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The Philippine Environmental Governance 2 Project

Orientation on Marine Protected AreaEstablishment and Management

Marine Sanctuary – one of the strategyfor Integrated Coastal ManagementMarine Sanctuary Marine Sanctuary –– one of the strategyone of the strategyfor Integrated Coastal Managementfor Integrated Coastal Management

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Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary

?? Specific marine area, reserved by law and governed by Specific marine area, reserved by law and governed by rules or guidelines that manages activities and protect part rules or guidelines that manages activities and protect part of or the entire coastal and marine environment of or the entire coastal and marine environment

?? Fishing or any other type of activities is strictly Fishing or any other type of activities is strictly prohibitedprohibited

?? Allows recovery of stock and rehabilitates coastal Allows recovery of stock and rehabilitates coastal ecosystemsecosystems

?? Reproductive reserveReproductive reserve

Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary –– nono--take zone; strictly no fishingtake zone; strictly no fishing

Marine ReserveMarine Reserve –– uses are regulated; uses are regulated; undestructiveundestructive fishing is allowedfishing is allowed

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Advantages of Marine SanctuaryAdvantages of Marine Sanctuary

?? Protection of spawning stockProtection of spawning stock

?? Provides a recruitment sourceProvides a recruitment source

?? Maintenance of natural population and areas of Maintenance of natural population and areas of undisturbed habitatsundisturbed habitats

?? Simplified enforcementSimplified enforcement

?? Ease of public understanding and acceptance Ease of public understanding and acceptance of managementof management

MPAs MPAs dondon’’t need fences; and are like t need fences; and are like ““bankbank””investments where spillover are like interests investments where spillover are like interests on depositson deposits

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Increase in number of species and number of individuals of Large Predators in the Apo Island Reserve, Philippines, over a 5-year period.

Note that species richness and abundance of large predators have not changed significantly in an adjacent area open to fishing.

Source: Russ 1991

Considerations in Establishing Considerations in Establishing Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary

Social FactorsSocial Factors

?? degree of acceptance by the local communitydegree of acceptance by the local community?? extent of support by the localsextent of support by the locals?? equitable distribution of benefitsequitable distribution of benefits

Economic FactorsEconomic Factors

?? number of resourcenumber of resource--users dependent in the areausers dependent in the area?? revenue generated from resourcerevenue generated from resource--use in the areause in the area?? availability of supplemental livelihood options for those availability of supplemental livelihood options for those

who will be affected by the reduction who will be affected by the reduction of fishing groundsof fishing grounds

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Considerations in Establishing Considerations in Establishing Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary

Ecological FactorsEcological Factors

?? variety of species and habitatsvariety of species and habitats?? breeding, feeding, nursery grounds for various stocksbreeding, feeding, nursery grounds for various stocks?? naturalnessnaturalness?? migration pathmigration path

Practical Considerations Practical Considerations

?? manageability (ease in enforcement and patrolling)manageability (ease in enforcement and patrolling)?? presence of assertive authority to enforce rulespresence of assertive authority to enforce rules?? presence of potential key players in managementpresence of potential key players in management

Patterns of Decline and Recovery for Large Predatory Patterns of Decline and Recovery for Large Predatory Fishes at Fishes at SumilonSumilon, the Snappers (, the Snappers (LutjanidaeLutjanidae), Groupers ), Groupers

((SerranidaeSerranidae) and Emperors () and Emperors (LethrinidaeLethrinidae).).

Source: Redrawn from Russ and Source: Redrawn from Russ and AlcalaAlcala (1994) in Roberts and Hawkins 2000 (1994) in Roberts and Hawkins 2000

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Setting Objectives:Setting Objectives:

••Consider implications of favoring either ecological Consider implications of favoring either ecological or social acceptabilityor social acceptability

••Participation and equity of benefitsParticipation and equity of benefits

••FeasibilityFeasibility

••SustainabilitySustainability

••For regulating fisheries, protection, tourism, etc.For regulating fisheries, protection, tourism, etc.

Key Factors in the DesignKey Factors in the Design

?? Size Size -- small vs. largesmall vs. large

?? Location (e.g. within reach of fisheries)Location (e.g. within reach of fisheries)

?? ShapeShape

?? Community ParticipationCommunity Participation

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Legal Provisions for Managing Marine Legal Provisions for Managing Marine Sanctuaries in the PhilippinesSanctuaries in the Philippines

1.1. RA 8550 (Philippine Fisheries Code)RA 8550 (Philippine Fisheries Code)

2. NIPAS Act2. NIPAS Act

3. Local Government Code (RA 7160)3. Local Government Code (RA 7160)

4. Executive Programs4. Executive Programs

5. Tourist Zones 5. Tourist Zones -- under Presidential Proclamation 1801under Presidential Proclamation 1801

6. IPRA6. IPRA

7. International Laws, e.g. UNCLOS7. International Laws, e.g. UNCLOS

Issue identificationIssue identificationand baseline and baseline assessmentassessment

