Organization of the Body and General Systems

What are humans?• Organisms are classified as

human because they are:• Animals• Vertebrates

• Possess backbones

• Mammals• Possess:

• Mammary glands• Hair• Endothermy (i.e., we generate heat internally)• Heterodonty (i.e., we have teeth w/ different shapes

and functions)• 3 middle ear bones.

Notes Unit 1• Anatomy: study of the structure of the human

body• Physiology: study of the functions/ activities of

structures of the human body• Anatomical Position: Body upright, arms/legs

straight, palms forward, feet flat and eyes open• Bilateral Symmetry: arrangement of body parts

along a central axis, so that the body is divided into equal right and left halves

• Human Body

Can Anatomy & Physiology Be Separated?

• NO!!!!! Absolutely not!• Structure and function are

undeniably connected. We cannot divorce them.

• What do we mean by this?• Can you eat soup with a fork?• Find 2 everyday items and

determine whether/how their structure (anatomy) relates to their function (physiology

• When you consider the structure of an organ, cell, or anything for that matter you must also consider its function!

Why Are Levels of Structure Important?

• In this class, we’ll study all levels and see how they work together to create structures and allow them to function.

• In essence, the combination of these different yet connected levels allows life to proceed.

• But we must also be aware of emergent properties. • Things are often much more than simply a sum of their parts.• Consider a hammer which is made of a head and a handle.

Either piece by itself is of little use to drive a nail – but put together, they perform the task quite easily.

• Or consider table salt – sodium chloride (NaCl). By themselves, chlorine is a poisonous gas and sodium an explosive metal. But when bound together, they create something much, much different.

• We must be aware of emergent properties as well as reducing structures to their component parts.

Hierarchy of Organization

Directional Terms•Above•Below•To Midline•To Side•To Surface•To core•To front•To back•Extremity near trunk•Extremity away from trunk

•Nose Sup. to chin•Stomach inf. to head•Sternum med. to shoulders•Ears lat. to nose•Skin sup. to heart•Lungs deep to ribs•Toes vent. to heel•Spine dors. to sternum•Elbow is prox. to wrist•Toes dist. to knee

Directional Terms

Body Planes and Directions• Sagittal- divides body

in left and right • Coronal- divides body

in anterior and post • Transverse- divides

Body inn superior and

Inferior

• Red =Vertical Plane• Blue=Horizontal Plane

Stayin’ Alive

-Your body has about 100 trillion cells in it.-For your life to NOT end abruptly, these cells need to have the correct amount of:

-Oxygen -Nutrients -Waste removal-Heat-Ions (sodium, calcium, etc.)-Lots of other stuff

Organ Systems• Total of 11…“Run Mrs. Lidec”1. Gonads which make sex producing

hormones/cells; development of the fetus2. Kidney, bladder, urethrafilters blood/body

fluid balance3. Brain/Spinal cord/nerves, Multiple fxn’s4. Ind. Muscles and groups, responsible for

movement, etc.5. Nose Alveoli, exchange of gases6. Bones, support/protect/make blood7. Node/spleen/tonsilsprotection,return of fluids8. Skin/Hairmake Vit. D/prevent desiccation9. MouthAnus, nutrients and water to the body10. Hormone Makers! Hypothalamus, thyroid, adr.11. Heart/Vessels, Transportation