ORNAMENTS IN THE KAZAKHSTAN’S URBAN ARCHITECTURE of 19th – 21st CENTURIES: The Album of typical...

ORNAMENTS IN THE KAZAKHSTAN’S

URBAN ARCHITECTURE of 19th – 21st CENTURIES

The Album of typical examples by O.N.Priemetz & K.I.Samoilov,

Almaty,2016

ORNAMENTS IN THE KAZAKHSTAN’S URBAN ARCHITECTURE of 19th – 21st CENTURIES: The Album of typical examples / Educational materials by O.N.Priemetz and K.I.Samoilov

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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** This Album is the result of joint work of authors on the study of the architectural ornaments Evolution. MAJOR SOURCES are published results of Scientific works:

- THE ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT EVOLUTION IN THE KAZAKHSTAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE XX – BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURIES (for example, Almaty), 2014 by Oksana N.PRIEMETZ (the Scientific instructor – Dr. Konstantin I.Samoilov);

- THE KAZAKHSTAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE XX CENTURY (the Forming evolution), 2004 by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV (the Scientific consultant – Dr. Alexandr V.Riabushin)

Authors expresses their gratitude to Internet resources – https://www.google.com ; https://www.wikipedia.org – which to provide the ability to collect an information. The Album consists of 792 illustrations in different combinations, including 731 photographs taken by authors. This Album generated for information purposes of the Educational course "The Modern architecture".

The front cover: the Telecenter, Timiryazev Str., Almaty (1981, arch. A.Korzhempo, V.Panin, N.Ezau).


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** THE CONTENT Terms and definitions THE INTRODUCTION Part 1. HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF THE KAZAKHSTAN AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE SPREAD OF ORNAMENTAL COMPOSITIONS IN THE URBAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE XX CENTURY

1.1 Historiographical aspects of the Kazakh architectural ornament Evolution 1.2 An Ornament in the Medieval and the XIX century Architecture as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century the ornamentation 1.3 The Yurt ornamentation, an ornament for clothes, utensils and household items as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation

Part 2. AN ORNAMENT IN THE LATE XIX – THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURIES URBAN ARCHITECTURE

2.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1880’s-1920’s 2.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1930’s-1940’s 2.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1950’s

Part 3. AN ORNAMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX – EARLY XXI CENTURIES URBAN ARCHITECTURE

3.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1960’s 3.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1970’s-1980’s 3.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1990’s-2010’s

CONCLUSIONS The Main Reading


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

AN ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT – the Part of architectural decoration, which is a pattern made for parts and/or individual elements of buildings and structures; It has a different implementation, size details, motives, extent and the role in the overall composite solutions of the built.

A VEGETABLE ORNAMENT – a Motif of the pattern consisting of individual and/or articulated stylized forms of stems, leaves, flowers, fruits.

A ZOOMORPHIC ORNAMENT – a Motif of the pattern consisting of individual and/or articulated stylized forms of real or imaginary animals, birds, reptiles and insects.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** Terms and Definitions

AN ASTRAL ORNAMENT – a Motif of the pattern consisting of individual and/or articulated lunar and solar symbols.

AN ANTHROPOMORPHIC ORNAMENT – a Motif of the pattern consisting of individual and/or articulated stylized human figures.

AN EPIGRAPHIC ORNAMENT – a Motif of the pattern consisting of individual and/or stylized articulated phrases, words, abbreviations or individual letters.


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A GEOMETRIC ORNAMENT – a Motif of the pattern consisting of individual and/or articulated abstract forms as line segments, individual or closed polygons, and wavy lines, as well as regular and irregular polygons, circles, ovals and ellipses (If these forms not classified as vegetable-, animal-, astral-, anthropomorphic-, epigraphic motifs).

A GERALDIC ORNAMENT – a Motif of the pattern consisting of emblems and symbols (national, civil, religious, corporate or private).

A SAMENESS OF “THE PATTERN” AND “THE BACKGROUND” – a Property of an ornamental composition, in which combined icons have same configurations and dimensions.


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A COLOR SOLUTION – an Ornamental composition with multi colors of patterns.

A RELIEF SOLUTION – an Ornamental composition with different depths of patterns.

A COLOR-RELIEF SOLUTION – an Ornamental composition with multi colors and different depths of patterns.


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A LATTICE SOLUTION – an Ornamental composition with a pattern formed by the lattice.

A PLANAR SOLUTION – an Ornamental composition, made in two or three parallel planes, forming a low relief.

A SPATIAL SOLUTION – an Ornamental composition performed in more than one plane or complex surfaces, forming a deep relief or a sculpture.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** THE INTRODUCTION Ornamental compositions in color, as relief and lattice or combined rendition are the widespread feature of the contemporary Kazakhstan’s architecture. They are made of different materials in forms of cornices and belts, columns and pilasters, trims and framings, panels and inserts. Despite to the blurred of thematic borders and a variety of interpretations of the patterns, the main theme presented in the majority of cases, it clearly readable anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, vegetable, epigraphic, heraldic, astral and abstract geometric shapes. Of particular importance is the interpretation of different motives, which, depending on the intentions of the customer helps classify as separate items, and the total composition solution built with Traditional Sub-regional, Regional or Trans-regional concepts of the formation. In different periods of evolution of the Kazakhstan’s architecture of the late XIX - early XXI centuries the use of ornamental compositions are different: - to mass of use in general, and to the saturation of individual facades of buildings and structures; - according to their proximity to the prototype configuration of patterns (sources: architecture of previous periods, forms of decorative and applied arts).

THE USE OF ORNAMENTAL COMPOSITIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WAS LARGELY DUE TO BOTH THE SPONTANEOUS DESIRE OF BUILDING PROJECTS AUTHORS AND SOMETIMES WORN WITH PRESCRIPTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS TO FOCUS OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL IMAGERY OF THE ARCHITECTURE.


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Part 1. HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF THE KAZAKHSTAN AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE SPREAD OF ORNAMENTAL COMPOSITIONS IN THE URBAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE XX CENTURY 1.1 Historiographical aspects of the Kazakh architectural ornament Evolution 1.2 An Ornament in the Medieval and the XIX century Architecture as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation 1.3 The Yurt ornamentation, and ornament for clothes, utensils and household items as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 1.1 Historiographical aspects of the Kazakh architectural ornament Evolution

STUDIES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY: R.Karutts "Among Kyrgyz and Turkmen of the Mangyshlak", 1911. S.Dudin “The Kyrgyz ornament", 1925. E.Shneyder "The Kazakh ornamentation", 1927. E.Klodt, V.Chepelev "The Kazakh folk ornament", 1939. B.Denike "Architectural Ornament of the Central Asia", 1939. M.Mendikulov "The Architecture of the Alma-Ata city ", 1950. T.Basenov "The Kazakhstan’s Ornament in the Architecture", 1957. A. Margulan, T.Basenov, M.Mendikulov "The Architecture of the Kazakhstan", 1959.

