Organic Blackberry Production Research
description
Transcript of Organic Blackberry Production Research
Organic Blackberry Production Research
Bernadine StrikProfessor, Dept. Horticulture & NWREC
Collaborators:
Gil Buller and Emily Vollmer (Research Assistants)Renee Harkins, Javier Fernandez-Salvador, Emily Dixon (grad students)Luis Valenzuela-Estrada & George Cavender (Post-Docs)David Bryla & Chad Finn (USDA-ARS, HCRU)Yanyun Zhao and Mark Daeschel, Dept. Food Sci., OSUPenny Perkins-Veazie, Gina Fernandez, Charles Safley, Olha Sydorovych, Roderick Rejesus,
Mara Massell (North Carolina State Univ.)
Industry: Eric Pond (Riverbend farm, OR); Joe Bennett (formerly Small Planet Foods WA);Anthony Boutard (OR); Tom Avinelis (Homegrown Organics, CA, OR); Derek Peacock (Hursts Berry Farm, OR); Josh Beam (SunnyRidge, Dole, NC); Littau Harvesters Inc.and other industry contributors!
Funding to date:
OOCR $29,885 (2009)NCSFR $69,689 (2009-11)NIFA-OREI $2.4 million (2010-14)
Sub-projects:Systems for processed blackberries:
* Production system impacts on yield, quality, nutrient allocationStrik, Vollmer, Buller, Harkins, Fernandez-Salvador
* Irrigation management & root growth – Bryla & Valenzuela* Economic evaluation – Strik, Safley & Sydorovych* Cultivar adaptation – Strik, Finn, & Fernandez-Salvador* Fruit quality & impact of processing - Zhao & Cavender* Food borne pathogens – Daeschel & Sales
Systems for fresh blackberries (grower cooperator sites, OR & NC):Oregon:* Impact of cultivar 7 fertilizer source on yield & quality
Strik, Bryla, Fernandez-Salvador* Economic evaluation – Strik, Safley & Sydorovych* Fruit quality & healthful properties (storage) - Zhao & Cavender* Food borne pathogens – Daeschel & SalesNorth Carolina:* Economic evaluation – Fernandez, Safley & Sydorovych* Fruit quality & healthful properties (storage) - Perkins-Veazie* Food borne pathogens – Massel
Economic model to assess potential liability costs (food safety event) - ReJesus
Weed, Water, and Nutrient Management Practices for
Organic Blackberry ProductionBernadine Strik, David Bryla, and Renee Harkins
Dept. Horticulture, OSU, USDA-ARS/HCRU
Objectives
1. Impact of weed management on plant growth, weed pressure, and yield &
2. Biomass and nutrient accumulation and losses in establishing organic trailing blackberries
Objectives
3. Effect of post harvest irrigation &
4. Impact of training time (August or February) on established trailing blackberries
Note above treatments began in 2012
Study siteNorth Willamette
Research and Extension Center, Aurora, OR
• 1 acre planting
• TC planted June 2010 (5’ x 10’)
• Split-plot design with 5 reps
• Non-treatment guard rows & end plots
• A cereal rye/common vetch cover crop between rows
• Single lateral drip tube either suspended on trellis or under weed mat
Treatments• Cultivar
– ‘Black Diamond’ – ‘Marion’
• Weed management– ‘Control’ (weedy)– ‘Hand weed’– ‘Weed mat’
June 2010
Planting, May 17, 2012
July
201
0
Measurements•Soil nutrients (Oct.)
Methods
Febr
uary
201
1
Measurements•Primocane number•Primocane length•Primocane nutrientsCanes removed
July
201
1
Measurements – “off year”•Soil moisture & temperature•Leaf water potential•Primocane leaf tissue nutrient conc.•Soil nutrients (Oct.)Canes trained as they grew
Apr
il 20
12
Measurements – “on year”•Primocane number•Primocane length•Primocane nutrient conc.
July
201
2
Measurements “on year”•Soil moisture & temperature•Leaf water potential•Yield, berry weight, berry nutrient concentration•Floricane & primocane leaf tissue nutrient conc.
Aug
ust 2
012
Measurements – “on year”•Soil moisture & temperature•Leaf water potential•Floricane yield components & nutrient conc.•Soil nutrients (Oct.)
