NNFCC

Options and opportunities for waste to energy technologies

Dr Geraint Evans Head of Biofuels and Bioenergy

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Today’s  presentation  – UK W2E Scene

• Waste available • Policy – focus on MSW/C&I • Waste to energy

– Mass burn incineration – Advanced thermal processes – gasification

• Power • Heat • Fuels

– Biochemical processes

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UK waste arisings, million tonnes/year (2008)

• About half goes to landfill • Landfilling will decline over next decade but will still be in use

England Wales Scotland Northern

Ireland Total

MSW 28.5 1.8 3 1.1 34.4

C&I waste 67.9 5.3 7.8 1.6 82.6

C&D waste 89.6 12.2 11.8 5 118.6

Total 186 19.3 22.6 7.7 235.6

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As electrical power equivalent in GWe, assuming 25% conversion efficiency

• Compare against: – Drax – 4 GWe; 7% of UK power supply – Air Products IGCC – 50 MWe – Typical mass burn incineration plant – 25 MWe

England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Total

MSW 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.6

C&I waste 5.0 0.4 0.6 0.1 6.1

C&D waste 2.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 3.0

Total 9.4 0.8 1.1 0.3 11.7

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Bioenergy Strategy - April 2012 • Sets out the Governments approach to ensuring that the

benefits from bioenergy are secured. • Four principles ensure:

– Looking out to 2050, genuine carbon reductions are achieved

– Bioenergy is cost effective – Regular assessment of potential unintended

consequences • Uncertainty is not sufficient to justify inaction. Lower risk

pathways have been identified: – Use of wastes – Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) – Transport, in particular advanced biofuels – Electricity, primarily coal conversion but also CHP –

longer term, CCS becomes important.

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Doing the right thing

• Defra Waste Review – Get the most energy out of residual

waste and not the most waste into energy recovery

• Waste incineration directive (WID) – The WID places strict conditions and

minimum technical requirements on operators

• Waste hierarchy – Will limit available waste

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Energy from waste options

Waste

Mass burn

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Biological

Composting

AD

Sugars fermentation

Treatment

Thermal MRF MBT MHT

RDF SRF RRBF

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Combustion converts the chemical energy in the waste into heat; gasification and pyrolysis convert the chemical energy in the

waste into chemical energy in a gaseous (or liquid) form.

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Key features • Strict compliance with WID – but, poor image; challenging planning • Large scale (250-300 kT/yr) - economics driven • Typically 23% efficient although latest plants quoting 27%

– Efficiency will drop if insufficient feed material or if feed too wet

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kT/yr MWe Name Location 1 EFW 850 70 Viridor/Ineos/John Laing CHP (plus 51

MWth) Runcorn

2 EFW 670 95 Peel Environmental Ince Ltd Cheshire 3 EFW 585 66 Cory Environmental Riverside EFW London 4 EFW 675 51 London Waste Ltd Edmonton 5 EFW 500 51 Allington Quarry Kent 6 EFW 500 38 Kent Enviropower Ltd Maidstone 7 EFW 488 37 South East London CHPr Limited Lewisham 8 EFW 410 37 Lakeside Energy From Waste Limited Colnbrook, Slough 9 EFW 300 32 Sita London

10 EFW 420 31 Selchp Middlesex 11 EFW 400 30 Tyseley Waste Disposal Ltd Birmingham 12 EFW 350 30 Viridor, Trident Park Cardiff 13 EFW 280 26 Peel Environment CHP North Yorkshire 14 EFW 300 26 Biffa Skelton Grange Leeds 15 EFW 300 25 Project E2R (Veolia for Staffs CC) Staffordshire 16 EFW 300 24 Oxford waste partnership Oxfordshire 17 EFW 315 24 Coventry/Solihull Waste Disp Co Ltd Coventry 18 EFW 245 23 MVV Umwelt Plymouth waste CHP Plymouth 19 EFW 300 22 FCC Environment Buckinghamshire 20 EFW 300 21 Newhurst EFW, Biffa Leicestershire 21 EFW 275 20 Norfolk PFI EFW Norfolk 22 EFW 260 20 WasteNotts (Reclamation) Ltd Nottingham 23 EFW 250 20 Bogmoor Road, Peel Environmental Ltd Glasgow 24 EFW 263 20 SITA Tees Valley Limited Billingham, Teesside