and other …


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STUDIES OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY: A. Margulan "The Kazakh yurt and its decoration", 1964. N.Orazbaeva "People's arts and crafts of Kazakhs", 1970. M.Mukanov "Kazakh domestic crafts", 1979. T.Dzhanysbekov "The Features memorial architecture of the Ustyurt and the Mangyshlak in the XVIII - early XX centuries", 1981. U.Dzhanibekov "The Kazakh Culture Crafts", 1982. L.Tul’basieva "The Interior of a dwelling yurt as an artistic composite system: (Kazakh folk dwelling nomadic period)", 1984. K.Ibraeva "Ornament of Kazakh’s memorials (based on Mangishlak cemeteries)", 1985. H.Argynbaev "Kazakh arts and crafts", 1987. B.Tuyakbaeva "The Epigraphic decor of the Ahmed Yasevi Khanaka", 1987. K.Ibraeva "A Kazakh ornament", 1994. S.Adzhigaliev "The Genesis of traditional burial and religious architecture in the Western Kazakhstan: (Based on a study of small forms)", 1994. T.Zhanysbekuly "An Ornament in stone", 1999. B.Glaudinov "The History of the Kazakhstan Architecture", 1999.

and other …


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STUDIES OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY: I.Tasmagambetov "Kulyptas", 2002. A.Kazhgali-uly "The Organon of the ornament", 2003. K.Samoilov "The Kazakhstan Architecture of the XX century (The Development of architectural and artistic forms)", 2004. A.Shevtsova "Kazakh folk ornament as an ethnographic source: on materials XIX - early XX centuries", 2004. Umirbekova A. “KAZAKH ORNAMENTS / The Encyclopedia”, 2005. D.Mergaliev "A Folklore as a source of artistic national style of Kazakhstan in art at the turn of XX - XXI century", 2009. A.Dayrabaeva "The Traditional ornamental art Kazakh of the Western Siberia steppe zone in the end of XIX-XX centuries", 2010. O.Priemetz “The Development of the architectural ornament in Kazakhstan architecture of the XX - beginning of XXI century (for example, Almaty), 2014.

and other …


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 1.1 Historiographical aspects of the Kazakh architectural ornament Evolution Prior to the beginning of the twentieth century the original Kazakh ornament was poorly researched. This is largely determined by its limited use in the art composition of buildings and constructions of the urban architecture. Studies of the Kazakh ornament first started in the early 19th century, in the 20th century these researches greatly intensified. These studies formed an ever-expanding sphere of knowledge, which is actual for the beginning of the 21st century. Now continues active exploration of this perspective, deepening the level of study about historical patterns, analyzed numerous new examples. This sphere is made up of highly specialized studies (subject patterns, features of their application for products of various shapes and sizes, configurational and texture features which determined by the material of manufacture), and synthesis researches about the role of ornament for the Decorative art and the Architecture. The Specific group consists of studies devoted to shaping the space-semantic content and the artistic decoration of the yurt. A special place is occupied by studies devoted to the interpretation of the most common motifs from the sphere of arts and crafts in compositions of buildings and structures, as well as the actual manifestation of the original architectural ornament.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 1.2 An Ornament in the Medieval and the XIX century Architecture as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation

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Figure 1.2-1. Examples of the ornament in the Medieval Kazakhstan architecture: 1 – the Karahan’s Mausoleum, Taraz (X c.); 2 – the Babaji Khatun’s Mausoleum, Aysha Bibi village, Zhambyl region (XI c.); 3, 4 – the Aisha Bibi’s Mausoleum, Aysha Bibi village, Zhambyl region (XI c.);


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Figure 1.2-2. Examples of the ornament in the Medieval Kazakhstan architecture: 1 – the Zhoshi Khan’s Mausoleum, Karaganda region, (1228-1230); 2 – the Alasha Khan’s Mausoleum, Karaganda region, (XIII c.); 3 – the Kerdery Mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (the end of the ХIII c. – early of the ХIV c.); 4 – the Khoja Ahmed Yasavi Complex, Turkestan (1389 – 1399, build. Mavlyan Ubaidulla Sadr, Hodge Hussein al Shirazi, Shelms Abd-al-Wahab al-Shirazi).


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Figure 1.2-3. Examples of ornament in the Kazakhstan XIX century architecture: 1 – the Apartment house duval (a fence), Turkestan (XIX c.); 2 – the Mayraliy Aythozhaev’s Mausoleum (the "Kara Zopa’s Tomb"), Zhanakurgan township, Kyzylorda region (XIX c.); 3 – the Zhuzden’s Mausoleum, Karaganda region (XIX c., build. S.Elamanov); 4 – the Tortkara Mausoleum, Karaganda region (XIX c.).


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Figure 1.2-4. Examples of ornament in the Kazakhstan XIX century architecture: 1 – the Mausoleum, Becky necropolis, Atyrau region (XIX c.); 2 – the Zhuban’s Mausoleum, Saycen-ata necropolis, Atyrau region (1898, build. Nugman); 3 – the Norbergen Kalishev’s Mausoleum, Senek village, Atyrau region (XIX c., build. N.Izbasarov, D.Zhandauletov); 4 – the Walibay’s Mosque, Zharkent (1887-1892, build. Khon Pick, Kh.Pulat, R.Selim).


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Figure 1.2-5. Examples of ornament in the Kazakhstan XIX century architecture: 1 – the "Double-minaret Mosque", Semipalatinsk (1862, arch. A.Baibolatov); 2 – the "Red" Arc de Triomphe, Uralsk (1891); 3 – the Yuzefovich’s House, Petropavlovsk (1895); 4 – the Zaitsev’s House, Pavlodar (1885, arch. P.Batov).


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Figure 1.2-6. Examples of ornament in the Kazakhstan XIX century architecture: 1 – the Kulup-tas, Mangistau region (XIX c.); 2 – the Kulup-tas, Mangistau region (XIX c.); 3 – the Kulup-tas, Shopan-ata necropolis, Mangistau region (XIX c.); 4 – the Kulup-tas, Karagan necropolis, Mangistau region (XIX c.).


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 1.2 An Ornament in the Medieval and the XIX century Architecture as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation Ornament in various forms appears in the Kazakhstan architecture since its emergence. Stylized images were found in caves of natural and artificial origin, on outer stone plates, on framed openings and roof support structures in buildings. In the development of fixed structures symbolic function of patterns are intertwined with the material-structural features of ornamented surfaces. The patterns made by the thread or cuts on finished surfaces continue to be actively used. Massively used a curly masonry of the ordinary bricks and combining multi-colored blocks, increasing the spatial rigidity of walls and ceilings. Appear fashion bricks and ornamented terracotta tiles that become part of the ornamental compositions. The striking phenomenon becomes memorial architecture of the Western Kazakhstan. Formed on the surface of the masonry carved, colored and combined ornaments form the original local phenomenon, which has had a significant impact on the evolution of architectural ornamentation throughout the Kazakhstan. In the 19th century, typical only for Kazakh ornament patterns begin to occur en masse in a wooden carving buildings of the Volga region and the Western Siberia. Curly patterned and shaped masonry, a molding, a forging, a carving on the ganch from the Siberia, the Central and the West Asia, as well as the motives of classical the European and the Arabic ornament, the Gothic Revival and the Art Nouveau ornament become a part of the ornamental decoration of the Kazakh architecture.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 1.3 The Yurt ornamentation, an oornament for clothes, utensils and household items as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation

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Figure 1.3-1 Examples of the traditional Yurt ornamentation 1 – the Yurt; 2 – the Yurt in the assembly process; 3 – the Yurt Dome; 4 – the Yurt Paraphernalia.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 1.3 The Yurt ornamentation, and ornament for clothes, utensils and household items as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation

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Figure 1.3-2. Examples of traditional Ornament for clothes, utensils and household items: 1 – the Numdah carpet; 2 – Leather containers; 3 – Utensil; 4 – Clothes.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 1.3 The Yurt ornamentation, and ornament for clothes, utensils and household items as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation Ornament decoration of yurt elements and an ornament in arts and crafts are widespread. For citizens they are a familiar part of the environment. These ornaments have thoroughly researched. This determines the mass use of character patterns. Ornamented objects and products: – Batts (yurt covers, floor and wall mats, home furnishings, utensils); – Woven products (tapes to attach the yurt, carpets, bags); – Pile carpets; – Woven mats; – Embroidered products (clothing, wall panels, household goods); – Leather goods (dishes, furniture, shoes, belts, harnesses, leather wall panels); – Jewelry products (for body, clothes and utensils, harness, weapon); – Wood products (furniture, dishes, part of the frame of the yurt); – Carvings of bone. The methods of making ornament: a carving, a painting, a stamping, an applique, an embroidery, a weaving, a notching, a punching, a forging.


