the Unite/ States will 2e a worl/ lea/er in science an/

technology in %)%), an/ R! &ercent sai/ they were worrie/ a2out /ecreases in fe/eralfun/ing for research' 1he Cn/ings re7eal /ee& concerns aong liely 7oters a2out our a2ility to aintainworl/*class status, sai/ Mary Woolley, &resi/ent an/

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Sci-i# Soles @arScience di#lo!acy ,uilds coalitions% creates !ultilaterala##lications for soft #o'er and diuses glo,al conHicts.Es#y% 1(Nicole, PhE stu/ent in .iological Sciences of Pu2lic Health at Har7ar/

Uni7ersity, Science an/ Ei&loacy, %"$R"$=,htt&:""sitn'hs'har7ar/'e/u"8ash"%)$="science*an/*/i&loacy"+

1he /aily en/ea7ors of a scientist ay see 7ery /istinct fro those of a &olitical /i&loat' 1he &u2lic ay iaginethat scientiCc &rogress is /ri7en 2y the wor of scientists woring etho/ically an/ in isolation in la2oratoriesaroun/ the worl/' An contrast, the i/ea of a &olitical /i&loat liely con0ures a /i5erent iage Z one that in7ol7esgrou&s of &oliticians foring alliances an/ gui/ing negotiations 2etween ulti&le organizations an/ nations' .ut,science is a siilarly colla2orati7e e5ort that often reIuires coor/ination 2etween /i5erent grou&s to i&ro7e

a7aila2le tools an/ a/7ance nowle/ge' Science an/ /i&loacy can e7en 2eneCt one another'Science can &ro7i/e the /ata an/ fraewors necessary to initiate an/ infor/i&loatic tals while at the sae tie, /i&loacy can create o&&ortunities that i&ro7e the way we /oscience' Science as a to&ic of Ei&loacy Science is at the heart of any international/i&loatic /iscussions' For e-a&le, nuclear research has 2een a hot to&ic in international &olitics for the

&ast D) years' Nuclear research has ena2le/ us to harness the &ower of nuclear Cssion for nuclear energy, 2ut ithas also resulte/ in the creation of nuclear ars that ha7e le/ to a great /eal of /estruction' 1o ensure nuclearresearch continues in a safe an/ res&onsi2le anner, nations ha7e wore/ together to /e7elo& a syste ofo7ersight an/ accounta2ility' 1hese /i&loatic e5orts ha7e resulte/ in the esta2lishent of the Anternational 3toic

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/e7elo&ent of nuclear fusion for energy &ro/uction, the SIuare iloetre 3rray for the /esign of the worl/Tslargest ra/io telesco&e, an/ the Anternational S&ace Station for s&ace e-&loration' 3ll of the a2o7e organizationsha7e hel&e/ scientists o7ercoe technical (an/ Cnancial+ challenges in their res&ecti7e Cel/s that they woul/ notha7e surounte/ on their own' Science to i&ro7e Ei&loacy .eyon/ the contentious su20ects of nuclear

&roliferation an/ cliate change, science can ,e a tool to i!#roe di#lo!atic relations,et'een conHicting nations' 1he forer Eean of the enne/y School of @o7ernent at Har7ar/Uni7ersity Er' Jose&h Nye, Jr', note/ that soft &ower, such as international cultural an/ intellectualcolla2orations 2etween international grou&s, hel&s aintain a &ositi7e glo2al attitu/e2etween &artici&ating nations an/ can result in fa7ora2le &olitical alliances' ScientiCc colla2orations are a &owerful e-a&le of soft &ower, since science isinternationally res&ecte/ as an i&artial en/ea7or'

Science di#lo!acy is a ital tool in achieing gro'th and!ini!i6ing 'ar.Colgla6ier% 1 (

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/i&loacy taes &lace at the intersection of e7ents an/ tren/s, an/ so it /oesnTt neatlyCt into tra/itional analytic categories, nor /oes it Ct into the stan/ar/ an/ failiar organizational silos'Pro&osing three areas of analysis for science /i&loacy, Wilson outline/ the conce&ts of onte-t, ur7es, an/

aution' onte-tually, science an/ technologyTs a2ility to &lay a larger role in the foreign&olicy of states is an area that reIuires careful scrutiny' 1his Cel/ is 2ecoing ore &ertinent, as can2e seen fro recent con8icts 2etween @oogle, Anc' an/ the Peo&leTs Ge&u2lic of hina o7er Anternet access' 1his

e-a&le highlights technology co&aniesT atte&ts to gain &olitical in8uence that they 2elie7e is coensuratewith their econoic weight, /eonstrating the &ossi2le eergence of a new &olitical conte-t where science an/technology (S1+ ay 2e augenting co&aniesT au/iences an/ constituencies' 1o /eonstrate the conce&t of

ur7es, Wilson 2rought u& the &re7ious nightTs Iuestion a2out the /isaggregation of science' 3s with science,con8ict can 2e su2/i7i/e/ into /i5erent categories, any of which reIuire /i5erent tools toachie7e lasting an/ successful resolution ' on8ict cannot 2e o/ele/ as a stea/y state, 2ut ratheras a 2ell*sha&e/ cur7e' On the left si/e, con8ict is either non*e-istent or in a &re*con8ict state'3ccelerators act to raise the le7el of con8ict to a &ea or &lateau, an/ on the right si/e of thecur7e, con8ict /eclines' At issu2seIuently i&ortant to un/erstan/ at which &oints on the cur7escience an/ technology can inter7ene' On the left si/e, S1 can hel& &re7ent con8ict,whereas at the &ea it can hel& re/uce it' On the right si/e, the Iuestion reains of how e-actly S1 canhel& sustain the re/uction in con8ict'

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Science Gace"A&act

The race for scienti*c leadershi# is on innoatie science isital to soling glo,al i!#acts.Colgla6ier% 1 (

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Sci-i# 3eg5:elations5Soles ThingsScience di#lo!acy (ey to relations3or!ats 1& ?:o,ert -.% arch % &01&% :o,ert -. 3or!ats has sered as the 2.S. 2nderSecretary of State for Econo!ic Kro'th% Energy% and the Eniron!ent since &00=.% Science -i#lo!acyand T'enty>First Century Statecraft% AAAS% htt&:""www'science/i&loacy'org"&ers&ecti7e"%)$%"science*

/i&loacy*an/*twenty*Crst*century*statecraft 9-

Science /i&loacy is a central co&onent of 3ericaTs twenty*Crst centurystatecraft agen/a ' 1he U nite/ S tates ust increasingly recognize the 7ital role sciencean/ technologycan &lay in a//ressing a0or challenges, such as aing our econoyore co&etiti7e, tacling glo2al health issues, an/ /ealing with cliate change '3erican lea/ershi& in glo2al technological a/7ances an/ scientiCc research, an/ the /ynais ofour co&anies an/ uni7ersities in these areas, is a a0or source of our econoic, foreign &olicy, an/national security strength '3//itionally, it is a hallar of the success of the 3erican syste' While soe see to/elegitiize scientiCc i/eas, we 2elie7e the Unite/ States shoul/ cele2rate science an/ see it6as was the case since the tie of

.en0ain Franlin6as an o&&ortunity to a/7ance the &ros&erity, health, an/ o7erallwell2eing of 3ericans an/ the glo2al counity' Anno7ation &olicy is &art of our science /i&loacy

engageent' More than e7er 2efore, o/ern econoies are roote/ in science an/ technology ' At isestiate/ that 3ericaTs nowle/ge*2ase/ in/ustries re&resent ;) &ercent of oureconoic growth an/ D) &ercent of our e-&orts' Sustaining a 7i2rant nowle/ge*2ase/econoy, as well as a strong coitent to e/ucational e-cellence an/ a/7ance/research, &ro7i/es an o&&ortunity for our citizens to &ros&er an/ en0oy u&war/o2ility' 3erica attracts &eo&le fro all o7er the worl/6scientists, engineers, in7entors, an/ entre&reneurs6who want theo&&ortunity to &artici&ate in, an/ contri2ute to, our inno7ation econoy' 1he &ractice of science is increasinglye-&an/ing fro in/i7i/uals to grou&s, fro single /isci&lines to inter/isci&linary,an/ fro a national to an international sco&e' 1he Organisation for

