Organic Potato Production
description
Transcript of Organic Potato Production
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Organic Potato ProductionAmber Moore, Ph.D.Extension Soils SpecialistUniversity of IdahoTwin Falls, Idaho
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Similar to conventional in many ways
• Organic potato needs the same nutrients as a conventional potato
• Physiologically the same
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Where they differ
• Management• Organic growers have:– More advanced planning– More pest pressure– Lower yield and quality• Conventional, 450 – 550 cwt/acre (22 – 28 ton/acre)• Organic, 300 – 350 cwt/acre (15 – 18 ton/acre)
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What we will discuss today…
• Introduction to organic production• Potato Variety selection• Adapting fertilizer recommendations for
organic production• Organic fertilizer sources• Cover Crops
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Organic Acronyms• N.O.P. – U.S. National Organic Program– Regularly allows or prohibits materials and practices as certified
organic• OMRI – Organic Materials Review Institute– National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances
• WSDA (Washington State Dept. of Ag.)– Also distribute a list of allowed and prohibited substances,
followed by Idaho– Often more restrictive than OMRI’s list
• ACA – Accredited Certifying Agent– ISDA in Idaho (Idaho State Department of Agriculture)
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N.O.P. Definition for Organic
• An ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity.
• Minimal off-farm inputs• Management practices that restore, maintain
and enhance ecological harmony
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“Organic”
• Chemicals containing carbon are also called “organic”– Based on this definition, urea fertilizer and most
pesticides are “organic”– Different from USDA certified organic
• Are all certified organic practices chemically organic?– No– Manures, composts are chemically organic– Mineral compounds are not
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Why grow Organic?
• Because you believe in the organic philosophy– Small-scale growers– Trend toward more sustainable practices
• Because you want to make a higher profit from your potato fields– Large-scale growers– Trend toward less sustainable
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Week of February 26, 2014Organic Potato $ Value,
~2.3 times greater than conventional
http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/Organic-Price-Report
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Challenges for organic potato growers
• Lowered yields– 250 cwt. (organic) vs. 400 cwt. (conventional)
• Effective Nitrogen sources• Weed control• Finding buyers/market demand
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Transitioning from conventional to organic
• Three years of following organic regulations before a field is certified organic
• Most common method, alfalfa hay for 3-year period, then into more profitable and intensive row/grain crops for next 3 years or so
• Fertility issues seem to be more severe for newly transitioned field– Less organic matter?– Less microbial diversity?– Nutrients building up from manure/compost/cover crop
applications?
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VARIETY SELECTION
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Advice on variety selection
• Resistant to local diseases and disorders– Example – Late Blight issues, consider Defender
• Maturity– Short-season varieties tend to require less N– Exception, Alturas (late-season but requires less N)
• Early and vigorous plant emergence, help with weed competition
• Insect resistance
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Seven potato varieties grown on a certified organic field at the UI Kimberly Research Station in Kimberly, Idaho in 2009 and 2010.
Potato Variety Market Type Total Yield (cwt/acre), two
year average
Total Yield (ton/acre), two
year average
Alturas Process 260 13.0
Defender Process/Fresh 262 13.1
Russet Burbank Process/Fresh 350 17.5
Yukon Gold Process/Fresh 237 11.8
Yukon Gem Process/Fresh 335 16.8
Dark Red Norland Fresh 240 12.0
Russet Norkotah Fresh 194 9.7
Presented at Idaho Potato Conference. 2011. Olsen and Moore.
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Potato Variety Defoliation rating (1=healthy, 9=defoliated)
Defender 2.2Yukon Gem 3.2Alturas 4.2Russet Burbank 2.2Yukon Gold 3.4Dark Red Norland 5.2Russet Norkotah 2.8
Defoliation by Colorado Potato Beetle on July 8, 2009. Kimberly, Idaho.
Presented at Idaho Potato Conference. 2010. Wenninger.
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Adapting fertilizer recommendations for organic production
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Petiole Nitrates
• UI recommends over 15,000 ppm petiole nitrates during tuber bulking
• Based on potatoes receiving N fertilizers• We see good tuber yields but low petiole nitrates – On fields receiving manure/compost applications, – On fields following alfalfa
• Don’t recommend that organic growers rely on petiole nitrate values– Still useful for showing changes N status in the plant
over the growing season
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0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000Pe
tiole
NItr
ate-
N (p
pm)
UI Target Petiole NGrower Petiole N
Soil N – 12.0 ppmPreplant N – 119Inseason N – 119
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0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000Pe
tiole
NItr
ate-
N (p
pm)
UI Target Petiole NGrower Petiole N
Soil N – 12.0 ppmPreplant N – 119Inseason N – 119
Yield achieved – 634 cwt/acreYield goal – 550 cwt/acrePrevious crop – Alfalfa
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Organic nutrient sources
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Organic nutrient sources
• Animal manures and composts• Mineral fertilizers• Mustard/canola/soybean meals• “Specialty” fertilizers
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Organic composted animal manure
Composted plant and animal materials produced though a process that:(i) Established an initial C:N ratio of between 25:1 and 40:1;
and(ii) Maintained a temperature of between 131 °F and 170 °F
for 3 days using an in-vessel or static aerated pile system; or
(iii) Maintained a temperature of between 131 °F and 170 °F for 15 days using a windrow composting system, during which period, the materials must be turned a minimum of five times.