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Part 2. AN ORNAMENT IN THE LATE XIX – THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURIES URBAN ARCHITECTURE 2.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1880’s-1920’s 2.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1930’s-1940’s 2.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1950’s


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 2.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1880’s – 1920’s

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Figure 2.1-1. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1880’s - 1920's: 1 - the Cathedral, Pushkin Str., Almaty (1907, arch. K.Borisoglebsky, S.Troparevsky, A.Zenkov); 2 – the "Ishaq Gabdulvalliev and Sons” Trading House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty (1911, arch. A.Zenkov); 3 – the Golovizin’s House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty (1905-1908); 4 - the Tatarinov’s House, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty (1890, arch. P.Gurde).


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 2.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1880’s – 1920’s 1

Figure 2.1-2. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1 – the Shakhvorostov’s House, Furmanov Str., Almaty.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 2.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1880’s – 1920’s 1 2

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Figure 2.1-3. Ornamented cornices and belts: 1, 2 – the “Ishaq Gabdulvaliev and Sons" Trading House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 3, 4 – the Shakhvorostov’s House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 5 – the Seydallin Family’s House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 6 - the Gabdulvaliev’s House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 7 – the Tatarinov’s House, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 8 – the Golovizin’s House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 9 – the Men's College, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 10 – the St. Nicholas Cathedral, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 11 – the Mansion, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 12 – the Officers' Assembly House, Zenkov Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.1-4. Ornamented casings and frames: 1 – the Cathedral, Pushkin Str., Almaty; 2 – the Seydallin Family House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 3 – the Mansion, Tole Bi Str., Almaty; 4 – the Mansion, Kazybek Bi Str., Almaty; 5 – the Mansion, Zhansugurov Str., Almaty; 6 – the Mansion, Aiteke Bi Str., Almaty; 7 – the Mansion, Baribaev Str., Almaty; 8 – the Mansion, Kazybek Bi Str., Almaty; 9, 10 – the Shakhvorostov’s House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 11 – the Golovizin’s House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 12 – the "Ishaq Gabdulvaliev and Sons" Trading House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 13, 14 – the St. Nicholas Cathedral, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.1-5. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1, 2 – the Golovizin’s House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 3 – the Seydallin Family House, Panfilov Str., Almaty.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 2.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1880’s – 1920’s The features of cultural and historical processes in a multi-ethnic community of citizens in Kazakhstan cities of the early of XX century determine the formation of a stable interest to regional architectural and artistic forms. A special place here begins to belong to the Kazakh ornament, as the most recognizable symbol of preservation of historical and cultural continuity in the forming of architecture. However, the most widely used ornamental solutions were forming in "the Central Asian style". The main field of ornament dissemination are carved wooden patterns (in rare cases - a light-gage metal) parts of cornices and belts, casings and frames. In a few cases applied stucco or overhead wooden ornaments, mainly focused on columns and pilasters, frames and panels. In most cases, planar carvings reflect predominantly geometric, astral, and sometimes the vegetable and, in rare cases, zoomorphic subjects. Carvings have the form of stylized images. Stucco ornaments are mainly vegetative motives. These patterns have the sculpted plastic with realistic images. Start of mass application of regional ornamental compositions on the basis of a targeted search for "a National style" will be to the next period of the Urban architecture evolution.


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Figure 2.2-1. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1930’s - 1940's: 1 – the "KazPivo" Corporation Building, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty (1935, arch. V.Tverdohlebov); 2 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty (1946); 3 – the Children Library, Tole bi Str., Almaty (1948); 4 – the Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Abay, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty (1933-1941, arch. N.Kruglov, N.Prostakov, V.Bychkov, P.Polivanov, art. V.Kroshin H.Tsivchinsky, consultant A.Shusev).


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Figure 2.2-2. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1930’s - 1940's: 1 – the Dwelling House, Seifullin Av., Almaty (1940); 2 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty (1949); 3 – the Dwelling House, Gogol Str., Almaty (1947); 4 – the Administrative Building, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty (1949).


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Figure 2.2-3. Ornamented with columns and pilasters: 1, 2, 3 – the Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Abay, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 5 – the "KazPivo" Corporation Building, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Gogol Str., Almaty; 9 – the School, Mametova Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Zhandosov Str., Almaty; 13 – the Administrative Building, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 14 – the Administrative Building, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-4. Ornamented with columns and pilasters: 1, 2 – the Dwelling House, Amangeldy Str., Almaty; 3, 4 – the Administrative Building, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 5 – the Children Library, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 7 – the Weaving Factory, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Weaving Factory, Dosmuhamedov Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 14 – the Administrative Building, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty


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Figure 2.2-5. Ornamented cornices and belts: 1 – the Dwelling House, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Maylin Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Amangeldy Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Satpayev Str., Almaty; 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Bayzakov Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Satpayev Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-6. Ornamented cornices and belts: 1 – the Children Library, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 2, 3, 4 – the Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Abay, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 5 – the School, Mametova Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 7 – the Administrative Building, Gogol Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-7. Ornamented casings and frames: 1, 2 – the Children Library, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 3 – the Administrative Building, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 4 – the Educational Building, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 5, 6, 7 – the School, Mametova Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Dosmuhamedov Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Satpayev Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 14, 15 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-8. Ornamented casings and frames: 1 – the Dwelling house, Dosmuhamedov Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Bayzakov Str., Almaty; 4 – the Office Building, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 5, 6 – the Dwelling House, Amangeldy Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 8, 9, 10 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 12, 13, 14 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Bayzakov Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Amangeldy Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-9. Ornamented casings and frames: 1, 2 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 5, 6, 7, 8 – the Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Abay, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Zhandosov Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Maulenov Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 14, 15 - the Administrative Building, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 16 – the Administrative Building, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-10. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 5, 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 9 – the Administrative Building, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 10 – the School, Mametova Str., Almaty; 11 – the Administrative Building, Karasai Batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Abay, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Zhandosov Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-11. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 4 – the Administrative Building, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Masanchi Str, Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 9 – the Hostel, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 10 – the Children Library, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.2-12. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 2, 3, 4 – the Hostel, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 5 – the Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Abay, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Dosmuhamedov Str., Almaty; 8, 9, 10 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty.


