ORGANIC MOLECULES
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Transcript of ORGANIC MOLECULES
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ORGANIC MOLECULES
• ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAIN CARBON AND ARE FOUND IN ORGANISMS
• THERE ARE 4 MAIN GROUPS–CARBOHYDRATES–LIPIDS–Proteins–NUCLEIC ACIDS
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I. Carbohydrates
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CARBOHYDRATES
• ARE SUGARS, STARCHES
• SERVE AS A FUEL SOURCE FOR CELLS …. Example Glucose and then its turned into ATP
• THEY ARE ALSO COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
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• CARBOHYDRATES ARE CHAINS OF CARBON ATOMS THAT ARE BONDED TO HYDROXYL (OH) GROUPS AND HYDROGEN ATOMS (H), they form a ring.
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE OF C, H & O
• C,H & O ARE IN A 1:2:1 RATIO
• THERE ARE 3 MAIN GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES
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3 GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATESA. MONOSACCHARIDES- SIMPLE SUGARS example: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSEB. DISACCHARIDES- 2 SIMPLE SUGARS example: LACTOSE, SUCROSE, MALTOSEC. POLYSACCHARIDES- MANY SIMPLE SUGARS example: STARCH, CELLULOSE, GLYCOGEN• SUGARS END IN - OSE
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A. MONOSACCHARIDES (monomer for this group)
(monomer is one unit)
• GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE & GALACTOSE ARE ISOMERS.
• ALL HAVE THE CHEMICAL FORMULA C6H12O6
• ISOMERS- ARE MOLECULES WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA, BUT A DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS.
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GlucoseGalactose
Fructose
Same chemical formula C6H12O6, different structural arrangement
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MONOSACCHARIDES: GLUCOSE
• GLUCOSE- BLOOD SUGAR – cells use this for energy (ATP), which is metabolized during cellular respiration. Our major source is from fruits/plants. Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis. Plants also use it during their own cellular respiration.
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FRUCTOSE
FRUIT SUGARTHE SWEETEST OF ALL THE
SUGARS
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GALACTOSE
• NOT FOUND FREE IN NATURE, ONLY IN MILK
• WE CANNOT USE GALACTOSE BUT MUST CHANGE IT TO GLUCOSE
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B. DISACCHARIDES – when two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration
synthesis reaction H+ and OH- are removed and form water (also called a condensation reaction)
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Examples of Dissacharides1. LACTOSE: MILK SUGAR made
from: GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
2. SUCROSE: TABLE SUGAR made from: GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
3. MALTOSE: MALT SUGAR made from: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
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C. POLYSACCHARIDES – three or more monosaccharides
1. STARCH: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN PLANTS
2. GLYCOGEN: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN ANIMALS (in us it is in the liver)
3. CELLULOSE: CELL WALLS OF PLANTS FOR STRENGTH
4. CHITIN – MAKES UP THE EXOSKELETON OF ARTHROPODS
ALL 3 ARE LONG CHAINS OF GLUCOSE
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Review: Functions of carbohydrates
• Provides quick energy in the form of glucose
• Can also be stored in the form of glycogen and starch
• Can be used structurally as in plants (cellulose) and some animals (chitin)
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LIPIDS HAVE MANY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
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1. THEY ACT AS ENERGY SOURCES
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2. THEY CUSHION THE BODY.
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3. THEY INSULATE THE BODY.
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THERE ARE 5 GROUPS OF LIPIDS
FATTY ACIDSFATSOILS
PHOSPHOLIPIDSSTEROLS
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FATTY ACIDS• ALL OF THEM HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER OF C
ATOMS.
• COOH - C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
• ALL OF THEM HAVE A CARBOXYL GROUP (-COOH) ON ONE END.
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FATTY ACIDS
ARE CLASSIFIED IN 2 WAYS
1. BY THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN
2. BY HOW SATURATED THEY ARE WITH H ATOMS
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THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN
SHORT CHAIN:
10 OR FEWER C ATOMS. Eg. BUTTER
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LONG CHAIN
12-18 C ATOMS. Eg. ANIMAL FATS &
VEGETABLE OILS.