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an/ international econoic /e7elo&ent' 1hese interrelate/ issues are &riorities for the Unite/ States an/,increasingly, the worl/'

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Ad Phar!aceuticals

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Oceans hae Essential edicinesThe ocean is no' an incredi,le source of ,io!edical resources7 oer100 essential drugs today e"ist ,ecause of ocean e"#loration.2CS- 0 (Scri&&s Anstitution of Oceanogra&hy at the Uni7ersity of alifornia Z San Eiego, 3 grou& of researchers at Scri&&sAnstitution of Oceanogra&hy at the Uni7ersity of alifornia, San Eiego, ha7e for the Crst tie shown that se/ients in the /ee&

ocean are a signiCcant 2ioe/ical resource for icro2es that &ro/uce anti2iotic oleculesK Scri&&s Scientists Eisco7er Gich Me/icalErug Gesource An Eee& Ocean Se/ientsK January %), %))=, htt&:""www'science/aily'co"releases"%))=")$")=)$%)$))#)%'ht, GJ+

3lthough the oceans co7er #) &ercent of the &lanet4s surface, uch of their2ioe/ical &otential has gone largely une-&lore/' 2ntil no'' 3 grou& ofresearchers at Scri&&s Anstitution of Oceanogra&hy at the Uni7ersity of alifornia,San Eiego, ha7e for the Crst tie shown that se/ients in the /ee& ocean are asigniCcant 2ioe/ical resource for icro2es that &ro/uce anti2iotic olecules' An aseries of two &a&ers, a grou& le/ 2y Willia Fenical, /irector of the enter forMarine .iotechnology an/ .ioe/icine (M..+ at Scri&&s Anstitution, has re&orte/the /isco7ery of a no7el grou& of 2acteria foun/ to &ro/uce olecules with &otentialin the treatent of infectious /iseases an/ cancer' >1he a7erage &erson thins of

the 2otto of the ocean as a /ar, col/, an/ nasty &lace that is irrele7ant, 2ut we47eshown that this en7ironent ay 2e a huge resource for new anti2iotics an/ /rugsfor the treatent of cancer,> sai/ Fenical' 1he Crst &a&er, &u2lishe/ in the Octo2er,%))% issue of 3&&lie/ an/ sai/ Fenical'3lthough ore than $)) /rugs to/ay e-ist fro terrestrial icroorganiss,inclu/ing &enicillin, argua2ly the ost i&ortant /rug in e/icine, the &otentialfro lan/*2ase/ icro2ial sources 2egan /win/ling nearly $) years ago'Pharaceutical in7estigators searche/ high an/ low aroun/ the glo2e for newterrestrial, /rug*&ro/ucing icro2es, 2ut with /iinishing &ay2ac' 3ccor/ing toFenical, when consi/ering the e7er*increasing resistance of 2acteria to e-istinganti2iotics, the nee/ to ae new /isco7eries 2ecoes essential' Sur&risingly, theoceans, with soe of the ost /i7erse ecosystes on the &lanet, were largelyignore/ as a &otential source for actinoycete 2acteria' @i7en this oission, it wasnatural for Fenical4s grou& at the Scri&&s M.. to initiate stu/ies of arineen7ironents for new icroorganiss i&ortant in &haraceutical /isco7ery' Hisgrou& /e7elo&e/ new etho/s an/ tools for o2taining a 7ariety of ocean se/ients,

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inclu/ing a iniaturize/ sa&ling /e7ice that e9ciently ca&tures sa&les fro the/ee& ocean' 1hey /eri7e/ 2otto u/s fro ore than $,))) eters /ee& frothe 3tlantic an/ PaciCc Oceans, the Ge/ Sea, an/ the @ulf of alifornia' 1hey also/e7elo&e/ new etho/s for sifting through these sa&les (which contain roughlyone 2illion icroorganiss &er cu2ic centieter+, culturing the icroorganiss,

i/entifying the 2y genetic etho/s, an/ screening their eta2olic &ro/ucts foranticancer an/ anti2iotic &ro&erties' .y genetic an/ culture analysis, Fenical4s grou&/isco7ere/ the new genus Salinos&ora, a ty&e of actinoycete 2acteria foun/ intro&ical an/ su2tro&ical oceans, 2ut ne7er seen 2efore on lan/' 1he results frotheir 2ioe/ical stu/ies were e-traor/inarily &ositi7e' Of $)) strains of theseorganiss teste/, R) &ercent &ro/uce/ olecules that inhi2it cancer cell growth'Goughly =! &ercent re7eale/ the a2ility to ill &athogenic 2acteria an/ fungi' .ase/on the worl/wi/e /istri2ution of Salinos&ora, Fenical estiates that any thousan/sof strains will 2e a7aila2le' >A woul/ e7en go as far as to say that ne7er 2efore hasthis le7el of 2iological acti7ity 2een o2ser7e/ within a single grou& of organiss,>sai/ Fenical' 1hese /isco7eries ha7e 2een &atente/ 2y the Uni7ersity of aliforniaan/ license/ to Nereus Pharaceuticals Anc' for su2seIuent /e7elo&ent' Nereus isa four*year*ol/ 2iotech co&any in San Eiego, alif' /e/icate/ to the /e7elo&entof new /rugs fro this new source for /rug /isco7ery' >1hese e-traor/inary arine/isco7eries 2y Scri&&s Anstitution, cou&le/ with their in/ustrialization 2y NereusPharaceuticals, coul/ &ro7i/e the ne-t great source of /rug /isco7ery for the&haraceutical in/ustry,> sai/ o2i Sethna, &resi/ent an/ 1hey &oint to the fact that the ocean is an incre/i2ly e-citing newicro2ial resource' 1hey in/icate how little we now, an/ they /eonstrate ho'!uch 'e need to inest in further e"#loration of the oceans.Q An a//ition toFenical, coauthors on the &a&ers inclu/e 1racy Mincer, Paul Jensen, hristo&herau5an, Go2ert Feling, an/ @reg .uchanan'

E"#loring the dee# could lead to incredi,le !edicaldiscoeries.c(ie &01& (Go2in, science an/ technology e/itor for the O2ser7er, Marine4treasure tro7e4 coul/ 2ring re7olution in e/icine an/ in/ustry, 115105&01&htt&:""www'theguar/ian'co"en7ironent"%)$%"no7"$)"arine*treasure*tro7e*

e/icine B

Scientists ha7e &in&ointe/ a new treasure tro7e in our oceans : icro*organiss thatcontain illions of &re7iously unnown genes an/ thousan/s of new failies of&roteins ' 1hese tiny arine won/ers o5er a chance to e-&loit a 7ast &ool of aterial that coul/ 2e use/ to create inno7ati7e

e/icines, in/ustrial sol7ents, cheical treatents an/ other &rocesses, scientists say' Gesearchers ha7e alrea/y create/new enzyes for treating sewage an/ cheicals for aing soa&s fro aterial they ha7e foun/ in ocean organiss'Q>1he &otential for arine 2iotechnology is alost inCnite,> sai/urtis Suttle, &rofessor of earth, ocean an/ atos&heric sciences at the Uni7ersity of .ritish olu2ia' >At has 2ecoe clear that ost of the 2iological an/ genetic /i7ersity on