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3 4

Figure 2.2-13. Ornamented elements of landscaping and hardcape: 1 – the Pot, Zhandosov Str., Almaty; 2 – the Lamppost, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 3 – the Lamppost, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 4 – the Fountain, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 2.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1930’s – 1940’s Increasing the number of buildings under construction, increasing their number of floors – this determined the increase in the size of ornamental compositions. Enabled the study of national ornament in arts and crafts, decoration of the yurt and architectural monuments. Purposefully interpreted Kazakh patterns. Compositional and plastically foundation of these patterns application was the classical theme of a warrant. Originally ornamented elements used as a supplement to the classicist compositions of the Doric, the Ionic, the Corinthian and the Composite orders. Later designs include an ornament in the structure of the basic elements of orders. Then there are new, fancy ornamental capitals and cornices. Innovations of the period are waistband capitals crowning broad pilasters. In rare cases, ornamental elements include on base of columns and pilasters. Ornamental compositions are widely used in cornices and belts, casings and frames, boxes and panels. Mass distributions are ornamental cartouches as independent compositions, and as part of the medallions of various shapes and sizes. An ornament used in compositions of small architectural forms.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 2.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1950’s

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Figure 2.3-1. Examples of integrated ornamental solutions of 1950’s: 1 – the Government Building, Astana Sq., Almaty (1957-1958, arch. B.Rubanenko, G.Simonov, P.Mamontov, G.Kalish); 2 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Office Building, Tole bi Str., Almaty (1954-1957, arch. B.Stesin, M.Bekker, G.Bobovich); 3 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty (1950, arch. G.Bobovich); 4 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty (1953, architect. M.Il’enko).


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Figure 2.3-2. Examples of integrated ornamental solutions of 1950’s: 1 – the Veterinary Institute, Abai Av., Almaty (1950, arch. M.Mendikulov); 2 – the Building of Political Education, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty (1955-1959, arch. A.Leppik, G.Simonov); 3 – the Lock portico, Gogol’ Str., Almaty (1955, arch. A.Kapanov); 4 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty (1951-1954, arch. A.Leppik, N.Prostakov).


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Figure 2.3-3. Examples of integrated ornamental solutions of 1950’s: 1 – the Air terminal, Maylin Str., Almaty (1950, arch. G.Elkin, B.Zavarzin, T.Basenov); 2 – the Agricultural Institute, Abai Av., Almaty (1950-1951, arch. V.Biryukov); 3 – the Academy of Sciences, Shevchenko Str., Almaty (1948-1957, arch. A.Shusev, N.Prostakov); 4 – the Club of the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»”, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty (1953, arch. T.Brener).


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1

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Figure 2.3-4. Examples of integrated ornamental solutions of 1950’s: 1 – the Club of aviators, Maylin Str., Almaty (1957); 2 – the "Kazakhstan" Cinema, Seifullin Av., Almaty (1957); 3 – the Hospital, Abai Av., Almaty (1952, arch. M.Kudryavtsev); 4 – the Women's Pedagogical Institute, Gogol’ Str., Almaty (1952, arch. V.Biryukov, M.Mendikulov, M.Kudryavtsev).


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Figure 2.3-5. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1 – the Government Building, Astana Sq., Almaty; 2 – the Hospital, Abai Av., Almaty; 3 – the Lock portico, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 4 – the Women's Pedagogical Institute, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 5, 6 – the School of Political Researches and Education, Abai Av., Almaty; 7, 8 – the Building of Political Education, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 9 – the Club of aviators, Maylin Str., Almaty; 10 – the Veterinary Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 11 – the Agricultural Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 12 – the “ Building of Arts”, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 13 – the Academy of Sciences, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-6. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1, 2 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Office Building, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 4 – the Office Building, Nauryzbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 5, 6 – the “Building of Arts”, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 7 – the Laboratory, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 8 – the "Kazakhstan" Cinema, Seifullin Av., Almaty; 9, 10 – the Office Building, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 11, 12 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 13 – the Tailoring, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 15 – the Air terminal, Maylin Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-7. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1 – the Government Building, Astana Sq., Almaty; 2 – the Academy of Sciences, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 3 – the Hydrometeocenter, Abai Av., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 5 – the Building of Trade Unions, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 8 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Club, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 9, 10 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 11, 12 – the Dwelling House, Bayseitova Str., Almaty; 13, 14, 15 – the Laboratory, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-8. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1 – the School of Political Researches and Education, Abai Av., Almaty; 2, 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 5 – the Veterinary Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 6 - the Women's Pedagogical Institute, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 7 – the “Building of Arts”, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 9, 10 – the Dwelling House, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 11, 12 – the Hydrometeocenter, Abai Av., Almaty; 13 – the Tailoring, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 14, 15, 16 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-9. Ornamented cornices and belt: 1, 2, 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 5 – the Government Building, Astana Sq., Almaty; 6 – the Lock portico, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 7 – the Building of Political Education, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 8 – the Veterinary Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 9, 10 – the Women’s Pedagogical Institute, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 12 – the Agricultural Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 14, 15 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Office Building, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 16 - the School of Political Researches and Education, Abai Av., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-10. Ornamented cornices and belt: 1 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 8 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Club, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 12 – the “Building of Arts”, Gogol’ Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-11. Ornamented cornices and belt: 1, 2 – the Academy of Sciences, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 3 – the Hospital, Masanchi Str., Almaty; 4 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Office Building, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 5, 6 – the Government Building, .Astana Sq., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 8 – the Tailoring, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 10 – the Club of aviators, Maylin Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Building of Writers Union, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-12. Ornamented casings and frames: 1 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 4 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Club, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 5, 6 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 7 – the “«KazPotrebSoyuz»” Office Building, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 8 – the “Building of Arts”, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 9, 10, 11 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 14 – the Veterinary Institute, Abai Av., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-13. Ornamented casings and frames: 1 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 2, 3 – the Dwelling House, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 5, 6, 7, 8 – the Academy of Sciences, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 9, 10 – the Agricultural Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 12 – the «KazPotrebSoyuz» Club, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 13 – the Veterinary Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty;.


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Figure 2.3-14. Ornamented casings and frames: 1, 2 – the Building of Political Education, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 3, 4 – the "Dynamo" stadium, Maulenov Str., Almaty; 5 – the Agricultural Institute, Abai Av., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 8 – the Hospital, Abai Av., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 11, 12 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Bayseitova Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-15. Ornamented casings and frames: 1 – the Dwelling House, Bayseitova Str., Almaty; 2 – the Student dormitory, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 3 – the "Kazakhstan" Cinema, Seifullin Av., Almaty; 4 – the Air terminal, Maylin Str., Almaty; 5, 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 10 – the School of Political Research and Education, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 11, 12 – the Hospital, Abai Av., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-16. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 3, 4 – the Academy of Sciences, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 5, 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 8 – the Hydrometeocenter, Abai Av., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Bayseitova Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 11 – the Tailoring, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 13 – the «KazPotrebSoyuz» Club, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 15 – the Air terminal, Maylin Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-17. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1, 2 – the Hospital, Abai Av., Almaty; 3 – the Building of Political Education, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 4 – the Club of aviators, Maylin Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 6 – the Air terminal, Maylin Str., Almaty; 7 – the “Building of Arts”, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 8 – the State Variety Store, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 11 – the Lock portico, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 12 – the Tailoring, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 13 – the «KazPotrebSoyuz» Club, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 14, 15 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 16 – the Building of Political Education, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-18. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 2 – the Government Building, Astana Sq., Almaty; 3 - the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 5 – the Air terminal, Maylin Str., Almaty; 6 – the Hospital, Abai Av., Almaty; 7 – the «KazPotrebSoyuz» Club, Bogenbai Batyr Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 9 – the Government Building, Astana Sq., Almaty; 10 – the Women’s Pedagogical Institute, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 11 – the Tailoring, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 13, 14 – the Academy of Sciences, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 15 – the Club of aviators, Maylin Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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Figure 2.3-19. Ornamented elements of landscaping and hardcape: 1, 2 – the Lamppost, Astana Sq., Almaty; 3 – the Fence, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 4 – the Lantern nightstand, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 5, 6 – the Fence, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 7 – the Fence, Nauryzbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 8, 9 – the Fountain, Kabanbay Batyr Str., Almaty; 10 – the Pot, Nauryzbay Batyr Str., Almaty.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 2.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1950’s This period is the time of the most massive use of ornamental compositions in the urban architecture. In each group (columns and pilasters, cornices and belts, trims and framings, inserts and panels) include two or three types of ornamental compositions. All types of ornamented capitals and bases are massive use. Original transformation have volutes in the Ionic and the Corinthian order themes becomes a spiral curl forming volutes not from the bottom up and top down. The Innovation of the period are cube-shaped capitals with rounded or cut bottom corners. Ornamental solution of these capitals is a two-plane relief pattern that emphasizes the plane face of the cube. Special variety during the period is the cornice, in a multi-tiered structure which includes the ornamented arcature and transformed into a kind of ordinary stalactites and dentil belts. Frames acquired the developed form. They are topped semi-lancet gables with ornamented details. Massively is used for windows and doors framing of two U-shaped elements or external U-shaped member and the inner lancet arc. The space between them is filled small elements of ornament. In doing so, ornamented frame or dealt smoothly with complex profile. A large variety of different patterns on numerous medallions of various shapes and sizes. Ornamented hardscape become an integral part of the composition of the urban space.