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Composted Animal Manure
BenefitsCertified organic compost can be applied to crops any
timeRich in P, K, S, and micronutrientsEven field application (relatively)
DrawbacksP accumulation in soilsPoor source of N for newly transitioned organic fields○ Stable organic N compounds need several years to mineralize
into plant available forms
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Raw Animal ManureRaw animal manure must be composted unless
it is:(ii) Incorporated into the soil not less than 120 days
prior to the harvest of a product whose edible portion has direct contact with the soil surface or soil particles; or
(iii) Incorporated into the soil not less than 90 days prior to the harvest of a product whose edible portion does not have direct contact with the soil surface or soil particles;
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Raw Animal Manure
BenefitsMore N than composted manureRich in P, K, S, and micronutrients
DrawbacksP accumulation in soilsCan not be used for short season potato varietiesRaw manure not considered as an organic
practice in some overseas markets
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Mineral fertilizers
• Sodium nitrate—use is restricted to no more than 20% of the crop's total nitrogen requirement.– Good for getting over the
nitrogen deficit hump– Sodium toxicity and
accumulation– Not considered organic by some
overseas markets
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Russet Burbank yields in 2009 and 2010. Potatoes grown on an organic production field in Kimberly, Idaho. Chilean nitrate applied in-season at 48 lb N/acre. Dairy
compost applied at 10 ton compost/acre in the fall of 2008 and 2009.
Control
Chilean
nitrate
added
050
100150200250300350
2009
Tube
r Yie
ld (t
on/a
cre)
Control
Chilean
nitrate
added
050
100150200250300350
2010
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Russet Burbank yields in 2009 and 2010. Potatoes grown on an organic production field in Kimberly, Idaho. Chilean nitrate applied in-season at 48 lb N/acre. Dairy
compost applied at 10 ton compost/acre in the fall of 2008 and 2009.
Control
Chilean
nitrate
added
050
100150200250300350
2009
Tube
r Yie
ld (t
on/a
cre)
Control
Chilean
nitrate
added
050
100150200250300350
2010
10 ton dairy compost
10 ton dairy compost
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Other mineral fertilizers
• Rock Phosphate– Do not dissolve well on alkaline soils
• Elemental Sulfur• Gypsum (Calcium sulfate)• Potassium Chloride (KCl)• Sulfates• Carbonates• Confirm that fertilizer is organic
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Oilseed meals
• Mustard, canola, soybean meals
• Rich in nitrogen – (4 – 7 % N)
• Up to 60 % of N is plant available in first growing season
• Expensive, competition with animal feed markets
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Russet Burbank yields in 2009 and 2010. Potatoes grown on an organic production field in Kimberly, Idaho. Dairy compost
applied at 10 ton compost/acre in the fall of 2008 and 2009.
0 1.1 1.6 20
50100150200250300350400
2009
Distillers Grains (ton/acre)
Tube
r Yie
ld (c
wt/
acre
)
0.0 1.1 1.6 2.00
50100150200250300350400
2010
Distillers Grains (ton/acre)
10 ton dairy compost
10 ton dairy compost
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Specialty Fertilizers
BenefitsSome have very high N (3% or greater)
DrawbacksCan be cost prohibitiveCan be ineffective, especially if low N
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COVER CROPS AND CROP ROTATIONS
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Legume rotations
Alfalfa, clover, winter peas Nitrogen fixing rhizobia in root nodules
Convert nitrogen gas to ammonium compounds that can be used by the plant
Alfalfa combined with soil N155 and 240 lb N/acre (Westerman and Crothers,
1993)Most organic potato growers in Southern Idaho
include 3-5 years of alfalfa in their rotation
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Pink coloring in dissected legume root nodules indicates an active population N-fixing rhizobia bacterium. Photo taken of hairy vetch root nodules in Aberdeen, Idaho.
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Winter Wheat(spring harvested in Aberdeen)
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Hairy Vetch(spring harvested in Aberdeen)
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Austrian Winter Pea(spring harvested in Aberdeen)
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Daikon Radish(fall harvested in Aberdeen)
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Austrian Pea and Winter Wheat Shoshone
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http://www.extension.uidaho.edu/nutrient/CC_Calculator/Cover%20Crop%20Calculator%207/Cover%20Crop%20Calculator%207.htm
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Photo courtesy of Nick Andrews, and Dan Sullivan, Oregon State University.
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Equations and calibration data supporting the University of Idaho Cover Crop Calculator, which estimates plant available nitrogen (PAN) in the soil over a growing season for spring-tilled green manure crops or crop residues on irrigated cropland in
Southern Idaho.
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Pest Control
• Well-spaced rotations– Optimum – 7 years between potato rotations– Minimum – 4 years between potato rotations
• Include biofumigant crop in the rotation• Avoid nutrient deficiencies• Field Isolation
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Weed control
• Intensive tillage and cultivation– Alternatives to improve tillage• Roller/crimper• Rotate with no-till/strip-till crops
• Hand weeding• Timing and crop rotations• Prepare for weed pressure in late season
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July 20th, 2010
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August 23rd
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September 8th, 2010
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Insect control
• Colorado Potato Beetle– Spinosad – Most effective control method• Timing is critical
– Pyrethrum– Neem
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July 7th, 2010(edges that did not receive applications of spinosad)
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July 8th, 2010
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Bottom Line
• Variety selection can help to avoid anticipated issues with organic production– Pest pressure– Low nitrogen fertility
• Petiole nitrates may not be an optimal tool for organic growers
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Bottom Line
• Nitrogen, difficult to get enough for good potato yields– Annual fall applications of compost, build of slow
release N– Apply higher N fertilizers during transition and
when N is low (above 4% N)• Keep up with organic regulations– Confirm that nutrient sources and practices are
organic
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Bottom Line
• Include legumes in rotation– Free nitrogen!
• Consider cultivation for early weed control
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Amber D. Moore, Ph.D.
University of IdahoTwin Falls Research & Extension Center315 Falls Ave., Evergreen Bldg.PO Box 1827Twin Falls, Idaho 83303-1827 Phone: 208 736-3629Email: [email protected]: www.extension.uidaho.edu/nutrient