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&rotect rare s&onges that they Cn/ in their coastal waters?> S&onges turn out to 2e a &articularly &roising arineresourc e' 1he s&onge 1ethya cry&ta, foun/ in .elize an/ other &arts of theari22ean, has 2een foun/ to contain cheicals that ha7e anti*cancer an/ anti*7iral&ro&erties' Siilarly, the cancer /rug Hala7en was /eri7e/ fro s&onges of theHalichon/ria faily' 1o /ate, only a han/ful of /rugs /eri7e/ fro arine 2iotechnology sources ha7e 2een a&&ro7e/ 2y the US Foo/ an/ Erug 3/inistration'Howe7er, ore than $,))) new ones are un/ergoing &re*clinical tests' 1hese inclu/e &ro/ucts /eri7e/ fro olluscs, snails, arine icro2es an/ Csh' 1he science of arine2iotechnology was icstarte/ C7e years ago 2y the entre&reneur raig enter' One of the scientists in7ol7e/ in the seIuencing of the huan genoe, enter set o5 in his yacht in a

roun/*the*worl/ cruise intent on /eonstrating the &otential of the 2iological aterial that is foun/ in seawater' An the en/, he a/e two 0ourneys, one fro %))D*R an/ the other fro %))*$$' On 2oth e-&e/itions, scientists too %))*;)) litre sa&les of sea water e7ery %)) iles,&ut these through &rogressi7ely saller Clters to ca&ture the organiss in the sa&les, then froze the ca&ture/ icro*organiss for shi&ent 2ac to his la2oratory' 1here scientists

seIuence/ their EN3 using techniIues /e7elo&e/ 2y enter on seIuencing the huan genoe' Q1he results were staggering' 3ccor/ing to enter, his tea /isco7ere/aroun/ %) new genes an/ thousan/s of new failies of &roteins in the sa&les they scoo&e/u& on their 0ourneys through the worl/4s oceans' 3s yet, no one nows what these genes an/ &roteins /o, althoughost researchers 2elie7e any of the ust ha7e &otential as sources of new/rugs ' We are struggling to /e7elo& the right techniIues to isolate an/ un/erstan/ the ar7els we are Cn/ing in the waters aroun/ the &lanet,> sai/ earley' >Once we ha7e /onethat, then we will ha7e a uch 2etter i/ea 0ust what we are looing at an/ 0ust how careful we nee/ to 2e when it coes to ensuring this resource is &rotecte/ for the future'>

Ocean Is The !ost #ro!ising frontier for sources of ne' drugsNational :esearch Council = 1he National 3ca/eics 3/7isors to the Nation onScience,

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natural &ro/ucts. These natural #roducts are of s#ecial interest ,ecause ofthe da66ling diersity and uni+ueness of the creatures that !a(e the seatheir ho!e. One reason !arine organis!s are so interesting to sci> entistsis ,ecause in a/a&ting to the arious ocean en7ironents% they ha7e e7ol7e/fascinating re#ertoires of uniIue cheicals to hel# the! surie. For

e"a!#le% anchored to the seaHoor% a s#onge that #rotects itself fro! anani!al trying to ta(e oer its s#ace ,y (illing the inader has ,eenco!#ared 'ith the hu!an i!> !une syste! trying to (ill foreign cancercells. That sa!e s#onge% ,athed in sea'ater containing !illions of,acteria% iruses% and fungi% so!e of 'hich could ,e #athogens% hasdeelo#ed anti,iotics to (ee# those #athogens under control. 1hose sa!eanti,iotics coul/ 2e use/ to treat infections in huans. S#onges% in fact% area!ong the !ost #roli*c sources of dierse che!ical co!#ounds. Anesti!ated 0 #ercent of all #otential !arine>de> ried !edicationscurrently in the #i#elineXand a,out /G #er> cent of recently #atented!arine>de> ried anticancer co!#oundsXco!e fro! !arine s#onges.arine>,ased !icroorganis!s are another #articu> larly rich source of ne'!edicines. ore than 1W0 drugs aaila,le today derie fro! land>,ased!icro,es. Scien> tists see !arine>,ased !icro,es as the !ost #ro!isingsource of noel !edicines fro! the sea. In all% !ore than W 0%000,ioche!ical co!#ounds hae ,een isolated fro! sea creatures since the1=R0s. Because drug discoery in the !arine frontier is a relatiely young*eld% only a fe' !arine>deried drugs are in use today. any others are inthe #i#eline. One e"> a!#le is Prialt% a drug deelo#ed fro! the eno! ofa *sh>(illing cone snail. The cone snails #roduce neuro> to"ins to #araly6eand (ill #rey7 those neuroto-ins are 2eing /e7elo&e/ as neuro!uscular ,loc(sfor in/i7i/uals with chronic &ain, stroe, or e&ile&sy. Other !arine> derieddrugs are ,eing tested against her&es, astha, an/ 2reast cancer. The

National :esearch Council re#ort arine Biotechnology that thee"#loration of uni+ue ha,itats% such as dee#>sea eniron!ents% and theisolation and culture of !arine !icroor> ganis!s oer t'o undere"#loredo##ortuni> ties for discoery of noel che!icals 'ith thera> #eutic#otential. 1he successes to /ate% 'hich are ,ased u#on a ery li!itedinestigation of ,oth dee#>sea organis!s and !arine !icroorganis!s%suggest a high &otential for continue/ /isco7ery of new /rugs'

Ocean (ey to !edical ,rea(throughs9ay 01 ?Sharon% Scientists See( Ne' edicines Fro! the Ocean%National Keogra#hic% August /% &001%

htt#J55ne's.nationalgeogra#hic.co!5ne's5&00150R50R0/W'iresea!ed1.ht!l 9-

Male toa/Csh use their 2la//er uscles to /azzle feales with a uniIue ating callthat soun/s lie a 2ullfrog' .ut, these /ays, toa/Csh are also wooing scientists whowant to a&&ly lessons of toa/Csh anatoy to e7erything fro heart /isease tohuan ner7e regeneration' 3fter all, uscles that can contract an/ rela- as fast asa toa/Csh 2la//er coul/ &ro7i/e clues on how to hel& failing huan uscles of allin/s' >When you want to /e7elo& a new syste for a For/

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Forula One o/el to see the e-tree 7ersion of otor &erforance,> e-&laine/uscle &hysiologist Aain oung, who is s&en/ing the suer at the Marine.iological Ba2 in Woo/s Hole, Massachusetts, to stu/y the Forula One uscle ofthe sea' Once regar/e/ as either /inner or a research no7elty, creatures of the seaare getting increase/ res&ect aong scientists looing for the e/icines an/

thera&ies of the future' Fro the ancient horseshoe cra2 , whose 2loo/ &ro7i/es acoon test for 2acterial containation, to the lowly sea urchin, which &laye/ aey role in test*tu2e fertilization of e2ryos, arine life is starting to tae its &lacealongsi/e ore esta2lishe/ la2 anials, such as the ouse, in e/ical an/ 2asic2iological research' >A 2elie7e arine organiss can 2e use/ to eliinate /iseasean/ huan su5ering,> sai/ Willia S&ec, a &e/iatrician who is now /irector of theMarine .iological Ba2oratory in Woo/s Hole' >We now ha7e the technology to 7isitthe /ee& ocean 8oor, an/, 2ecause of EN3 technology, to ore /ee&ly un/erstan/life an/ oursel7es'> An a//ition to co7ering three Iuarters of the &lanet surface,oceans su&&ort the greatest 7ariety of life on

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:eefs 95T Phar!

Further studying of Coral reefs could lead to !edical,rea(throughs

$eins No -ate (Nicole Be7ins, Nicole Levins is an online media manager at The NatureConservancy, Oceans and Coasts Coral Reefs: Nature's Medicine Cabinet, No Date,

htt:!!"""#nature#org!ourinitiatives!habitats!oceanscoasts!e$lore!coral%reefs%and%medicine#$ml&

Sur&risingly, coral reefs hol/ the cures to soe of our ost coon e/ical ailents'Qliate change is a5ecting the health of coral ecosystes 6 an/ that &uts a strain on the e/icinal 2eneCts /eri7e/ fro our oceans' .y &rotecting arineen7ironents across the worl/, 1he Nature onser7ancy is safeguar/ing arine 2io/i7ersityan/ ensuring coral reefswill 2e aroun/ for future e/icinal /isco7eries' 3 E

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ountain :anges 95T Phar!E"#loring 2nder'ater ountains Could -rie Ne' edical-iscoeries-)olieira =R (Ste7e,

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E!#irics ProeE!#irical E"a!#les Of Cures Fro! The Oceans

3agan% 1 ?Pat% health ournalist 'or(ing !ainly for nationalne's#a#ers li(e the -aily ail% -aily E"#ress and The Sun

S#ecialised in case study>led features and research>,asedne's stories% -ee# sea cures% Lune 4% &01%htt#J55'''.e"#ress.co.u(5life>style5health5404/R5-ee#>sea>cures%>B