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Part 3. AN ORNAMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX – EARLY XXI CENTURIES URBAN ARCHITECTURE 3.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1960’s 3.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1970’s – 1980’s 3.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1990’s – 2010’s


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Figure 3.1-1. Examples of integrated ornamental solutions of 1960s: 1 – the Dwelling House, Raiymbek Av., Almaty (1965); 2 – the Dwelling House, Beregovoy Str., Almaty (1966); 3 – the "Arman" Cinema, Dostyk Av., Almaty (1968, arch. A.Korzhempo, V.Panin, I.Slonov, art. V.Konstantinov, G.Zavizionny (1968); 4 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty (1968).


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Figure 3.1-2. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1 – the Administration Building, Pushkin Str., Almaty.


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3

Figure 3.1-3. Ornamented cornices and belts: 1 – the Dwelling House, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty.


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Figure 3.1-4. Ornamented casings and frames: 1 – the Dwelling House, Abai Av., Almaty.


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Figure 3.1-5. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Raiymbek Av., Almaty; 2, 3 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Raiymbek Av., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Shalyapin Str., Almaty; 7, 8, 9, 10 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay batyr Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Shalyapina Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Beregovoy Str., Almaty; 13, 14, 15 – the "Arman" Cinema, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Altynsarin Av., Almaty.


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Figure 3.1-6. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Abai Av., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Al Farabi Av., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Mustafin Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Al Farabi Av., Almaty; 10, 11 – the Archive Building, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Al Farabi Av., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty.


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Figure 3.1-7. Ornamented elements of landscaping and hardcape: 1, 2 – the Pergola, Bayseitova Str., Almaty.


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 3.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1960’s The specific development of ornamental compositions characterized by a sharp decrease in the number of columns and pilasters, cornices and belts, casings and frames relative to the period of the 1950's. In this case, the quantitative indicators in ornamented panels and inserts significantly increased not only in the variety of patterns, but also the frequency of their use. Significantly increases the size of the mass applied ornamental panels, which in most cases take up the entire height of the high-rise building. This dramatically increases the size of the module in most cases - a wall panel, which is a structural unit of the house facade. As a new trend became apparent the use of repeated blind or lattice modular compositions in-line arrangement of plates on fences balconies and loggias. In rare cases, the monotony of a number of uniform modules is interrupted is usually located in the middle of the balcony slab with a different pattern. As a new trend became apparent the use of repeated blind or lattice modular compositions in-line arrangement of plates on fences balconies and loggias. In rare cases, the monotony of a number of uniform modules is interrupted is usually located in the middle of the balcony slab with a different pattern. An interesting feature of the period was the almost complete absence of ornamental compositions in small architectural forms. In the only example among other motifs used anthropomorphic theme of patterns.


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3.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1970’s – 1980’s

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Figure 3.2-1. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1970’s – 1980's: 1 – the Air Terminal, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty (1975, arch. O.Shorin, M.Gorohov, A.Kotov); 2 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty (1981); 3 – the Supermarket, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty (1979, arch. M.Kabylbaev, Sh.Valikhanov, S.Rustembekov); 4 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty (1978, arch. A.Korzhempo).


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*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 3.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1970’s –1980’s

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Figure 3.2-2. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1970’s – 1980's: 1 – the Dwelling House, Maulenov Str., Almaty (1983); 2 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty (1978, arch. S.Kohanovich); 3 – the Palace of students, Timiryazev Str., Almaty (1982-1989); 4 – the Telecenter, Timiryazev Str., Almaty (1981, arch. A.Korzhempo, V.Panin, N.Ezau).


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Figure 3.2-3. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1970’s – 1980's: 1 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty (1980); 2 – the "Baikonur" Cinema, Mustafin Str., Almaty (1981); 3 – the Dwelling House, Al Farabi Av., Almaty (1981); 4 – the University, Timiryazev Str., Almaty (1978, arch. V.Bondarenko, Y.Zimin).


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Figure 3.2-4. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1 – the Administrative Building, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty (the reconstruction).


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Figure 3.2-5. Ornamented cornices and belt: 1 – the Administration Building, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty (the reconstruction).


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Figure 3.2-6. Ornamented architraves and frames: 1 – the Telecenter, Timiryazev Str., Almaty; 2, 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Al Farabi Av., Almaty.


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Figure 3.2-7. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Shalyapin Str., Almaty; 5, 6 – the Dwelling House, Bogenbai batyr Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Maulenov Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 9, 10 – the Dwelling House, Kazhi Mukan Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Utegen batyr Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Nauryzbay batyr Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Mynbaev Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty.


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Figure 3.2-8. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the "Kulager" Café, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 2 – the Administrative Building, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 3 – the Factory, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 4 – the Design Institute, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Pushkin Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 7 – the Office Building, Bogenbai batyr Str., Almaty; 8 – the Wedding Palace, Abai Av., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 10 – the House of clothes models, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 11 – the Factory, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 12 – the Publishing Building, Abai Av., Almaty; 13 – the Air Terminal, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av. , Almaty; 15 – the "Otrar" Hotel, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 16 – the Supermarket, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty.


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3.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1970’s – 1980’s 1 2

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13 14

15 16

Figure 3.2-9. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Timiryazev Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Satpayev Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Satpayev Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House Furmanov Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Makataev Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Frunze Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Bogenbai batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Palace of students, Timiryazev Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 14 – the Factory, Zenkova Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 16 – the Administrative Building, Auezov Str., Almaty


84


3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.2-10. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 2 – the Student Dormitory, Shevchenko Str., Almaty; 3 – the "Baikonur" Cinema, Mustafin Str., Almaty; 4 – the Computer Center, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 5, 6 – the Administrative Building, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 7, 8 – the Dwelling House, Maulenov Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Kaldayakov Str., Almaty; 10, 11 – the Dwelling House, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Satpayev Str., Almaty; 13 – the "Otrar" Hotel, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 14 - the “House of Cinema”, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty.