Results
Weed management treatments•Weed pressure was not high in 2010•Weed presence was greater by late 2011 and into 2012
April 20, 2011
May 5, 2012
Primocane weight, number, and length in Marion and Black Diamond during the first 3 years after plantingz
Fresh cane weight/plant (kg)
Dry cane weight/plant (kg) Cane No./plant Length/cane (m)
Year 1Year
2 Year 1Year
2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Cultivar
Black Diamond 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.8 3.4 11.6 1.8 3.3Marion 0.3 2.4 0.1 1.0 3.4 8.6 3.2 6.9
Weed management
Control - 1.4 b - 0.6 b 3.3 6.5 b 2.6 5.8 aHand weed 0.3 2.3 a 0.1 1.0 a 3.5 11.6 a 2.5 5.4 abWeed mat 0.3 2.6 a 0.1 1.1 a 3.3 12.2 a 2.5 4.1 b
Significance Cultivar (C ) NS 0.01 NS 0.05 NS <.0001 0.0012 <.0001
Weed management (W) NS 0.0008 NS <.0001 NS <.0001 NS 0.04CxW NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS ZYear 1=15 Feb 2011; Year 2=24 Feb 2012; yMean separation (in columns) by LSD test at P ≤ 0.05 (lowercase letters)NSNon significant
Primocane growth (DW)
Primocane growth (DW)
• Primocane growth (DW/biomass) on Feb. 2011 (reflecting growth in planting year), was not significantly affected by cultivar or weed management.
• In Jan. 2012, primocane DW (growth in 2011) was greater in ‘Marion’ than ‘Black Diamond’. Also, weedy ‘Control’ plots had the least primocane growth.
Black Diamond Marion0
0.20.40.60.8
11.2
2012 Aboveground biomass by cultivar February 2012
Weed management
Dry
wei
ght (
kg/p
lant
)
Control Hand weed Weed mat0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2
2012 Aboveground biomass by weed management February 2012
Weed management
Dry
wei
ght (
kg/p
lant
)
Primocane (leaf & cane) nutrients in winter
2011There were no significant effects of cultivar or weed
management on macronutrients N, P, & K.
2012For macronutrients N, P,
and K, canes from ‘Control’ or weedy plots had a lower
%N, P, and K relative to hand weed and weed mat
plots (P=0.04, <.0001, =0.002
respectively).
Control Hand weed Weed mat0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81.0
1.2
1.4
2012 Percent of macronutrients by weed management in primocanes
Nitrogen Potassium Phosphorus
Weed management
Perc
ent (
%)
2011 Primocane leaf tissue nutrients, collected 18 Aug. 2011Macronutrients (%) Micronutrients (ppm)
N P K Mg Ca S B Fe Mn Cu Zn AlCultivar
Black Diamond 2.3 0.2 1.3 0.26 0.3 0.12 19.9 93.2 117.5 10.3 28.4 58.7
Marion 3.0 0.3 1.8 0.31 0.5 0.15 23.7 84.2 113.4 8.7 32.9 50.0
Weed managementControl 2.2b 0.2c 1.4b 0.29 0.5 0.11c 22.8 81.2 141.7a 8.5c 26.5c 52.9
Hand weed 2.9a 0.3b 1.6a 0.28 0.4 0.14b 21.3 108.3 107.8b 9.4b 30.6b 71.8
Weed mat 3.0a 0.3a 1.6a 0.29 0.4 0.15a 21.3 76.5 96.8b 10.6a 34.9a 38.4
Significance Cultivar (C ) <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 NS NS <.0001 0.000 NS
Weed management (W) <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 NS NS <.0001 NS NS <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 NS
CxW NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
2012 Primocane leaf tissue nutrients, collected 31 July 2012 Macronutrients (%) Micronutrients (ppm) N P K Mg Ca S B Fe Mn Cu Zn AlCultivar
Black Diamond 2.0 0.26 1.4 0.30 0.4 0.13 18.3 101.5 174.4 8.4 25.5 68.0
Marion 2.6 0.35 1.6 0.32 0.5 0.14 14.7 74.8 140.1 6.5 31.3 42.1
Weed managementControl 2.2b 0.30 1.4 0.31 0.4 0.131c 17.3 76.5b 172.9 7.3 27.7 44.4b
Hand weed 2.3ab 0.30 1.5 0.30 0.4 0.137b 16.1 102.2a 147.0 7.6 28.4 70.8aWeed mat 2.4a 0.31 1.5 0.31 0.4 0.144a 16.1 85.7b 151.9 7.4 29.1 50.0b
Significance Cultivar (C ) <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0004 0.0003 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.00 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001Weed management (W) 0.02 NS NS NS NS 0.00 NS 0.00 NS NS NS 0.00CxW NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.03 NS NS NS NS
zMean separation (in columns) by LSD test at P ≤ 0.05 (lowercase letters)NSNon significant
Off year
On year
Flor
ican
e le
af s
ampl
ing
2012
Floricane leaf tissue nutrient concentration
• Floricane leaves from weedy ‘Control’ plots had a lower %N than in either ‘Hand weed’ or ‘Weed mat’ plots.