Now scientists are increasingly turning their attention to the sea with ocean &lantsan/ creatures &ro7i/ing the ey to a 7ariety of /rugs that can treat e7erything fro cancerto sinus trou2le'

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htt&:""www'-conoy'co"san*/iego"%))")%"%D"ha7ing*scoure/*the*ocean*for*cancer*/rugs*nereus*ais*to*&ro7e*its*conce&t*wors", GJ+

O5 the coast of the .ahaas, in sea grass ore than a half*ile /ee&, San Eiego*2ase/ Nereus Pharaceuticals foun/ a fungus that ay 2e the ey ingre/ient for aninno7ati7e new cancer /rug' 1his will 2e a ey year for gathering e7i/ence that will

either su&&ort or /e2un the i/ea' A got the /ownloa/ on Nereus last wee in acon7ersation with co*foun/er an/

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ancer*illing cheicals in sea s&onges? Soun/s too goo/ to 2e true' .ut itTs not'1wo years ago, Ja&anese scientists foun/ a cheical co&oun/ insi/e of /ee&*seas&onges that hel&s /estroy certain cancer cells'1he co&oun/ yauTai/e 3 isliely &ro/uce/ 2y 2acteria that only grow in a certain ty&e of /ee&*sea s&onge ' .utit grows in such low Iuantities that itTs rather i&ractical to try to har7est' 1he ore

&ractical solution is to synthesize the cheical co&oun/ in a la2, although theresearch to /o so has &ro7e/ /i9cult' 1his is where cheistry &rofessor Ste7enastle ste&s in' For the &ast few onths, he an/ his research tea ha7e 2een tryingto recreate yauTai/e 3' a(u

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Ad STE

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2S STE $o' No'STE is Kood and 2S falling ,ehindE,erle 10 ?Francis E,erle% Ph.-.% is the e"ecutie director for the National ScienceTeachers Association. @hy STE education is i!#ortant. The International Society ofAuto!ation. Se#te!,er5Octo,er% &010. htt&s:""www'isa'org"stan/ar/s*an/*&u2lications"isa*

&u2lications"intech*agazine"%)$)"se&te2er"why*ste*e/ucation*is*i&ortant"nyy

1hirty C7e years ago, A entere/ the classroo as a young eighth*gra/e science teacher 2ecause science fascinates e'Betting stu/ents e-&lore i/eas in science an/ watching the learn is truly a &assion that ost science teachers share' At isins&iring to watch a stu/ent wor through a science in7estigation an/ get to the >aha> oent of un/erstan/ing, seeing theireyes light u&, the sile 2roa/en across their face, an/ the e-&losion of energy as they rush to e-&lain to soeone what theyha7e 0ust /isco7ere/' @oo/ science teachers ca&italize on the >aha> oents an/ wor har/ to hel& stu/ents not only

un/erstan/ science, 2ut also foster a lifelong learning in science' Why is this so i&ortant? .ecause science is the onesu20ect that enco&asses e7erything in life an/ hel&s stu/ents 2e curious, as Iuestions,an/ ae connections as to why the worl/ e-ists as it /oes' At is the 2ac/ro& forun/erstan/ing our worl/, an/ hel&s us to e-&lain an/ a&&reciate it in new ways' Science is the>S4 in S1

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an/ other staehol/ers in e5orts to esta2lish a S1

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ATJ Educate to Innoate SolesO,a!a

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Econ $o' No' > Brin(Econo!y declining no'% ,ut can ,e turned around> action is(ey NO@.$a!,ro 14 Y-onald% chief #olitical corres#ondent for The @ashington Ti!es% 2.S. Econo!y

Slides -ee#er Into -ecline% To'nhall% ay 0&% &014%htt#J55to'nhall.co!5colu!nists5donaldla!,ro5&01450G50&5can>o,a!as>nogro'th>o,less>econo!y>get>!uch>'orse>it>can>and>it>'ill>if>'e>do>nothing>to>change>his>#olicies>n1R&&4/5#age5fullZ>-ae-.

W3SHAN@1ON * 1he O2aa econoy nearly sto&&e/ 2reathing in the Crst Iuarter ,gi7ing the Ge&u2licans new &olitical aunition for a full taeo7er of ongress inthe No7e2er elections'No sooner /i/ the oerce Ee&artent announce that the econoy 2arelygrew 2y one*tenth of one &ercent in the Crst three onths of this year, than the news e/ia wassearching for the toughest wor/s to /escri2e the U'S' econoy4s /eise un/erPresi/ent O2aa4s anti* growth, anti*0o2 &olicies'>U'S' was the way the Geuters news agency &ut it We/nes/ay, an/ e7en that was2eing generous ' Soe sai/ the econoy >stalle/,> or >2arely grew> or >hit a wall'> Others calle/ the )'$&ercent growth rate >aneic,> a wor/ that /oesn4t /o 0ustice to an econoy that has all 2ut groun/ to a halt' Q.ut

after one e-cuse after another for the &resi/ent4s econoic failures, soe in the news e/ia weren4t &ulling their&unches' Here4s the way the Wall Street Journal &ut it: >U'S growth nearly stalle/ in the Crst three onths of theyear, fresh e7i/ence that the econoic e-&ansion that 2egan alost C7e years ago reains the weaest in o/ernhistory'>Q>U'S' econoic growth stalle/ to near zero,> the Journal sai/ on its we2site, inutes after the go7ernent

announce/ its shocing nu2er' 1he a7erage Iuarterlyrate of growth since the suer of %)) stan/s at %'% &ercent,> the news&a&er note/, a &athetic, su2*&ar rate of

growth for the largest an/ once strongest econoy on the &lanet'Q 1he White House was still &e//lingtheir 2elief that the econoy woul/ soon &ic u& in the secon/ Iuarter an/ that the

slow/own was the result of a harsh winter'Q .ut wiser econoists aren4t 2uying thea/inistration4s e-cuses 'QEan North, the chief econoist at the annual growth rate in %)$; will ostliely still 2e 2elow the &ost*Worl/ War AA a7erage of 0ust o7er = &ercent'> Q>We47e 2een li7ing in a su2 =*&ercentlan/, an/ &eo&le ha7e gotten use/ to that as the new noral,> North sai/' >.ut it4s not' QAt4s aneic'> Qes, a 2itter

winter too its toll on growth, 2ut it was not the /ri7ing force 2ehin/ a snails*&ace econoy' Q Its #reci#itous#lunge into recession>leaning territory ** /eCne/ 2y two 2ac to 2ac Iuartersof near inus growth ** was /ri7en 2y ulti&le weanesses across the nation4seconoic lan/sca&e'Q U'S' e-&orts &lunge/ #'D &ercent, a 7icti of O2aa4s failure tonegotiate new tra/e /eals' .usiness in7estent fell as any co&anies cut 2ac on their in7entories in the face ofa wea econoy'Q1he real estate arets were in /ecline as higher interest rates an/ rising &rices &ushe/hoeownershi& 2eyon/ the reach hoe2uyers'Q>1he housing aret has coole/ recently as 2uyers ha7e struggle/to a5or/ hoes,> the Bos 3ngeles 1ies re&orte/ this wee'Q1he Fe/eral Geser7e sai/ We/nes/ay that the