85


3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.2-11. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Mametova Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Karasai batyr Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Pushkin Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str.,, Almaty.


86


3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.2-12. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Maulenov Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Navoi StreetStr., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Zenkov Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 9 – the Dwelling House, Abai Av., Almaty; 10 – the Student Dormitory, Seifullin Av., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Abai Av., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Mustafin Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Valikhanov Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Valikhanova Str.,, Almaty.


87


3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.2-13. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Abai Av., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Manas Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 15 – the Dwelling House, Sain Av., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Navoi Str., Almaty.


88


3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.2-14. Ornamented inserts and panels: 1 – the Dwelling House, Valikhanov Str., Almaty; 2 – the Dwelling House, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 3 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 4 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Mustafin Str., Almaty; 6 – the Dwelling House, Mustafin Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 9 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 10 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Zhambyl Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 14 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 15 – the Student Dormitory, Pushkin Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str.,, Almaty.


89


3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.2-15. Ornamented elements of landscaping and hardcape: 1 – the Fence, Zenkov Str., Almaty; 2 – the Fence, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 3 – the Fence, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 4 – the Fence, Bogenbai batyr Str., Almaty; 5 – the Fence, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 6 – the Fence, Zhubanov Str., Almaty; 7 – the Fence, Sain Av., Almaty; 8 – the Fence, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 9 – the Pot, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 10 – the Pot, Timiryazev Str., Almaty; 11 – the Pot, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 12 – the Pot, Panfilov Str., Almaty; 13 – the Pot, Baribaev Str., Almaty; 14 – the Pot, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 15 – the Lamppost, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 16 – the Lamppost, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty.


90

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 3.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1970’s – 1980’s Only a single example of building, which ornamented columns and pilasters, cornices and belts. In two cases revealed the use of ornamented frames and architraves. In two cases revealed the use of ornamented frames and architraves. Dominant elements of the period are ornamented inserts and panels in a high and low relief, stained lattices, mono-and polychromatic, single and differently-textured, as well as mixed solutions. Modular elements of patterns are small. They have patterns with one or two axes of symmetry. The modules are arranged end to end to form a larger pattern; closed; with a gap; staggered; in isolation from each other. Found examples, which generate a modular plate, ornament which is formed by two or four modular elements. There are variants of alternation of modules in blinded and latticed solutions, with the same or different pattern. Alternation is in most cases as an insert. In rare cases, the alternation goes through one. Patterns on the modules used in combination with a paneled frame, and without. At the same time framed framing is sometimes included in the structure of the main pattern. There is a large number of ornamented small architectural forms. In some of them (fences, pots) used modular elements, which used in buildings and structures.


91


1

2

3

4

Figure 3.3-1. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1990’s – 2010's: 1 – the Dwelling House, Rayymbek Av., Almaty (2007, the reconstruction); 2 – the Dwelling House, Gagarin Av., Almaty (2010); 3 – the Sports Palace named after Baulan Sholak, Abai Av., Almaty (2010, the reconstruction, «RL Development» Company); 4 – the "Zhety Kazyna" Restaurant, Makataev Str., Almaty (2002, arch. K.Samoilov, S.Usenko).


92


1

2

3

4

Figure 3.3-2. Examples of complex ornamental solutions of 1990’s – 2010's: 1 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty (2013); 2 – the "Shusha" Restaurant, Timiryazev Str., Almaty (2011); 3 – the Business Centre, Tulebaev Str., Almaty (2013); 4 – the Residential complex "Capital Centre", Abylay Khan Av., Almaty (2004, "Basis-A" Company).


93

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3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

Figure 3.3-3. Ornamented columns and pilasters: 1, 2, 3 – the Office Building, Dostyk Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 4 – the Club, Karasai batyr Str., Almaty; 5 – the Restaurant, Gogol’ Str., Almaty; 6 – the Office Building, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 7 – the Office Building, Masanchi Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 9 – the Colonnade, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 10 – the Lock portico, Navoi Str., Almaty.


94

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3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.3-4. Ornamented architraves and frames: 1, 2 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 5, 6 – the Dwelling House, Rayymbek Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 7, 8 – the Office Building, Dostyk Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 9 – the Hotel, Tole bi Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 10 – the "Zheruyik" Restaurant, Seifullin Av., Almaty; 11 – the "Arabesque" Restaurant, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 12 – the Business Center, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 13 – the "Shaffran" Restaurant, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 14 – the "Kishlak" Restaurant, Seifullin Av., Almaty; 15 – the "Alasha" Restaurant, Ospanov Str., Almaty; 16 – the Central Mosque, Pushkin Str., Almaty.


95

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3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.3-5. Ornamented cornices and belt: 1, 2, 3 – the Dwelling House, Rayymbek Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 4 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 5, 6, 7 – the Hall, Baytursynov Str., Almaty; 8 - the Dwelling House, Bogenbai batyr Str., Almaty; 9 – the Hall, Zheltoksan Str., Almaty; 10 – the Arcade, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 12 – the Dwelling House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 13 – the Palace of Sports named after Baluan Sholak, Abai Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 14 – the Business Center, Abai Av., Almaty; 15, 16 – the Shopping center, Abai Av., Almaty.


96

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3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.3-6. Ornamented cornices and belt: 1, 2 – the "Zhety Kazyna" Restaurant, Makataev Str., Almaty; 3 – the "Shusha" Restaurant, Timiryazev Str., Almaty; 4 – the "Kishlak" Restaurant, Seifullin Av., Almaty; 5 – the Business Centre, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 6, 7 – the Trading House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 8 – the Lock portico, Al Farabi Av., Almaty; 9 – the Hall, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 10 – the Restaurant, Kaldayakov Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty; 12 – the "Alasha" Restaurant, Ospanov Str., Almaty; 13 - the Coffee, Abai Av., Almaty; 14 – the "Royal Tulip" Hotel, Dostyk Av., Almaty; 15, 16 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty.


97

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3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.3-7 Ornamented panels and inserts: 1 – the Business Centre, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 2 – the Business Centre, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 5 – the Central Mosque, Pushkin Str., Almaty; 6, 7 – the Dwelling House, Rayymbek Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 8 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 9, 10 – the Dwelling House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 11 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 12 – the Hotel, Tole bi Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 13 – the Palace of Sports named after Baluan Sholak, Abai Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 14 – the Dwelling House, Gagarin Av., Almaty; 15 – the “Shusha” Resaurant, Timiryazev Str., Almaty; 16 – the Dwelling House, Furmanov Str., Almaty (the reconstruction).


98

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3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.3-8 Ornamental inserts and panels: 1 – the Shopping center, Abai Av., Almaty; 2, 3, 4 – the Dwelling House, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 5 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 6 – the Transformer substation, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 7 – the Dwelling House, Chaykovsky Str., Almaty; 8 – the Dwelling House, Zenkov Str., Almaty; 9 – the "Resey" Shoping center, Dostyk Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 10 – the Office Building, Kunaev Str., Almaty; 11 – the Office Building, Dostyk Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 12 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty; 13 – the Dwelling House, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 14 – the Office Building, Dostyk Av., Almaty (the reconstruction); 15 – the “House of Friendship”, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty (the reconstruction); 16 – the Dwelling House, Tulebaev Str., Almaty.


