Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable...

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Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV AnaplhrwthV KaqhghthV Tmhma GewlogiaV Panepisthmio Rhodes, Grahamstown, RSA TopoV GennhshV: Aqhna Hmeromhnia GennhshV: 21/03/1969 SpoudeV: EKPA (BSc); 1986-91 Rhodes (MSc, PhD): 1992-1998 Metadidaktorikh ereuna (1999-2005): University of Johannesburg University of Oxford University of Aberdeen Pedia ereunaV: Koitasmatologia Fe/Mn Gewchmeia staqerwn isotopwn Biogewchmeia Pallaioperiballonta Epikoinwnia: [email protected] PerissotereV plhroforieV: http://www.ru.ac.za/primor/people/harilaostsikos

Transcript of Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable...

Page 1: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV

AnaplhrwthV KaqhghthV

Tmhma GewlogiaV

Panepisthmio Rhodes, Grahamstown, RSA

TopoV GennhshV: Aqhna

Hmeromhnia GennhshV: 21/03/1969

SpoudeV: EKPA (BSc); 1986-91

Rhodes (MSc, PhD): 1992-1998

Metadidaktorikh ereuna (1999-2005):

University of Johannesburg

University of Oxford

University of Aberdeen

Pedia ereunaV:

Koitasmatologia Fe/Mn

Gewchmeia staqerwn isotopwn

Biogewchmeia

Pallaioperiballonta

Epikoinwnia: [email protected]

PerissotereV plhroforieV:

http://www.ru.ac.za/primor/people/harilaostsikos

Page 2: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Geology 301

Page 3: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 4: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 5: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Applications of stable

isotope geochemistry

in the geosciences

can be classified into

four main types

Thermometry

(T-dependent

fractionation between

two co-genetic phases)

Palaeoclimatology

(bones, ice and its gas

inclusions, carbonates,

cherts, clays, coal, etc.);

Reaction mechanisms

(open vs closed systems,

diffusion, bacterial-

thermogenic processes,

metabolic pathways)

Tracer studies

(rocks, fluids, plants,

food sources);

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 6: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

The delta value

By convention, stable isotope data are reported as ratios relative to an

international standard, using the d (delta) notation:

d = [(Rx - Rstd) / Rstd] * 1000

where: • R is the ratio of the abundance of the heavy to the light isotope;

• x denotes the sample; and,

• std is the abbreviation for standard.

For the five light elements H, C, O, S and N, R is given by D/H, 13C/12C, 18O/16O, 34S/32S and 15N/14N respectively.

Delta values are reported in per mil (or parts per thousand); the symbol is ‰

The reference standards conventionally used in light stable isotope

geochemistry are: – SMOW, for Standard Mean Ocean Water, for H & O (of fluids and hydrous minerals);

– PDB, for Peedee Belemnite, for C & O (of carbonate minerals);

– CDT, for Canyon Diablo Troilite, for S; and,

– AIR (Atmospheric Nitrogen), for N

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 7: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

O isotope fractionation between selected minerals & H2O as a function of T

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

103lnaA-B = (a * 106/T2) + b (for high T’s); or

103lnaA-B = (a * 106/T) + b (for low T’s),

where: 103lnaA-B ≈ dA – dB

Page 8: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

From: http://www.windows2universe.org/

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 9: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

CO2 + H2O = CH2O + O2 : large negative C isotope fractionation!

Page 10: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Carbon cycle: reservoirs

and isotope signatures

Page 11: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 12: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.
Page 13: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

The Cenomanian-Turonian

Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2)

Page 14: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Global isotopic anatomy of the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2)

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Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Meteoric diagenesis

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a. nitrate

5 (CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 472 HNO3 →

276 N2 + 520 CO2 + 5 H3PO4 + 886 H2O

b. manganese oxides

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 236 MnO2 + 472 H+ →

236 Mn2+ + 106 CO2 + 8 N2 + H3PO4 + 336 H2O

c. iron oxides

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 212 Fe2O3 + 848 H+ →

424 Fe2+ + 106 CO2 + 16 NH3 + H3PO4 + 530 H2O

d. sulphate

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 55 SO42- →

106 CO2 + 16 NH3 + 55 S2- + H3PO4 + 106 H2O

e. Methanogenesis (d13C of methane as low as -110 per mil!)

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Organic matter diagenesis

Page 17: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotope records across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 18: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Stable isotopes in the

Campanian Mishash

Formation, Israel

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

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Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Stable isotopes in the hydrological cycle

Page 20: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Vertical d18O section of the Samail ophiolite, Oman

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 21: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Variations in d13C of atmospheric CO2 as a function of age

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments

Page 22: Onoma: CarilaoV (CarhV) TsikoV Panepisthmio …...Bibliography Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p. Additional references Chester, R.

Bibliography

Sharp, Z. (2007) Principles of Stable isotope Geochemistry.

Prentice Hall, NJ, 344p.

Additional references

Chester, R. (1993) Marine Geochemistry. Chapman & Hall, London,

698p.

Faure, G. (1998) Principles and Applications of Geochemistry (2nd

Edition). Prentice Hall, NJ, 600p.

Hoefs, J. (2004) Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin,

244p.

James, R & the Open University Oceanography Course Team

(2005) Marine Biogeochemical Cycles. Open University

Oceanography Series, S330 Volume 5, Elsevier Butterworth-

Heinemann, 130p.

Stable isotopes & palaeoenvironments