>reco7ery in the housing sector reaine/ slow'>Q3n/ ree2er all that in7entory 2usinesses 2ought in the secon/half of %)$=, 2elie7ing the econoy was going to tae o5? Well, their shel7es were still full throughout the CrstIuarter, resulting >in anufacturers recei7ing fewer or/ers> in the &ast three onths, Geuters re&orte/' Q.ut the2iggest factors 2ehin/ the econoy4s /ecline is the shrining la2or aret, high, long*ter 0o2less rates, an/stagnant or /eclining incoes'Q>3 se&arate re&ort fro the .ureau of Ba2or Statistics on We/nes/ay on thee&loyent cost in/e- showe/ that &ri7ate sector wages an/ salaries in the Crst Iuarter of %)$; increase/ at theslowest rate since the 2ureau 2egan tracing the /ata in March $R),>Qthe 1ies re&orte/' QBittle won/er, then,that the onference .oar/ re&orte/ We/nes/ay that U'S' consuer conC/ence fell in 3&ril as a result of growing

concerns a2out 0o2 cuts an/ 2usiness &ull2acs in in7estent'Q 1here are lots of ways that thiseconoy can 2e turne/ aroun/, 2ut O2aa an/ the Eeocrats are o&&ose/ to all of the'QWe nee/

http://townhall.com/columnists/donaldlambro/2014/05/02/can-obamas-nogrowth-jobless-economy-get-much-worse-it-can-and-it-will-if-we-do-nothing-to-change-his-policies-n1832247/page/full%5D-DaveDhttp://townhall.com/columnists/donaldlambro/2014/05/02/can-obamas-nogrowth-jobless-economy-get-much-worse-it-can-and-it-will-if-we-do-nothing-to-change-his-policies-n1832247/page/full%5D-DaveDhttp://townhall.com/columnists/donaldlambro/2014/05/02/can-obamas-nogrowth-jobless-economy-get-much-worse-it-can-and-it-will-if-we-do-nothing-to-change-his-policies-n1832247/page/full%5D-DaveDhttp://townhall.com/columnists/donaldlambro/2014/05/02/can-obamas-nogrowth-jobless-economy-get-much-worse-it-can-and-it-will-if-we-do-nothing-to-change-his-policies-n1832247/page/full%5D-DaveD

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re7enue neutral, 0o2 frien/ly ta- refor that scru2s cor&orate welfare out of the ta- co/e, 2roa/ens the ta- 2ase,an/ lowers incoe ta- rates across the 2oar/ for 2usinesses an/ in/i7i/uals' Q1he Ge&u2licans in the House ha7e a&lan rea/y to go, 2ut Senate Eeocrats want no &art of it' 3n/ O2aa4s too 2usy trying to raise the iniuwage, e7en though the non&artisan ongressional .u/get O9ce says it will ill !)),))) 0o2s' QWe nee/ ta-incenti7es to unloc trillions of /ollars in ca&ital in7estent to e-&an/ e-isting 2usinesses, create new ones an/2oost e&loyent' An his secon/ ter, .ill linton signe/ a @OP*&asse/ ca&ital gains ta- cut an/ his econoy tooo5' O2aa an/ the Harry Gei/ Eeocrats 8atly o&&ose this'QWe nee/ to enact fast trac tra/e authorization too&en u& worl/ arets to 3erican goo/s an/ ser7ices, 2ut the Eeocrats won4t e7en /iscuss it for fear of

angering their &arty4s union 2osses' Sa/ to say, 2ut the 3erican econoy is on a sli&&eryslo&e to further /ecline an/ it4s not going to get any 2etter until we ha7e tough, new lea/ershi& in theSenate an/ the O7al O9ce'

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STE Co!#5EconSTE is ital to econo!ic gro'th and co!#etitieness toce!ent leadershi#.Killi,rand and 9ennedy 14 ?9risten% 2.S. Senator re#resenting Ne' or(% Loe%

III% 2.S. :e#resentatie re#resenting assachusetts a !e!,er of the 3ouse Co!!ittee onScience 8 Technology and seres as honorary chair of the Koernor)s STE AdisoryCouncil% STE Lo,s 9ey to Better Econo!y% 2SA Today% Lanuary 10% &014%htt&:""www'usato/ay'co"story"o&inion"%)$;")$"$)"engineering*atheatics*ste*gilli2ran/*enne/y*colun";=D$R=#"% nyy

Fro 1aunton, Massachusetts to .u5alo, New or, the inno7ation econoy is re/eCning our nation4s story ofreco7ery an/ growth' Mi//le*class in/ustrial towns an/ woring*class ur2an e&icenters alie are e-&eriencingtransforati7e shifts towar/ a/7ance/ anufacturing, life sciences, inforation technology an/ 2ig /ata' We see

this tren/ a&liCe/ across our national 0o2 aret' O7er the &ast /eca/e, 0o2s in science, technology,engineering an/ atheatics (S1

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STE is essential to econo!ic gro'th% innoation% and o,creation.E,erle 10 ?Francis E,erle% Ph.-.% is the e"ecutie director for the National ScienceTeachers Association. @hy STE education is i!#ortant. The International Society ofAuto!ation. Se#te!,er5Octo,er% &010. htt&s:""www'isa'org"stan/ar/s*an/*&u2lications"isa*

&u2lications"intech*agazine"%)$)"se&te2er"why*ste*e/ucation*is*i&ortant"nyy1hirty C7e years ago, A entere/ the classroo as a young eighth*gra/e science teacher 2ecause science fascinates e'Betting stu/ents e-&lore i/eas in science an/ watching the learn is truly a &assion that ost science teachers share' At isins&iring to watch a stu/ent wor through a science in7estigation an/ get to the >aha> oent of un/erstan/ing, seeing theireyes light u&, the sile 2roa/en across their face, an/ the e-&losion of energy as they rush to e-&lain to soeone what theyha7e 0ust /isco7ere/' @oo/ science teachers ca&italize on the >aha> oents an/ wor har/ to hel& stu/ents not only

un/erstan/ science, 2ut also foster a lifelong learning in science' Why is this so i&ortant? .ecause science is the onesu20ect that enco&asses e7erything in life an/ hel&s stu/ents 2e curious, as Iuestions,an/ ae connections as to why the worl/ e-ists as it /oes' At is the 2ac/ro& forun/erstan/ing our worl/, an/ hel&s us to e-&lain an/ a&&reciate it in new ways' Science is the>S4 in S1

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/i7erse grou&s, wors to raise awareness in ongress, the U'S' Ee&artent of

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illion researchers' .y %)), for the Crst tie, o7er half of U'S' &atents were awar/e/ to non*U'S' co&anies'$$Q Other nations are racingto esta,lish do!inance in !ath and science. Q Gussia is 2uil/ing an inno7ation cityoutsi/e of Moscow' Sau/i 3ra2ia has a new uni7ersity for science an/ engineering with a \$) 2illion en/owent' hina iscreating new tech nology uni7ersities 2y the /ozens an/ has re&lace/ the U'S' as the worl/Ts to& high technology e-&orter'Singa&ore has in7este/ ore than a 2illion /ollars to ae that country a e/ical science hu2 an/ attract the worl/Ts 2esttalent' 1hese nations an/ any others ha7e rightly conclu/e/ that the way to win in the worl/ econoy is 2y /oing a 2etter 0o2 of e/ucating an/ inno7ating'$%Q

The STE ga# is costing A!erica ns o,s and !oney. Q U'S' stu/ents fall 2ehin/ =$ countries in ath &roCciency,accor/ing to a %)$$ Har7ar/ stu/y that conclu/e/ the U'S' coul/ increase @EP growth &er ca&ita 2y enhancing its stu/entsT ath sills' O7er an R)*year &erio/,econoic gainsQ fro increasing the &ercentage of ath &roCcient stu/ents to ana/ian or orean le7els woul/ increase the annual U'S' growth rate 2y )' &ercentage&oints an/ $'= &ercentage &oints, res&ecti7ely' 1hat increase coul/ yiel/ \#! trillion'$=

STE is (ey to glo,al co!#etitienessKordon 14 YBart% Chair!an of the Co!!ittee on Science 8 Technology fro! &00/>&011% 2SAScience and Engineering FestialJ The Blog% Science ,logs% A#ril 1=% &014%htt#J55science,logs.co!5usasciencefestial5&01450451=5ste!>education>(ey>to>a!ericas>glo,al>co!#etitieness5Z>-ae-.