99

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3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

15 16

Figure 3.3-9 Ornamented elements of landscaping and hardcape: 1 – the Pot, Kazybek bi Str., Almaty; 2 – the Pot, Pushkin Str., Almaty; 3 – the Pot, Abylay Khan Av., Almaty; 4 – the Vanity, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 5 – the Fence, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 6 – the Fence, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 7 – the Urn, Karasai batyr Str., Almaty; 8 – the Urn, Tole bi Str., Almaty; 9 – the Paving, Kabanbay batyr Str., Almaty; 10 – the Paving, Aiteke bi Str., Almaty; 11 – the Fence, Kurmangazy Str., Almaty; 12 – the Lamppost, Bogenbai batyr Str., Almaty; 13 – the Manhole cover, Abai Av., Almaty; 14 – the Manhole cover, Pushkin Str., Almaty; 15 – the Lamppost, Zhibek Joly Av., Almaty; 16 – the Advertising nightstand, Bogenbai batyra Str., Almaty.


100

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** 3.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1990’s – 2010’s Gradually reviving the variety of ornamental decisions previously characteristic of the 1950's, but with a much greater variety of color compositions. An illustrative application becomes multi-color painting was originally a single or two-color ornamental compositions on buildings and structures of the 1930's - 1950's. Gradually reviving the variety of ornamental decisions previously characteristic of the 1950's, but with a much greater variety of color compositions. An illustrative application becomes multi-color painting was originally a single or two-color ornamental compositions on buildings and structures of the 1930's - 1950's. Again begin to appear ornamented columns and pilasters. Originality becomes patterned solution of trunks, which had previously occurred in the 1950's. The difference is the use of modular elements. After the 1940’s appear in the glazed version of multipart relatively realistic floral patterns. Again, after the 1940s appear in the glazed version of multipart relatively realistic floral patterns. Appear innovative techniques associated with the trellis solution of pattern elements on the background of the blind surfaces. In the field of ornamented small architectural forms first begin to apply the paving of coated fine-relief patterns of colored tiles and patterned paving hatches. A characteristic feature of the period is a mass interpretation of ornamental themes, used on the State symbols of the Country.


101

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CONCLUSION The evolution of an ornament in the Kazakhstan’s Urban Architecture of the End of the previous century - the Beginning of this century has a number of unique features. The brightest of them - this is a clear undulation in quantitative saturation patterned elements of different parts of the buildings and structures. A comparison of the number of ornamented elements with the number of objects revealed a mid degree of saturation of buildings ornamental compositions. Varies according to the periods of their role in the overall compositional decision of buildings and structures.


102

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** The Period of 1880’s-1920’s

Patterns in the form of carved wood and metal compositions presented of the geometric theme with accent inserts S-shaped curl in different combinations with petals. There are stucco low-relief compositions of vegetative subjects. During this period revealed the use of ornamental compositions in 17 buildings. Total species ornamented elements – 29. THE AVERAGE ORNAMENTAL SATURATION – 1.71 (Mostly – two: cornices and belt, trims and framings).

Ornamented cornices and belts – 12 positions

Ornamented columns and pilasters – 1 position

Ornamented trims and framings – 13 positions

Ornamented panels and inserts – 3 positions


103

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** The Period of 1930’s-1940's

Stucco patterns are presented in a variety of his ornamental motives, mostly in the two-plane solution with the traditional emphasis on the equivalence of a pattern and a background. First appeared synthesis of the traditional spiral curl with the Ionic volutes. Widespread ornamented stucco pilasters, interpreting the traditional form of the carved wooden "Central Asian column". By the end of the Period applies the palm-foliage-shaped capital with ornamental accents. During this period revealed the use of ornamental compositions in 51 buildings. Total species ornamented elements – 129. THE AVERAGE ORNAMENTAL SATURATION – 2.53 (Mainly – to the same extent two or three: trims and framings, panels and inserts, as well as columns and pilasters).


Ornamented columns and pilasters – 26 positions




104

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** The Period of 1950’s

Keeping the thematic variety of the previous period, stucco patterns are increasingly used as a high-relief or even sculptures, although the two-plane solution remains dominant. Massively used synthesis of the spiral curl with Ionic volutes. Becomes even more ornamental richness palm-foliage-shaped capitals. During this period revealed the use of ornamental compositions in 50 buildings. Total species ornamented elements – 209. THE AVERAGE ORNAMENTAL SATURATION – 4.18 (Mainly – four: columns and pilasters, and other items).


Ornamented columns and pilasters – 59 positions




105

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** The Period of 1960’s

Patterned composition panels occupy the entire height of the facade. They have multi-colored low-relief solution. During this period revealed the use of ornamental compositions in 27 buildings. Total species ornamented elements – 35. THE AVERAGE ORNAMENTAL SATURATION – 1.29 (Mostly – one: inserts and panels).

Ornamented cornices and belt – 3 positions


Ornamented trims and framings – 1 position



106

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** The Period of 1970’s-1980’s

During this period plastic of ornament enriches common elements of architectural composition. The variety of patterns topics focusing in the low-relief and high-relief monochrome compositions preferably of balcony railings, more common ornamented lattices. During this period revealed the use of ornamental compositions in 115 buildings. Total species ornamented elements – 133. THE AVERAGE ORNAMENTAL SATURATION – 1.16 (Mostly – one: ornamented inserts and panels in the vast majority).

Ornamented cornices and belts – 1 position





107

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** The Period of 1990’s-2010’s

An interesting feature of the period was the revival of the epigraphic ornamented decor, as well as the spread of overhead lattice compositions. Unlike previous periods of the dominant pattern becomes a S-shaped curl in different combinations; interpreting ornamental composition applied to the State symbols of the Kazakhstan. During this period revealed the use of ornamental compositions in 41 buildings. Total species ornamented elements – 87. THE AVERAGE ORNAMENTAL SATURATION – 2.12 (Mainly – two with a tendency 2-3: cornices and belts, panels and inserts, as well as trims and framings in the perspective).






108

*********************************************************************************************************************************************************** THE NUMBER OF ORNAMENTED ELEMENTS IN BUILDINGS (by period)

Periods:

Groups of elements:

1880’s-1920’s

1930’s-1940’s

1950’s

1960’s

1970’s-1980’s

1990’s-2010’s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ornamented CORNICES & BELT 12 21 41 3 1 32 Ornamented COLUMNS & PILASTERS 1 26 59 1 1 8 Ornamented TRIMS & FRAMINGS 13 47 54 1 4 15 Ornamented PANELS & INSERTS 3 35 55 30 127 32 Total species of ornamented elements

29

129

209

35

133

87

Total surveyed buildings 17 51 50 27 115 41 AVERAGE NUMBER OF ORNAMENTED ELEMENTS IN THE BUILDING COMPOSITION

1,71

2,53

4,18

1,29

1,16

2,12

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The Main Reading 5. Vasilenko V. The Folke ornament in the architecture. = Василенко В. Народный орнамент в архитектуре.

// Архитектура СССР. – 1939. - №6. 6. Voronina V.L. An Architectural ornament of the Central Asia (in classification). = Воронина В.Л.

Архитектурный орнамент Средней Азии (к вопросу о классификации). // Архитектурное наследство. – 1980. - №28.

7. Voronina V.L. An Architectural ornament of the Central Asia (the drawing and the stuff). = Воронина В.Л. Архитектурный орнамент Средней Азии (рисунок и материал). // Архитектурное наследство. – 1990. - №37.

8. Gavrilova N.B. The Problem of ornamental in a plastic solution of modern buildings. = Гаврилова Н.Б. Проблема орнаментальности в пластическом решении современных зданий: Автореф. дис. канд. архитектуры. - Тбилиси, 1969.