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11.5 MT waste; 1,000 MWe. Up to about 20% thermally processed now; could rise to about 34% (excluding gasification projects)

kT/yr MWe Name Location 25 EFW 242 19.25 Veolia ES South Downs Ltd Newhaven 26 EFW 225 17 Veolia ES Sheffield Limited Sheffield 27 EFW 210 16 MES Environmental Limited Stoke 28 EFW 187 14 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd (Marchwood) Southampton 29 EFW 187 14 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Portsmouth 30 EFW 150 11 SITA (Kirklees) Limited Huddersfield 31 EFW 127 10 Greater Manchester Waste Ltd Bolton 32 EFW 110 8 MES Environmental Limited Wolverhampton 33 EFW 102 8 Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Chineham 34 EFW 105 8 MES Environmental Limited Dudley, West Midlands 35 EFW 85 7.25 Viridor, Peterborough Peterborough 36 EFW n/a 7 Sita, Richmond Hill, Douglas Isle of Man 37 EFW 60 3 Viridor, Devon CC Exeter 38 EFW 56 4 Newlincs Development Ltd Grimsby 39 EFW 53 4 Neath Port Talbot Recycling Ltd Swansea 40 EFW 22 7 MWt Lerwick (heat only) Shetlands 41 EFW 4 0.3 Council of The Isles of Scilly Cornwall

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11.5 MT waste; 1,000 MWe. Up to about 20% thermally processed now; could rise to about 34% (excluding gasification projects)

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WtE capacity in UK • Could soon to be up to about 11.5 million

tonnes/year; ~1000 MWe – Was 4.4 MT in 2007.

• Tightness starting to appear – North European Market estimated to have overcapacity of 6.9 MT in 2011, with gate fees falling.

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number of landfill sites MWe net ACT Figures show number of projects

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Gasification - Flexible  /  “no  regrets”  technologies • Mitigate against inherent uncertainties of projecting deployment

scenarios over long timescales (including the uncertainties around CCS) – Emerging analysis (TINA, ETI, NNFCC) suggests that the

development of advanced conversion technologies, in particular reliable gasification and clean-up at scale, is crucial in allowing us to realise  this  “insurance”.

• Crucial gasification variants identified are – Advanced biofuels (e.g. FT fuels) – Biopower – Heat (biomethane/bioSNG)

• Technology innovation needed to reduce cost, increase efficiency, increase reliability to support the development of flexible bioenergy which can adapt to inherent uncertainties.

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Methane (bioSNG)

Mixed alcohols synthesis

Furnace/Boiler

Fuel cell

Ethanol (fermentation)

Fischer Tropsch

Engine/Turbine

direct combustion

chemical synthesis

Gasification

Methanol synthesis

Carbon monoxide

Hydrogen

Ammonia

DiMethylEther (DME)

Diesel / jet fuel

n-paraffins

Fertilisers

Acetyls

MTO/MOGD Formaldehyde

He

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ma

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syngas

Strategy identifies gasification as a key opportunity – values its flexibility

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Bioenergy Strategy Opportunities

• Use of wastes • Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) • Transport, in particular advanced biofuels • Electricity, primarily coal conversion to biomass but also

CHP – longer term, CCS becomes important (strong ETI interest in bioCCS).

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Gas cleaning /polishing and conditioning

Syngas cleaning &

conditioning Gasification

All applications are proven but not for biomass – boilers and engines are

most viable in near term

Individual technologies are commercially available, particularly the applications. More work is needed to prove the gasification step, to develop enhanced gas clean up for the more advanced applications. The key risks are at the interfaces.

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Gasification to power is emerging with about 800 MWe of projects. Efficiencies are in the range 18-33% with potential to increase towards 40%.

Most projects use steam; where power is produced using an engine or turbine, the gasifiers are either downdraft or use plasma treatment in some way

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ETI Waste to Energy Demonstrator • Royal Dahlman leads consortium to win a contract from the ETI to build a 7 MWe

combined cycle (IGCC) power plant incorporating a gas turbine – MILENA indirect gasifier with OLGA syngas cleanup technology

• Multi feedstock (RDF/SRF/wood) • Ongoing

– Pilot plant testing – Process design – Site development

• Permitting • Planning

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Gasification and heat - bioSNG