Our nation has a long an/ &rou/ history as a glo2al lea/er in the /e7elo&ent of technological 2reathroughs an/

the /e7elo&ent of re7olutionary &ro/ucts that change an/ sa7e li7es aroun/ the worl/' An recent years,howe7er, fewer young 3ericans are entering Cel/s of science, technology,

engineering an/ ath (S1

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Educational Innoation 95T 3egInnoatie education is ital for #resering glo,al leadershi#.Bar,er et al.% 1&(Michael, chief e/ucation a/7isor at Pearson, an/ atelynEonnelly, anaging /irector of Pearson 35or/a2le Bearning Fun/, an/ Saa/ Giz7i,

SP

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Plan STEOSEA 'ould engage students in STE to#icsBid'ell 1 ?Allie% Education re#orter for 2S Ne's 8 @orld :e#ort% Scientists :eleaseFirst Plan for National Ocean E"#loration Progra!% 2S Ne's 8 @orld :e#ort% Se#te!,er&G% &01. htt&:""www'usnews'co"news"articles"%)$=")"%!"scientists*release*Crst*&lan*for*national*

ocean*e-&loration*&rogra. Nyy

We nee/ to reesta2lish the e-citeent of science an/engineering, an/ A thin ocean e-&loration gi7es us a way to /o that'> Schu2el saysscience centers, useus an/ aIuarius can ser7e as training groun/s to gi7echil/ren an/ a/ults the o&&ortunity to learn ore a2out the ocean an/ whato&&ortunities e-ist in S1One thing that we can contri2ute ore than anything else is to leti/s an/ failies coe to our institutions an/ &lay, e-&lore, ae istaes, an/ as silly Iuestions without 2eing

2ur/ene/ /own 2y the in/s of stan/ar/s that our foral *$% an/ *$; schools ha7e to li7e u& to,> Schu2el says'on/ucting ore /ata collection an/ e-&loration Iuests is also 2eneCcial fro an econoic stan/&oint 2ecausee-&lorers ha7e the &otential to i/entify new resources, 2oth renewa2le an/ nonrenewa2le' Ha7ing access to thoseaterials, such as oils an/ inerals, an/ 2eing less /e&en/ent on other nations, Schu2el says, coul/ hel& i&ro7e

national security' treen/ous> sources of car2on /io-i/e, an/ thus contri2ute/ to increasing ocean aci/iCcation, Mcinnie says'

Gesearch has shown that when ocean waters 2ecoe ore aci/ic fro a2sor2ing car2on /io-i/e, they &ro/uce lessof a gas that &rotects the At4s not 0ust 2ringing2ac &retty &ictures,> Mcinnie says' >At4s getting real results that atter'>

http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/09/25/scientists-release-first-plan-for-national-ocean-exploration-programhttp://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/09/25/scientists-release-first-plan-for-national-ocean-exploration-programhttp://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/09/25/scientists-release-first-plan-for-national-ocean-exploration-programhttp://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/09/25/scientists-release-first-plan-for-national-ocean-exploration-program

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ATJ STE Patriarchy@hite 3ouse STE eorts to !a(e STE as inclusie of @o!ynas #ossi,le@hite 3ouse 1 L1he o9cial Unite/ States Fe/eral @o7ernent we2site, Woen an/ @irls in Science,

1echnology,

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sta5 res&on/ing to the Presi/entTs call to 7olunteer in their counities woul/ ha7e the tools nee/e/ to ser7e asrole o/els to this &articular &o&ulation'

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Solency

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Adocate51AC CardOSEA needs to ,e started.Kon6ale6 1&(Go2ert 1' @onzalez*ProliCc writer for io, 1he worl/4s oceans nee/their own N3S3*style agency, 2log, $)"$#"$% D:=!a,, htt&:""io'co"!!%;!)"the*

worl/s*oceans*nee/*their*own*nasa*style*agency, 3'@+1he oceans of Once &rogras are esta2lishe/ elsewhere, grou&s ofnations coul/ then colla2orateon research an/ &ool their resourcesun/er international agreeents'> Using newan/ e-isting facilities, technologies, an/ 7ehicles, &ro&ose/ e5orts to un/erstan/ the oceans woul/ follow two /i5erent a&&roaches' Oneco&onent /e/icate/ to e-&loration woul/ utilize shi&s , su2ersi2les, an/ satellites in new waysto unco7er the ocean4s 2io/i7ersity, such as the ecosystes associate/ with /ee&*sea hy/rotheral 7ents, coral reefs, an/7olcanic, un/erwater ountains' 3 secon/ co&onent ** a networ of ocean >o2ser7atories> co&ose/ ofoore/ 2uoysan/ a syste of telecounication ca2les an/ no/es on the sea8oor ** woul/ co&leent the e-isting 8eet ofresearch shi&s an/ satellites' 1he 2uoys woul/ &ro7i/e inforation on weather an/ cliateas well as ocean 2iology , an/ the ca2les woul/ 2e use/ to transit inforation fro sensors on C-e/ no/es a2out 7olcanic an/tectonic acti7ity of the sea8oor, earthIuaes, an/ life on or 2elow the sea8oor' 3lso, a 8eet of new anne/ an/ unanne/ /ee&*/i7ing 7ehicles woul/roun/ out this research infrastructure'

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A centrali6ed organi6ation is (ey to ,etter and !ore eDcientocean co

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2S Tech 9ey2S has the ,est tech for ocean e"#lorationanley 4 ^ 3t the tie of &u2lication, Justin Manley wore/ on the NO33Ts Ocean

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Plan Intl Coo#A rea!#ed 2S ocean e"#loration #rogra! s#ills oer tointernational coo#Co!!ittee on E"#loration of the Seas% 0 (National Gesearch ouncil, Ma0or

Ocean 1he Unite/ States shoul/ lea/2y e-a&le,> sai/ coittee chair John Orcutt, &rofessor of geo&hysics an/ /e&uty /irector, Scri&&s Anstitution of Oceanogra&hy, Uni7ersity of alifornia,

San Eiego' ast &ortions of the ocean reain une-&lore/' An fact, while a /ozen en ha7e wale/ on the oon, 0usttwo ha7e tra7ele/ to the farthest reaches of the ocean, an/ only for a2out =) inutes each tie, the re&ort notes' > 1he 2otto of theocean is the sai/ coittee 7ice chair Shirley 3' Po&oni, 7ice &resi/ent an/ /irector of research at Har2or.ranch Oceanogra&hic Anstitution, Fort Pierce, Fla' Nonetheless, recent /isco7eries of &re7iously unnown s&ecies an/ /ee&*sea 2iological an/ cheical&rocesses ha7e heightene/ interest in ocean e-&loration' For e-a&le, researchers woring o5 the coast of alifornia re7eale/ how soe organissconsue ethane see&ing through the sea 8oor, con7erting it to energy for thesel7es an/ lea7ing hy/rogen an/ car2on /io-i/e as 2y&ro/ucts' 1hehy/rogen coul/ &erha&s soe/ay 2e harnesse/ for fuel cells, lea7ing the car2on /io-i/e Z which contri2utes to glo2al waring in the atos&here Z in thesea' Biewise, a recent one*onth e-&e/ition o5 3ustralia an/ New Xealan/ that e-&lore/ /ee&*sea 7olcanic ountains an/ a2yssal &lains collecte/ $))

&re7iously uni/entiCe/ Csh s&ecies an/ u& to =)) new s&ecies of in7erte2rates' Most current U'S' fun/ing for oceanresearch, howe7er,goes to &ro0ects that &lan to re7isit earlier sites or for i&ro7ing un/erstan/ing of nown&rocesses, rather than to su&&ort truly e-&loratory oceanogra&hy, the re&ort says' 3n/ 2ecause the fun/ing 2ureaucracy is /isci&line*2ase/, grants areusually allocate/ to cheists, 2iologists, or &hysical scientists, rather than to teas of researchers re&resenting a 7ariety of scientiCc Cel/s'

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Concentrated Eort 9eyA 'ell organi6ed% funded% and #rofessional organi6ation has ,een#roen to allo' +uantu! lea#s in ocean deelo#!ent.N:C 0 (National Gesearch ouncil, 1he National Gesearch ouncil is a &ri7ate, non&roCt institution that&ro7i/es e-&ert a/7ice on soe of the ost &ressing challenges facing the nation an/ the worl/' 1heir wor hel&s

sha&e soun/ &olicies, infor &u2lic o&inion, an/ a/7ance the &ursuit of science, engineering, an/ e/icine'K

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Ocean E"#loration soles $otsIt is ti!e for the 2S to e"#lore the Ocean% has #otential toreitali6e industries-ia!andis 1 (Peter, hairan, PGAX< "

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of ocean e"#loration' 3t PGAX< we recently launche/ our secon/ ocean &rize, the Wen/y Schi/tOcean Health PGAX