9. Dadabaev R.M. Principles of architectural scenery of the Central Asia X – XVI centuries and their relevance to the contemporary architecture of the Tajikistan. = Дадабаев Р.М. Принципы архитектурной декорации Средней Азии Х – ХVI вв. и их значение для современной архитектуры Таджикистана: Автореф. дис. канд. искусствоведения. - Душанбе, 1978.

10. Denike B.P. An Architectural ornament of the Central Asia. = Денике Б.П. Архитектурный орнамент Средней Азии. – Москва- Ленинград: Изд. Всесоюзной Академии архитектуры, 1939.

11. Dulgarov A.Y. Semantics of the ornament in the Buryat Buddhist architecture. = Дулгаров А.Я. Семантика орнамента в бурятской буддийской архитектуре: Автореф. дис. канд. культурологии. – Улан-Удэ, 2010.

12. Zhanysbek-uly T. Tasornek. An Ornament in a stone. = Жанысбекулы Т. Тасорнек. Орнамент в камне. - Алматы: Нуглы Олем, 1999.


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The Main Reading 13. Ibrayeva K.T. The Ornament of Kazakh’s memorials (based on Mangishlak cemeteries). = Ибраева

К.Т. Орнамент мемориальных памятников казахов (на материале некрополей Мангышлака): Автореф. дис. канд. искусствоведения. - Алма-Ата, 1985.

14. Lozhkina R.P. The Ornamental decor in the wooden architecture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of the late XIX – early XX centuries. = Ложкина Р.П. Орнаментальный декор в деревянном зодчестве Красноярского края конца XIX – начала XX вв.: Автореф. дис.канд. искусствоведения. – Москва, 1998.

15. Kozlova-Afanasyeva E.M. The Architectural wooden carving of the South of the Tyumen region of the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. Artistic and stylistic features. = Козлова-Афанасьева Е.М. Архитектурная деревянная резьба юга Тюменской области второй половины XIX – начала XX вв. Художественно-стилистические особенности: Автореф. дис.канд. искусствоведения. – Тюмень, 2004.

16. Mal’chik A.U. The Role of the ornament in shaping of the Kyrgyzstan architecture (A Genesis, an evolution, national traditions). = Мальчик А.Ю. Роль орнамента в формировании архитектуры Кыргызстана (Генезис, эволюция, национальные традиции). – Бишкек: Раритет Инфо, 2010.

17. Mirzoeva F.Z. The Decor in the modern architecture of the Tajikistan (A Tradition and an Innovation). = Мирзоева Ф.З. Декор в современной архитектуре Таджикистана: (Традиции и новаторство): Автореф. дис. канд. архитектуры. - Москва, 2001.

18. Mukanov M.S. The Kazakh yurt. = Муканов М.С. Казахская юрта. - Алма-Ата: Кайнар, 1981. 19. Nurdubaeva A.R. The Kiiz uiy (A Pattern of a space). = Нурдубаева А.Р. Кииз уй: (Структура

пространственности): Автореф. дис. канд. архитектуры. – Москва, 1997. 20. Priemetz O.N. The Historiography of the development dimension of an ornament in architecture

problems. = Приемец О.Н. Историография проблематики развития орнамента в архитектуре Казахстана // Вестник КазГАСА. – Алматы, 2013. - №3 (49).


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The Main Reading 21. Priemetz O.N. Ornamental composition in the architecture of the Almaty of the late XIX - early XXI

century (A Quantitative analysis of the application). = Приемец О.Н. Орнаментальные композиции в архитектуре Алматы конца XIX – начала XXI веков (количественный анализ применения) // Материалы Международной научно-практической конференции «Актуальные проблемы большого города: архитектурная теория и практика», КазНТУ им.К.И.Сатпаева. – Алматы, 2013.

22. Priemetz O.N., Samoilov K.I. The General characteristics of the development of architectural ornament in the Almaty architecture (the second half of XIX - beginning of XXI century). = Приемец О.Н., Самойлов К.И. Общая характеристика развития архитектурного орнамента в зодчестве Алматы (вторая половина XIX – начало XXI века) // Вестник КазГАСА. – Алматы, 2013. - № (50).

23. Rempel L.I. The Architectural ornament of the Uzbekistan. The History of the development and theory composition. = Ремпель Л.И. Архитектурный орнамент Узбекистана. История развития и теория построения: Автореф. дис. докт. искусствоведения. - Ташкент, 1961.

24. Samoilov K.I. The Kazakhstan architecture of the twentieth century (Development of Architectural and artistic forms). = Самойлов К.И. Архитектура Казахстана ХХ века (Развитие архитектурно-художественных форм). – Москва-Алматы: «М-Ари дизайн», 2004.

25. Tarkhanov A. A Function or a decor? = Тарханов А. Функция или декор? // Архитектура СССР. – 1984. - №1.

26. Tuyakbaeva B.T. The Epigraphic decoration of the Akhmed Yasevi Khanaka. = Туякбаева Б.Т. Эпиграфический декор ханаки Ахмеда Ясеви: Автореф. дис. канд. архитектуры. - Москва, 1987.

27. Tuyakbaeva B.T. Almaty: the Ancient, the Medieval, the Colonial, the Soviet stages of urbanization. = Туякбаева Б.Т. Алматы: древний, средневековый, колониальный, советский этапы урбанизации. – Алматы: World Discovery, 2008.


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The Main Reading 28. Khan-Magomedov S.O. A National decor and a Modern construction. = Хан-Магомедов С.О.

Национальный декор и современное строительство. // Декоративное искусство СССР. – 1964. - №1. 29. Khmelnitsky S.G. A Building Structure and an Ornament. = Хмельницкий C.Г. Конструкция и

орнамент. – Берлин, 2013. 30. Tsibadze O.V. The Georgian architectural ornament. = Цибадзе О.В. Грузинский архитектурный

орнамент: Автореф. дис. канд. архитектуры. - Тбилиси, 1952. 31. Juldashev H.A. The Architectural ornament of the Tajikistan. = Юлдашев Х.А. Архитектурный

орнамент Таджикистана. Альбом. - Москва: «Искусство», 1957. 32. Auger B. A return to ornament? // Architectural Review. – 1976. - VIII, № 954. 33. Hamburger B., Thiebaut A. Ornament architecture & industrie. – Liege; Bruxelles: Mardaga, 1983. 34. Sullivan L.H. A System of Architectural Ornament. – Eakins Press Foundation,1967.

and other …


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Oksana Nickolaevna PRIEMETZ Candidate of Sciences/PhD(Arch)-2015,

Dipl.Arch.-1996, Professor Assistant of the Architectural Faculty – Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering – www.kazgasa.kz E: [email protected]

Konstantin Ivanovich SAMOILOV Doctor of Sciences (Arch)-2004, Candidate of

Sciences/PhD(Arch)-1990, Dipl.Arch.-1983, Dipl.Tech.Arch.-1977, Associate Professor of the Architectural Faculty – Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering – www.kazgasa.kz Head of the Project Department, Chief Architect of projects – “Europolis” LLP – www.europolis.kz E: [email protected]

ORNAMENTS IN THE KAZAKHSTAN’S URBAN ARCHITECTURE of 19th – 21st CENTURIES: The Album of typical examples / Educational materials by O.N.Priemetz and K.I.Samoilov. – Almaty, 2016. – 114 p.

ORNAMENTS IN THE KAZAKHSTAN’S URBAN ARCHITECTURE of 19th – 21st CENTURIES: The Album of typical...

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