Control Hand weed Weed mat0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Floricane leaf tissue Nitrogen
Weed management
Nitr
ogen
(%)
Note floricane leaves from ‘Control’ plots appeared yellow.
Floricane leaves collected 7 July 2012, at first black fruit.
Har
vest
201
2
2012 Machine-harvested yield by cultivar
30-Jun 5-Jul 10-Jul 15-Jul 20-Jul 25-Jul 30-Jul 4-Aug0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.02012 Mean plant yield by date
Black DiamondMarion
Date
Yiel
d (k
g/pl
ant)
Black Diamond
Marion0
5
10
15
2012 Mean plant yield by Cultivar
Cultivar
Yiel
d (k
g/pl
ant)
Cultivar Yield (kg/ha)Black Diamond 13,333 (6 tons/a)
Marion 11,555 (5 tons/a)
Weed management effects on yield
2012 Yield by weed management
5-Jul 9-Jul 12-Jul 16-Jul 19-Jul 23-Jul 26-Jul 30-Jul0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8
Mean plant yield by weed management
Weed mat Hand weed Control
Date
Yiel
d (k
g/pl
ant)
Control Hand weed
Weed mat0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.02012 Mean yield by weed
management
Cultivar
Yiel
d (k
g/pl
ant)
Weed management Yield (kg/ha)Control (weedy) 8,000 (3.6 tons/a)
Hand weed 13,333 (6 tons/a)
Weed mat 16,000 (7.1 tons/a)
‘Black Diamond’ ‘Marion’
Berry weight
• ‘Black Diamond’ berry weight was greater than that of ‘Marion’ on every harvest date
• Plants in the weedy control had less berry weight on every harvest than in weed mat 5-Jul 9-Jul 12-
Jul16-Jul
19-Jul
23-Jul
26-Jul
30-Jul
0.02.04.06.08.0
Average berry weight by weed management 2012 Weed mat
Hand weed
Control
DateAve
rage
ber
ry w
eigh
t (g)
30-Jun 5-Jul 10-Jul 15-Jul 20-Jul 25-Jul 30-Jul 4-Aug0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.0
Average berry weight by cultivar 2012
Black Diamond Marion
Date
Ave
rage
ber
ry w
eigh
t (g)
Berry Nutrient Concentration
• ‘Black Diamond’ berries had a lower %Ca than ‘Marion’ berries (P<.0001). Similarly, ‘Black Diamond’ primocane leaves had lower %Ca than ‘Marion’ in 2011 and 2012 (P<.0001 and 0.0003 respectively).
• ‘Black Diamond’ berries had higher %B than ‘Marion’ berries (P=0.002). Conversely, ‘Black Diamond’ primocane leaves and floricane leaves had lower %B than in ‘Marion’ in 2012 (P<.0001)
Black Diamond Marion0.000.050.100.150.200.25
2012 Berry calcium concentration
Cultivar
Ca
(%)
Black Diamond Marion0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
2012 Berry boron concentration
Cultivar
B (p
pm)
Removal of macronutrients in harvested fruitBerry macronutrient removal (July 2012)z, y
Macronutrient removal (kg/ha) N P K Mg CaCultivar
Black Diamond 19.9 3.7 20.8 1.9 3.1Marion 17.1 3.7 18.0 2.2 4.3
Weed managementControl 12.6c 2.7c 13.3c 1.4c 2.6c
Hand weed 17.8b 3.7b 19.5b 2.0b 3.7bWeed mat 25.2a 4.7a 25.2a 2.7a 5.0a
Significance Cultivar (C) NS NS NS NS 0.0002Weed management (W) 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0003 <.0001CxW NS NS NS NS 0.01zMean separation (in columns) by LSD test at P ≤ 0.05 (lowercase letters)NSNon SignificantyTotal dry yield per plot divided by number of plants per plot multiplied by average berry nutrients for each plot
Berries from weedy ‘Control’ plots had less moisture and higher soluble solids (°Brix)
than berries from either ‘Weed mat’ or ‘Hand weed’ plots.