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ATJ Nations Say NoCountries o#en to S8T coo# China #roesColgla6ier 1 ^ Willia olgazier is the Science an/ 1ech a/7isor to the secretary of state' He hol/s a PhEin theoretical &hysics fro al1ech' _ 1he A&erati7es of Anno7ation an/ oo&eration, Octo2er %=, %)$='htt&:""www'state'go7"e"stas"%)$="%$R#)='ht?goMo2ile) ' 1@]

Bastly, A woul/ lie to 2rie8y re7iew current colla2orations 2etween the go7ernents of the U'S' an/ hina regar/ing inno7ation' Ourgo7ernents &artici&ate in ulti&le /iscussions an/ su&&ort concrete colla2orations in inno7ation' 3go7ernent to go7ernent /ialogue ** the annual high*le7el session of the U'S'*hina Anno7ation Eialogue ** is astrategic science an/ technology an/ econoic &olicy con7ersation 2etween the worl/Ts two largesteconoies' 1he Eialogue was esta2lishe/ in %)$), an/ has ser7e/ as an i&ortant echanis for our continue/ /iscussions a2out the &ro&errole of go7ernent in the inno7ation &rocess' We ha/ &ro/ucti7e /iscussions in July %)$= on the role of go7ernent in Cnancing inno7ation, an/ weho&e to continue to use this echanis to ae tangi2le &rogress on areas of utual concern in the future' An a//ition,our go7ernents engage with re&resentati7es frothin tans, uni7ersities, co&anies at e7ents liethe Eialogue on o&aring U'S' an/ hinese 3&&roaches to Science, 1echnology, an/ Anno7ation Policy Eecision*Maing, which the Uni7ersity of alifornia,

San Eiego hoste/ in 3ugust' S&eaers fro the hinese 3ca/ey of Sciences an/ the hinese Ministry of Science an/ 1echnology(MOS1+ 0oine/ U'S' go7ernent o9cials an/ e-&erts fro outsi/e go7ernent for /iscussions of how inno7ation &olicy isforulate/ in our two countries, the roles of the a0or &layers in that forulation, an/ the siilarities an/ /i5erences in our a&&roaches to the role ofgo7ernent in encouraging inno7ation'

http://www.state.gov/e/stas/2013/218703.htm?goMobile=0http://www.state.gov/e/stas/2013/218703.htm?goMobile=0

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Intl Coo# Sole OceansInternational ocean coo#eration ital to #resere oceanecosyste!s.3o'ard 14 (.rian, Writer,

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E"#loration 95T -eelo#!ent

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energy e-traction, an/ ining' @oo/ /ecisions 2y 3rctic nations on 3rctic stewar/shi&, eergency&re&are/ness, econoic /e7elo&ent, an/ cliate change a/a&tation will nee/ to 2e infore/ 2y goo/science'

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ATJ OFF CASE

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To#icality

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ATJ Non ilitary

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@e eet CiilianE"tend cClain 1& fro! the 1AC the #lan is staed 'ithciilians.cClain 1& (raig, Er' raig Mclain is the 3ssistant Eirector of Science for the National

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the ysteries of the 2lue &lanet we li7e on' @e need a NASA>style Ocean Science andE"#loration Agency ?OSEA. to e"#lore an/ research the greatest /e&ths ofoceans 'ith a co!!unity of scientists% engineers% and citi6ens.

That #roes 'e are non!ilitary.O"ford -ictionaries 14 (O-for/ Eictionaries, Nonilitary, %)$;Khtt&:""www'o-for//ictionaries'co"us"/eCnition"aericanenglish"nonilitary, GJ+

Nonilitary Sylla2iCcation: nonjiljijtarjy Pronunciation: "knnmilkter " 3EJ

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-isadantages

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Politics

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KOP Su##orts STEThe KOP su##orts education% es#ecially STE educationKOP 1&[The Official GOP Website, The GOPs views, RENEWING AMERICAN VALE!",htt#$%%www&'(#&c()%*+*-.e#/blica0-

#latf(.)1.e0ewi0'%23 NN

More money alone does not necessarily equal better performance.Afte. 4ea.s (f t.ial a05 e..(., we 60(w what 5(es w(.6, what hasact/all4 )a5e a 5iffe.e0ce i0 st/5e0t a5va0ce)e0t, a05 what is #(we.i0' e5/cati(0 .ef(.) at t he l(cal level all ac.(ss A)e.ica$ acc(/0tabilit4 (0 the #a.t (f a5)i0ist.at(.s, #a.e0ts a05 teache.s7

hi'he. aca5e)ic sta05a.5s7 #.('.a)s that s/##(.t the 5evel(#)e0t (f cha.acte. a05 fi0a0cial lite.ac47 #e.i(5ic .i'(.(/s assess)e0ts (0 the f/05a)e0tals, es#eciall4 )ath, scie0ce, .ea5i0',

hist(.4, a05 'e('.a#h47 .e0ewe5 f(c/s (0 the C(0stit/ti(0 a05 the w.iti0's (f the 8(/05i0' 8athe.s, a05 a0 acc/.ate acc(/0t (f A)e.ica0 hist(.4 that celeb.ates the bi.th (f this '.eat 0ati(07

t.a0s#a.e0c4, s( #a.e0ts a05 the #/blic ca0 5isc(ve. which sch((ls best se.ve thei. #/#ils7 fle9ibilit4 a05 f.ee5() t( i00(vate, s( sch((ls ca0 a5a#t t ( the s#ecial 0ee5s (f thei. st/5e0ts a05 h(l5

teache.s a05 a5)i0ist.at(.s .es#(0sible f(. st/5e0t #e.f(.)a0ce&We support the innovations in education reform(cc/..i0' at the !tate level base5

/#(0 #.(ve0 .es/lts& Republican Governors have led in the effort to reform our countrys underperforming

education system,a05 we a##la/5 these a5va0ce)e0ts& We advocate the policies and methods that have proven

effective: b/il5i0' (0 the basics,especially S!M sub"ects:scie0ce, tech0(l('4, e0'i0ee.i0', a05 )ath; a05 #h(0ics7 e05i0' s(cial #.()(ti(0s7 )e.it#a4 f(. '((5 teache.s7 class.(() 5isci#li0e7 #a.e0tal i0v(lve)e0t7 a05 st.(0' lea5e.shi# b4 #.i0ci#als, s/#e.i0te05e0ts, a05 l(call4 electe5 sch((l b(a.5s&

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idter!s

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$atinos Su##ort Plan$atino oters care a,out the eniron!ent they/0cti(0 with the Nati(0al Res(/.ces ?efe0se C(/0cil, Lati0( ?ecisi(0s ca)e t(Washi0't(0 this wee6 t( 5isc/ss a 0ew #(ll .eveali0' h(w c(0ce.0e5 Lati0(s a.e ab(/t e0vi.(0)e0tal #.(tecti(0 a05 cli)ate cha0'e& At a

M(05a4, Ma.ch *@ #.ess eve0t hel5 i0 the Ca00(0 Office

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KOP Needs inoritiesKOP needs !inority su##ort@itcoer 14(Jules, 7eteran aerican 0ournalist, author, an/ colunist of Politics 1o/ay,.altiore Star, Washington Star, Bos 3ngeles 1ies, an/ Washington Post, winner of the Siga Eeltahi 3war/ for Washington orres&on/ence fro Society of Professional Journalists, >@OP still nee/s to

C- its inority 7oter /eCcit>, June %D, %)$;, htt&:""www'chicagotri2une'co"news"&olitics"ts*&olitics*witco7er*colunist,),%$R$DD'colunist+ 0l