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EXTRA-LONG CHAIN
20 OR MORE C ATOMS. Eg. FISH OILS.
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HOW SATURATED THEY ARE WITH H ATOMS
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THERE ARE 3 DEGREES OF SATURATION
SATURATED
MONOUNSATURATED
POLYUNSATURATED
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SATURATED: HAVE AS MANY H ATOMS AS POSSIBLE
COOH
C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H
H
HHHHHHH
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MONOUNSATURATED: HAS ONE DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON
ATOMS
COOH
C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H
H
HHHHH
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POLYUNSATURATED: HAS 2 OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS
BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS
COOH
C C C C C C C
H H H H H H
H
HHHH
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FATS AND OILS
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, FATS ARE SOLIDS AND OILS ARE LIQUIDS
HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?
HOW ARE THEY SIMILAR?BOTH CONTAIN GLYCEROL.
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GLYCEROL
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
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PHOSPHOLIPIDSARE IMPORTANT IN CELL MEMBRANES
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STEROIDS
ARE COMPOSED OF 4 CARBON RINGS
11 2
3 4
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FUNCTIONS OF STEROIDS• COMPOSE THE CELL MEMBRANE
• IMPORTANT IN THE PRODUCTION OF HORMONES
• THE RAW MATERIAL OF VITAMIN D
• NECESSARY FOR BILE SALTS
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• THE MOST IMPORTANT STEROID IS CHOLESTEROL
• WHAT IS CHOLESTEROL?
• DEFINITION: A STEROID FOUND IN ANIMAL FATS AND MOST BODY TISSUES; MADE BY THE LIVER.
WHITE AND FATTY IN NATURE.
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NUCLEIC ACIDSTHERE ARE TWO
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
DNARNA
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DNA RNA Double Stranded Single Stranded Codes for proteins Helps interpret the code
Three types mRNA, tRNA, rRNA (m and t help with making
proteins and r makes up ribosomes where proteins are made)
Monomer is called a nucleotide for both (a nucleotide is made up of a 5 Carbon sugar*, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base*)
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PROTEINS
HAVE MANY FUNCTIONS
1. THEY MAKE UP THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS/ OF THE BODY.
-Every organism has 1000’s of unique proteins
-Proteins are coded from DNA
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LIKE MUSCLES
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2. THEY ACT AS ENZYMES TO SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
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4. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN IMMUNITY.
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5. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN TRANSPORT. THEY MAKE UP BLOOD HEMOGLOBIN.
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE• ALL PROTEINS CONTAIN C, H, O & N.• AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS.• THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS FOUND
IN HUMANS.• All aa’s have a central C that has a
H, COOH (carboxyl group), an amine group (NH2), and an “R” group (a hydrocarbon chain of 2- ? Carbons).
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BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID
C
H
NH2COOH
R
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AMINO ACIDS
• THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
• 11 ARE NONESSENTIAL, THE BODY CAN MAKE THEM
• 9 ARE ESSENTIAL, THEY MUST BE IN OUR DIET
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• Two amino acids = dipeptide• Three or more amino acids = polypeptide
• Remember ase = enzyme
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMESARE DESTROYED BY:
HEATSTRONG ACIDSSTRONG BASES
THEY COME OUT OF A REACTION EXACTLY AS THEY WENT IN
THEY ARE SPECIFIC, THEY CATALYZE A SINGLE REACTION
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pH
• pH IS A WAY TO MEASURE THE ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY (BASICITY) OF A SUBSTANCE
• ACIDS HAVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF (H+) H3O+ (Hydronium ions)
• BASES HAVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF OH- (Hydroxide ions)
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So the more hydronium ions you have in a solution the stronger the acid (means you have fewer hydroxide
ions)
The more hydroxide ions the stronger the base (and the fewer hydronium
ions you have)
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• Acids and bases are measured on a scale called the pH scale (power of Hydrogen). This scale measures how many hydronium ions (H3O+) are present in a solution. The more hydronium ions the more acidic (lower) the pH, also the fewer the hydroxide ions (OH-) . The more hydroxide ions the higher the pH (more alkaline – meaning a base) and the fewer the hydronium ions
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• THE pH SCALE RANGES FROM 1-14
• ON THE pH SCALE, 7 IS NEUTRAL
• A pH BELOW 7 IS ACIDIC
• A pH ABOVE 7 IS (BASIC) Alkaline
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• THE FARTHER A pH IS FROM 7, THE STRONGER THE SUBSTANCE IS
• BUFFERS ARE SUBSTANCES THAT HELP STABILIZE pH IN THE BODY
• BICARBONATE/CARBONIC ACID IS THE MOST Important buffer