2012 Mean floricane yield components, collected Aug. 2012 Per Floricane
Length (m) No. nodes
Bud break (%)
No. fruit/later
al
Yield (kg/plant
)Cull
(g/plant)
Berry weight
(g)
Soluble solid
conc. (%)
Berry moisture
(%) Cultivar
Black Diamond 4.9 103.8 40.1 5.7 6.0 28.8 5.5 10.6 86.5Marion 3.1 130.8 37.8 4.1 5.2 30.3 4.9 13.2 83.9
Weed managementControl 3.9 111.1 41.9 5.0 3.6c 29.1b 4.9b 12.4a 84.3b
Hand weed 3.9 106.8 40.7 5.2 6.0b 31.5b 5.4a 11.7b 85.7aWeed mat 4.2 134.1 34.3 4.5 7.2a 35.2a 5.5a 11.7b 85.8a
Significance Cultivar (C ) 0.0007 0.04 ns 0.002 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0001Weed management (W) ns ns ns ns <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.02CxW ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns nszMean separation (in columns) by LSD test at P ≤ 0.05 (lowercase letters)NSNon significant
Floricane biomass (DW) at caning out
• Floricanes in weedy ‘Control’ plots had less DW at caning out than those in ‘Hand weed’ and ‘Weed mat’ plots (P<0.0001).
• In 2012, nutrient concentration in floricanes was not significantly affected by weed management.
Control Hand weed Weed mat0.00.51.01.52.02.5
c
ba
Aboveground floricane biomass by weed management August 2012
Weed management
Dry
wei
ght (
kg/p
lant
)
‘Control’ ‘Weed mat’‘Hand weed’
July 3, 2012
Above-ground N gain & removal
Cultivar
Primocanes (25 Jan.
2012)
Fruit harvested (July 2012)
Floricane removal (9 Aug. 2012)
Primocanes (winter 2013)
TOTAL N gained
(to date)*
TOTAL N removed
2012
g N/plant gained
g N/plant removed
g N/plant removed
g N/plant gained lb N/a lb N/a
Black Diamond 8.3 9.0 14.3 ? 29.7* 46.2
Marion 11.6 7.7 18.6 ? 29.2* 52.1
Data collected February 2012, July 2012, and August 2012.
• During spring 2011 and 2012, plants fertilized with 50 lb N/a
* Primocanes will be sampled in winter 2013 to determine total nutrient gain & removal for 2012
Fruit + from caning out
Weed management
Primocanes (25
Jan. 2012)
Fruit harvested (July 2012)
Floricane removal (9 Aug. 2012)
Primocanes (winter
2013)
TOTAL N gained (to date)
TOTAL N removed
2012
g N/plant gained
g N/plant removed
g N/plant removed
g N/plant gained lb N/a lb N/a
Control 5.6 5.7 10.0 ? 20.0* 31.1
Hand weed 11.1 8.0 17.6 ? 28.7* 50.8
Weed mat 13.1 11.3 21.7 ? 39.4* 65.4
Data collected February 2012, July 2012, and August 2012.