1he allege/ >rai/> on the Ge&u2lican senatorial &riary in Mississi&&i, wherein 2lacEeocratic 7oters were sai/ to ha7e crosse/ o7er to 7ote for longtie incu2ent1ha/ ochran, has outrage/ his tea*&arty challengers ' At soun/s lie a 7ersion of theol/ Ei-ie laent that >those &eo&le> shoul/ stay with their own in/' 1he real cul&ritis the Magnolia State itself, for hol/ing an o&en &riary law that allows 7oters to&artici&ate in a runo5 regar/less of &arty' 3n/ it4s another rein/er of the 2asicGe&u2lican &ro2le of 2eing 2ran/e/ as hostile or 0ust unaccoo/ating toinority 7oters an/ their interests' 1he ochran strategists are 2eing cre/ite/ withha7ing 2eaten the 2ushes in hea7y 3frican*3erican &recincts to 2oost turnout' .ut

the &ower of inority &artici&ation was alrea/y /eonstrate/ in the %)$%&resi/ential election, wherein Mitt Goney was 2urie/ 2y 2lac, His&anic an/ otherinority 7otes' Perry a&&ears to 2e suiting u& for another 2i/, as /oes another also*ran, GicSantoru' 1his is ha&&ening in a &arty that tra/itionally has ha/ its ne-t noinee waiting in the wings for >y turn'> An the &ast,&atient &arty lea/ers ha7e gone at least once aroun/ the &resi/ential trac or ha7e 2i/e/ their tie, recognizing that loyalty can 2erewar/e/' Bosers Gichar/ Ni-on, @eorge .ush Sr', .o2 Eole an/ John Mcain all e7entually won the @OP &resi/ential noination,their 2oosters arguing it was owe/ to the' Booing at the current &otential roster for %)$D, no liely heir a&&arent 0u&s out otherthan forer Flori/a @o7' Je2 .ush, who woul/ 2e a Crst*tie &resi/ential as&irant, or &erha&s Ge&' Paul Gyan, the %)$% losing 7ice*&resi/ential noinee' Sen' Gan/ Paul of entucy has the loo, in racetrac terinology, of an early &acesetter 2ut is still generallyregar/e/ a li2ertarian outsi/er' 1he current cro& of Ge&u2lican go7ernors o5ers ore a2ition than &u2lic recognition, with thee-ce&tion of New Jersey4s hris hristie, whose initial high &roCle has 2een tarnishe/ 2y that 2ri/ge 2acu& Casco that sacs of2oth inco&etence an/ stu&i/ity' Neither Iuality has 2een nown as a recoen/ation for national o9ce' An light of the internals&lit 2etween the tea*&arty insurgents an/ ol/ esta2lishent &arty Cgures lie ochran, Mcain, House S&eaer John .oehner an/Senate Minority Bea/er Mitch Mconnell, what4s lacing, alas, is a &olitical star of the agnetis of Gonal/ Geagan' asting a2outaong the other &otential stars, only forer New or Mayor Michael .loo2erg woul/ 2e a&&ear to ha7e the stature right now togenerate the nee/e/ national su&&ort for a &resi/ential ca&aign' .ut .loo2erg is a one*tie Eeocrat who ran as a Ge&u2licanto get on the 2allot in New or an/ then /eclare/ hiself an An/e&en/ent' @enerally regar/e/ as a li2eral in his cons&icuouslea/ershi& of a national ca&aign against gun 7iolence, he woul/ 2e a Csh out of water as the @OP &resi/ential noinee' Whiche7er White House as&irant anages to eerge fro the current fog will nee/ore of that sae inority 7oter su&&ort that was Goney4s un/oing ** an/a&&ears to ha7e 2een ochran4s sal7ation in Mississi&&i ** to reach the O7al O9ce in%)$#' 3n/ so, for all of the @OP4s high e-&ectations for taing control of ongressthis fall an/ the &resi/ency 2eyon/, 2reaing the inority*7ote 2arrier reains acritical challenge '

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China -A

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2S5China Coo# :esilientToo !any areas of coo#eration #reent a relations colla#se.China 'ants to 'or( 'ith us on science.2.S. -e#art!ent of State 1& (Unite/ States Ee&artent of State: O9ce of the

S&oes&erson, U'S'*hina oo&eration in the 3sia*PaciCc GegionK July $%, %)$%Khtt&:""www'state'go7"r"&a"&rs"&s"%)$%")#"$;R$'ht, GJ+

On the occasion of the 3S

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coitent to e-&an/ coo&eration on Csheries anageent an/ 0ointly su&&ortthe creation of the North PaciCc Fisheries oission'

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NASA Tradeo -A

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Turn issionTurn NASA is 'asteful s#ending. Prioriti6ing OSEA soless#ace ,ene*ts !ore eDciently.Conathan 1 (Michael onathan is the Eirector of Ocean Policy at 3erican Progress' Prior to 0oining

3erican Progress, Mie s&ent C7e years sta9ng the Senate oittee on Oceans, 3tos&here, Fisheries, an/oast @uar/' He hol/s a aster in arine a5airs fro the Uni7ersity of Gho/e Aslan/ an/ a .3 in

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un/ersea territory reaching out %)) iles fro our shores' Sure, s&ace is se-y' .ut the oceans are too' 1o those

intrigue/ 2y the Iuest for alien life, consi/er this: Scientists estiate that we still ha7e not/isco7ere/ $ &ercent of the s&ecies that li7e in our oceans ' 3n/ soe of the loo &rettyoutlan/ish' @o ahea/ an/ @oogle the /ee&sea hatchetCsh, frill shar, or .athynous giganteus' An a tie ofshrining 2u/gets an/ increase/ scrutiny on the return for our in7estents, weshoul/ 2e taing a long, har/ loo at how we are &rioritizing our e-&loration /ollars' Af the goal of go7ernent s&en/ing is to s&ur growth in the &ri7ate sector, entre&reneurs are far ore liely to Cn/

ins&iration /own in the /e&ths of the ocean than u& in the hea7ens' 1he ocean alrea/y &ro7i/es uswith a2out half the o-ygen we 2reathe, our single largest source of &rotein, a wealthof ineral re* sources, ey ingre/ients for &haraceuticals, an/ arine2iotechnology ' Of course s&ace e-&ortation /oes ha7e 2eneCts 2eyon/ the cool factor of &utting &eo&le onthe oon an/ astronaut*2ar/s &laying Ea7i/ .owie co7ers in s&ace' An7entions create/ to facilitate s&ace tra7elha7e 2ecoe u2iIuitous in our li7es6 cell*&hone caeras, scratch*resistant lenses, an/ water*Cltration systes,0ust to nae a few6an/ research con/ucte/ in outer s&ace has le/ to 2reathroughs here on earth in the

technological an/ e/ical Cel/s' et /es&ite far*fetche/ &lans to ine asteroi/s for rare etals, the onlytangi2le goo/s 2rought 2ac fro s&ace to /ate reain a few &iles of oon rocs'1he /ee& sea2e/ is uch ore liely source of so*calle/ rare*earth etals than/istant asteroi/s ' 37atar> Cls' He says the forer will 2e set on an ocean &lanet'No one e-ce&t he an/ his fellow &ro/ucers at %)th entury Fo- really now how uch the Crst installent of the 4

o7ie series cost, 2ut estiates &eg it at a&&ro-iately \%!) illion*or A) ties NO33Ts Ocean

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large go7ernent s&en/ing in what they consi/er lesser &riority areas' O&erating ona \='# trillion 2u/get for Cscal year %)$%, ongress awar/e/ \$R'# 2illion to N3S3 ,encouraging the a/inistration to rein7igorate its tra/itional role of inno7ation,technological /e7elo&ent, an/ scientiCc /isco7ery' On the other han/ , the NationalOceanic an/ 3tos&heric 3/inistration (NO33+ recei7e/ \;'! 2illion, \$ 2illion less

than their reIueste/ aount' 1his large /iscre&ancy 2etween the /ollars allocate/to these agencies is a clear*cut e-a&le of the growing concern aong 3ericansregar/ing &rofuse go7ernent s&en/ing' @i7en that ! of the un/erwater worl/reains une-&lore/ an/ the s&ace &rogra has e-&erience/ little to no &rogress inrecent years, shoul/ the s&ace &rogra reain a &riority? 1he last half of the %)thcentury was are/ 2y the i/eological an/ technological warfare 2etween the U'S'an/ the So7iet 2loc' 1he ol/ War or&he/ itself in se7eral arenas fro &ro-y warsto &olitical con8ict to econoic an/ technological co&etition such as the S&aceGace' 1he S&ace Gace is synonyous with the ars race, where one of the ainfrontiers where the ol/ War was wage