Gasification Syngas

cooling & cleaning

Purification

wood

water

Char combustion

air

(steam)

natural gas network

Methanation

tars

CH 4

CO 2 H 2 O H 2 O

heat

(steam) UK electrical grid

C0 2 H

Purification to ensure bioSNG meets network standards before injection

Methanation at high pressure, with removal of excess heat to generate power and steam

Dual gasifier with steam, and indirect heating from char combustion. First plants plan to use only dried clean wood feedstock

Syngas cleaning to remove tars and other contaminants to the ppb level

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• Biomass gasification to produce bioSNG is only at the demonstration stage, with limited experience in downstream fuel synthesis integration

• Three developers now active:

Developer Project Location Stage Size and start-up year

REPOTEC-

CTU

BioSNG Güssing Austria Pilot

1 MWbioSNG unit built at the 8 MWth Güssing CHP plant in June 2009, as part of the EU Bio-SNG project. Previous 10kWbioSNG test-rig in 2003

Gazobois Eclépens Switzerland Commercial 21.5 MWbioSNG plant starting in 2012

GoBiGas Gothenburg Sweden Commercial

20 MWbioSNG in 2012 + 80 MWbioSNG in 2015/6 with Goteborg Energi & E.ON Possible 200MWbioSNG plant with E.ON after 2015

ECN ECN

Petten Netherlands Pilot 25 kWth input test-rig started in 2004.

800kWth CHP pilot plant (no bioSNG) in 2008

Not yet determined Demo Plans for a 50MWth plant in 2016, after

demonstrating CHP plant at 10MWth with HVC

APP / Prog

Eng / Nat

Grid

APP Swindon Pilot Plans to convert existing APP pilot plant to produce bioSNG. 1st on waste. 2013-15

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Illustrative BA/Solena Jet Fuel Plant Schematic

Gas cleaning /polishing and conditioning Syngas

cleaning & conditioning

Gasification Fischer Tropsch

Wax upgrading

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Biomass to Liquids - Ineos Bio Process to produce ethanol via gasification is about to be demonstrated at commercial scale on Teesside. This, along with

the BA/Solena jet fuel plant, will leapfrog the UK in a world leading position with respect to BTL.

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Coal conversion to biomass and co-firing: Metso are building a 140 MW fluidised bed wood gasifier in Vaasa,

Finland to co-fire syngas with coal • €40 million • 25-40% coal replacement • Removes ash from combustion process • Biomass can be brought on line during planned

shutdown – commissioning due December 2012

• Power station still can operate on 100% coal if necessary

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© 2011 NNFCC

• Gasification of wastes to produce power is emerging most strongly • Increasing interest in bioSNG in the UK • Strongest interest in advanced biofuels from gasification currently

from aviation industry; lack of drive and policy from UK Government could be a derailer.

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Biomass (including the biomass contained with wastes) consists of two complex sugars and lignin

Lignin

Cellulose (C6 sugar)

Hemicellulose (C5 sugar)

Lignin

Cellulose (C6 sugar)

Hemicellulose (C5sugar)

Ethanol Yeast/

bacteria

bacteria

Xylose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, glucose

Klinke et al., 2000

Does not convert to ethanol: • Source of natural aromatics (R&D) • Source of energy for process

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Lignocellulosic Ethanol Technology Overview – Biochemical Route

• Example technology suppliers – Abengoa – Bluefire – Iogen – Mascoma – POET – Royal Nedalco – Fiberight

• UK and Wastes – Green Biologics

(butanol via ABE) – BioCaldol – TMO renewables – Genensys (Selby) – CPI (Research) – Rahu (early stages)

Lignin Does not convert to ethanol Can be used to

Provide heat and power Make aromatics

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UK W2E Scene • Mass burn incineration is the most well established technology

– Some impressive facilities; WID compliant; efficiencies being quoted at up to 27%, typically around 23%

– Large scale – 250-300 kT/year; typically about 25 MWe – Only get subsidy if CHP – need for heat networks – ~1000 MWe of capacity built and in build – Planning challenges, poor image

• Gasification (and pyrolysis) supported by Government – flexibility – Efficiencies to power of up to 40% possible- but up to about 35% presently – Numbers of UK projects to produce power – Can be used to produce fuels, bioSNG, chemicals (materials) but

deployment timescales behind power production • Biochemical fuels production

– Waste heterogenity might be an issue – Some companies progressing the opportunity in the UK. – Strong UK R&D capability – Combination of thermochemical and biochemical could be a disruptor

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Leadership Team