Organic CompoundsAg Biology

Organic Molecule Functions.wmv

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Organic Compounds/MacromoleculesAll contain carbonCarbon forms strong covalent bondsCarbon forms chainsCarbon forms single, double, and triple bondsCarbon makes ringsCO2, not organic

3-carbon ring 4-carbon

ring

5-carbon ring

Cow Carbon.wmv PLAY

Carbon compounds form chemical bonds through polymerization.

Polymers are made of individual monomers.Monomer + monomer = polymerPolymers bond together to make

macromolecules.There are 4 organic compounds

(macromolecules- “Giant Molecules”) essential to life.

1. ProteinContains C, H, N, O, Pamino acids (monomers)Amino acid + amino acid = proteinProteins are very diverse moleculesMore than 20 amino acids are found in nature

Functions are:1. control reaction rates/cell processes2. form bones and muscles3. transport stuff in/out of cell4. fight disease5. Cell identity (protein markers)6. Cell movement

Protein StructureAmino acid molecule has an “amino group” (NH2) on one end and the “carboxyl Group” (-COOH) on the other end.

R-groupThe R-group

defines the actual amino acid.

CH3

Alanine

CH2OH

Serine

Amino Acids form bonds with each other through dehydration synthesis.

Long chains are created.Levels of organization:

1. amino acids protein chain2. the chain twists3. the chain folds4. protein; a complete protein

has 1 or more polypeptide chains.

Enzymes are made of protein.Chemical reactions make life/life functions possible.

Reactions are sped up by catalysts.Catalysts start reactions, they are never used up, and work by lowering the start-up energy required by the reaction makes life more efficient.

Enzymes accelerate reaction. Ex: 1500 yrs. = 5 seconds.

A simple cell has 2000 enzymes for basic reactions.

How do enzymes work?1. Enzymes bind to the reactants of a

chemical reaction reactants are called substrates.

2. They bind at the active site.3. They will then either position

themselves to begin the reaction OR they may twist the molecule of the substrate and breaks the bonds of the molecules.

4. Enzymes are specific to each reaction! They fit like puzzle pieces.How Enzymes Work.wmv

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Enzymes can become “denatured.”Enzymes require a specific environment

in order to be effective.pH, temperature, light exposure, etc. can

have an effect on the enzyme. If conditions are too extreme, the

enzyme becomes denatured and will not work.

2. CarbohydratesLiving things use carbs as their main source of

energy; plants and some animals use it for structural purposes.

Consist of C, H, O (2 H for every O)Carbo = carbon, hydrate = water; carbohydrates

have the molecular formula CH2OCommon types:

Sugar Starch

Simple carbs are called monosaccharides.Ex: glucose is sugar from plants, galactose is sugar

from milk, fructose is sugar from fruits.All three are C6H12O6, but are arranged differently.

A monosaccharide is the basic subunit of carbohydrates. They bond together to make polysaccharides.

Starch is a polysaccharide where plants store their energy.

Glycogen is a polysaccharide where animals store their energy.

Monosaccharides are bonded through a process called dehydration synthesis.

The process involves the removal of a water molecule to bring two monosaccharides together.

The opposite effect (splitting a disaccharide or polysaccharide by adding water) is called hydrolysis.

Dehydration Synthesis- Carbs

3. LipidsWaxy, oily, fatsLipids have three roles:

1. store energy2. form membranes3. act as chemical messengers (hormones)

Generally made of hydrogen and carbonNot a polymerThey are formed through combinations of fatty

acids and fatty glycerol.Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen

with a carboxyl group at the end (-COOH).Glycerol is made up of three carbons each attached

to a OH- group.They get combined through dehydration synthesis.

Lipids make up liposomes.Liposomes are the basic structure of the phospholipids, which make up the cell membrane = lipid bi-layer.

Saturated fats: “saturated with hydrogen”have only single C-C bondssolid at room tempmost animal fats

Unsaturated fats :liquid at room tempdouble bonds between carbons allows for

“kinks” in the tailsmost plant fats

Polyunsaturated = many double bonds

Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogens; the molecule has no double bonds.Unsaturated fats have double bonds, therefore they do not have the maximum number of hydrogens.

4. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)Made up of C, H, O, N, and P.DNA & RNADNA: deoxyribonucleic acids.RNA: ribonucleic acids.Subunits (monomers) are called nucleotides.

Nucleotide Structure:5-carbon sugarphosphate groupnitrogen base

Characteristics of Living OrganismsMade up of units called cellsReproduce (both sexual and aesexual)Based on a universal genetic codeGrow and developObtain and use materials and energy

(metabolism)Respond to their environment (stimulus)Maintain a stable internal environment

(homeostasis)Taken as a group, living things change over

time (evolution)