• During spring 2011 and 2012, plants fertilized with 50 lb N/a
* Primocanes will be sampled in winter 2013 to determine total nutrient gain & removal for 2012
Above-ground N gain & removal
Fruit + from caning out
Temperature, 2011
• No effect of weed
management on soil temperature
• There was a trend for higher
daytime soil temperature in
the ‘Control’ (weedy)
treatment0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Average Hourly Soil Temperature: 4 September 2011
Hand Weed Control Weed Mat
Hour
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
0:002:00
4:006:00
8:0010:00
12:0014:00
16:0018:00
20:0022:00
05
101520253035
Average hourly air temperature: 4 September 2011
Average air temperature
Hour
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Soil nutrients, 2011, end of off-year
• ‘Weed mat’ plots had higher soil ammonium-N than ‘Control’ or ‘Hand weed’ plots (P=0.0084)
• ‘Weed mat’ plots had higher soil Ca than ‘Control’ and ‘Hand weed’ plots (P=0.0047).
Control Hand-weed Weed mat0.0
1.0
2.0
2011 Ammonium-N concentra-tion in the soil by weed man-
agement
Weed management
NH
4 -N
(ppm
)
Control Hand-weed Weed mat850900950
1,0001,0501,100
2011 Calcium concentration in the soil by weed management
Weed management
Ca
(ppm
)
Temperature, 2012
0:002:00
4:006:00
8:0010:00
12:0014:00
16:0018:00
20:0022:00
05
101520253035
Average hourly air temperature: 4 September 2012Average air temperature
Hour
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
• ‘Control’ and ‘Hand weed’ plots
had higher soil temperature than ‘Weed mat’ plots
(P=<0.0001).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Average hourly soil temperature: 4 September 2012Hand Weed Control Weed Mat
Hour
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Soil nutrients, 2012, end of on-year
Control Hand-weed Weed mat190200210220230240250260
2012 Potassium concentrations in the soil by weed management
Weed management
K (p
pm)
•‘Weed mat’ plots had higher soil K than ‘Control’ and ‘Hand weed’ plots (P=0.0002).
Trends observed in soil, 2011-2012
• Magnesium was significantly greater in ‘Weed mat’ plots in 2011 and 2012 (P=0.0024 and 0.03 respectively).
• Manganese was significantly greater in ‘Weed mat’ plots in 2011 and 2012 (P=<.0001 and 0.0002 respectively).
Control Hand-weed Weed mat0
50
100
150
200
2011 201120112012 2012
2012
Magnesium concentrations in the soil by weed management in 2011
& 2012
Weed management
Mg
(ppm
)
Control Hand-weed Weed mat05
10152025
2011 2011
2011
2012 2012
2012
Manganese concentrations in the soil by weed management in
2011 & 2012
Weed management
Mn
(ppm
)
• pH tended to increase under ‘Weed mat’ from 2011 to 2012.
• Nitrate-N tended to decrease in all plots from 2011 to 2012.
Control Hand-weed Weed mat5.45.55.65.75.8
20112011
2011
2012 2012
2012
2011-2012 soil pH by weed management
Weed management
pH (1
:1 s
oil:w
ater
)
Control Hand-weed Weed mat0.00.51.01.52.0
20112011 2011
2012 20122012
2011-2012 soil nitrate-N by weed management
Weed management
NO
3-N
(ppm
)
Trends observed in soil, 2011-20
Conclusions• ‘Black Diamond’ had larger berries and a greater
yield than ‘Marion’.• Primocane and floricane DW of ‘Black Diamond’
was less than that of ‘Marion’• ‘Black Diamond’ required
less total N than ‘Marion’
‘Black Diamond’ plants appear to be more
nutrient efficient than ‘Marion’ plants.
Marion Black Diamond
Conclusions cont.
• Plants in weedy, ‘Control’ plots had fewer and longer primocanes with a lower nutrient concentration
• In 2012, floricane nutrient concentrations were not significantly affected by weed management treatments
• In 2012, floricane DW was least and yield the lowest in weedy ‘Control’ plots
• Berry weight was less and fruit had a lower % moisture in weedy ‘control’ plots
Conclusions cont.• ‘Weed mat’ plots had the greatest aboveground
primocane and floricane DW in 2012• ‘Weed mat’ plots had the highest yield in 2012• Nitrogen removal in ‘Weed mat’ plots was highest
• NH4-N, Ca, K, S, Mg, and Mn, concentrations in the soil were all greatest in ‘Weed mat’ plots
On-going work• Impacts of post-harvest irrigation and training time
evaluated in 2013 (now EY)• Adjust fertility rates• Monitor nutrient accumulation & losses
Nov. 8, 2012