CRM planCRM planpreparationpreparation

and adoptionand adoption

Action plan and Action plan and projectproject

implementationimplementation

Local legislationLocal legislation

Coastal lawCoastal lawenforcementenforcement

RegulationRegulation

ExternalExternalrevenuerevenuesourcessources

Annual programAnnual programpreparation andpreparation andbudgetingbudgeting

RevenueRevenuegenerationgeneration

Monitoring and evaluationMonitoring and evaluation

Information management, Information management, education andeducation andoutreachoutreach

Issue identificationIssue identificationand baseline and baseline assessmentassessment

CRM planCRM planpreparationpreparation

and adoptionand adoption

Action plan and Action plan and projectproject

implementationimplementation

Local legislationLocal legislation

Coastal lawCoastal lawenforcementenforcement

RegulationRegulation

Local legislationLocal legislation

Coastal lawCoastal lawenforcementenforcement

RegulationRegulation

ExternalExternalrevenuerevenuesourcessources

ExternalExternalrevenuerevenuesourcessources

Annual programAnnual programpreparation andpreparation andbudgetingbudgeting

Annual programAnnual programpreparation andpreparation andbudgetingbudgeting

RevenueRevenuegenerationgenerationRevenueRevenuegenerationgeneration

Monitoring and evaluationMonitoring and evaluation

Information management, Information management, education andeducation andoutreachoutreach

The CRM CycleThe CRM Cycle

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Establishment ProcessOrientation on Marine

Sanctuary:Definition and

Concept Formation and training of core group:

- defining roles and functions- exposure trips

Conc

eptu

alizat

ion

Site Surveys:presentation and Validation of results

-MS site selected-

IEC Community consultations:- gain endorsement

from various groups- community agreement on site(s) and size

Lobbying LGU Officials

Legitimizat

ion

EnforcementLegislation Management/Monitoring

Implem

enta

tion

Marine Sanctuary ManagementMarine Sanctuary Management

Institutionalization of a management groupInstitutionalization of a management group

Administrative/Organizational SetAdministrative/Organizational Set--upup

Action PlanningAction Planning--WorkshopWorkshop

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Management PlanningManagement PlanningAdministrative/OrganizationalAdministrative/OrganizationalEnforcementEnforcementMonitoring and Evaluation, Feedback and ResponseMonitoring and Evaluation, Feedback and ResponseCommunity ParticipationCommunity ParticipationCapability Building/Organizational StrengtheningCapability Building/Organizational StrengtheningFinancial ConsiderationsFinancial Considerations

Program DevelopmentProgram Development

Management Cost:Management Cost:

LogisticsLogistics

AdministrationAdministration

EnforcementEnforcement

Budgeting (reporting)Budgeting (reporting)

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MPA User Fees in the PhilippinesMPA User Fees in the Philippines-- accrue to accrue to LGUs LGUs w/budget for MPA managementw/budget for MPA management

1.1. Tubbataha Tubbataha ReefReef’’s National Marine Park (s National Marine Park (PalawanPalawan))Entrance fees: foreigners $50; locals $25Entrance fees: foreigners $50; locals $25

2. 2. Gilutungan Gilutungan Marine Sanctuary (Marine Sanctuary (CebuCebu))Entrance fees: P25/person/dayEntrance fees: P25/person/dayOperator fees: P1,000/yearOperator fees: P1,000/year

3. 3. BoracayBoracay* (*Willingness to Pay survey)* (*Willingness to Pay survey)Entrance fees: $5 Entrance fees: $5 -- $20$20

Public Information

Monitoring and evaluation

Site Development

Marine Sanctuary Marine Sanctuary establishment and establishment and

managementmanagement

Management Plan formulation

Site selection and assessment

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Source : WWF Sulu-Sulawesi Ecoregion: Cradle of Life

MORO GULF

an outstanding area for biodiversity and fishery production in the Indo-Pacific Region

Scaling – up CRM efforts

Putting theory into practice

Reference Vectors

0 0.5

NE MONSOON

SW MONSOON OCTOBER TRANSITION

MARCH TRANSITION

Currents may transport and entrain larvae to habitats in the western section of the Illana Bay

USAID EcoGov 2 ( Villanoy, 2006)

Seasonal Current Circulation Patterns

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Brgy. BibilikArea: 20 hectares

Brgy. BacayawanArea: 20 hectares

Municipal Marine Sanctuary

Tambunan MPA – 98 ha

Concepcion MPA – 28 ha

Alindahaw -70 ha

MiSSTa – 160 ha

Marine Protected Area Networks

?local marine sanctuaries

?network of marine sanctuaries

Fishery/Coastal Violations

?local law enforcers

?multi-agency /LGU Fishery Law Enforcement Team

Inter- LGU Collaboration on

Fishery Law Enforcement

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Brgy. BikilikArea: 20 hectares

Brgy. BacayawanArea: 20 hectares

Municipal Marine Sanctuary

Tambunan MPA – 98 ha

Concepcion MPA – 28 ha

Alindahaw -70 ha

MiSSTa – 160 ha

Potentials of MPA Networks in Illana Bay