Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

50
Isotopic and Geochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in Islamabad By Sajjad Munir

description

There is great potential in the use of isotope techniques for environmental hydrological and pollution studies. In this study, we have applied environmental isotope analysis in conjunction with conventional chemical tools for providing information on the type and sources of pollutants and their distribution in the groundwater reservoirs in Islamabad around Lei Nala (which carries industrial and domestic waste of the city). Lei Nala was sampled at four different locations, ten shallow groundwater samples (200 feet) and twelve deep groundwater (>200 feet) were collected within jurisdiction of Islamabad for study purpose. The results of physiochemical parameters of water quality are well with in the guidelines/recommended limits as stated by the WHO (World Health Organization), European Union (EU) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA). Absence of CO3 in all groundwater samples indicates presence of limestone dissolution giving rise to bicarbonate and ultimately Ca-Mg type waters. Hydrochemical facies suggests that general chemical composition of water is Ca–HCO3 type.

Transcript of Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Page 1: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Isotopic and Geochemical

Characteristics of Groundwater

in Islamabadin Islamabad

By

Sajjad Munir

Page 2: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Introduction

�Groundwater contamination is reported in;

� Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Mangolia, Ghana, Taiwan, Canada, China, America, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Botswana, Nigeria.Bangladesh, Botswana, Nigeria.

� Isotopic and geochemical techniques are employed greatly to study surface and groundwater contaminant transport.

Page 3: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Water Quality in Pakistan� Deteriorating water quality is reported in;

� Major industrial cities including;

� Sialkot, Gujrat, Faisalabad, Karachi, Qasur, Peshawar, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Sheikhupura.

� Reasons;� Reasons;

� Unchecked disposal of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater,

� Excessive use of fertilizers and insecticides.

� Effects;

� Serious water borne diseases;

� Severe illness, hepatitis, gastro-intestinal problems, chronic diarrhea, abnormalities, skin problems etc.

Page 4: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Problem to be addressed

�Lei Nala provides main drainage for industrial and domestic wastewater.

�Many tube wells have been installed alongside the stream bank (within a reach of 15-50 the stream bank (within a reach of 15-50 meters) are;� Most susceptible to infiltration of polluted water

through Lei Conglomerate into shallow groundwater reservoir.

� K-values ranges between 1.2 x 10-4 to 9.8 x 10-4

cm/sec.

� Groundwater recharge –5.4 liters/cm.km2.

Page 5: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Objectives

�Study of contaminant transport in potable groundwater systems in Islamabad city using;

� Environmental stable and radio-isotope trace � Environmental stable and radio-isotope trace techniques,

� Conventional (hydro-geochemical and physiochemical) techniques.

�To help management of potable groundwater.

Page 6: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

The Study Area� Islamabad – National capital

� Latitude – 33º 29’ and 33º 49’ N

� Longitude – 72º 50’ and 72º 24’ E

N

Page 7: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Hydrogeology� Area lies in Soan River catchment basin

� Formed as part of Indo-Gangetic synclinorium of Tertiary and Pre-Tertiary sediments.

� Sedimentary deposits belong to Eocene to Recent in age.in age.

� Consolidated deposits are;

� Limestone, sandstone, clay, shale and conglomerates,

� Do not serve as aquifer.

� Unconsolidated deposits are found as;

� Terrace gravel and alluvial fill.

� Serving as groundwater aquifers.

Page 8: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

General Geology�Area exhibits intensive tectonic activities;

� Folding and faulting forms current landform.

�Precambrian to Tertiary consolidated sedimentary rocks are exposed in the areasedimentary rocks are exposed in the area

�These are covered by Miocene to Pleistocene deposits composed of;

� Limestone, sandstone, shale with clay.

�Recent age unconsolidated deposits are clay, silt and medium to fine sand.

Page 9: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Generalized composite stratigraphic section of consolidated rocks in the consolidated rocks in the Islamabad- Rawalpindi area.

Page 10: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Field Sampling�Samples collected are as under;

� 4 surface water samples from Lei Nala,

� 10 shallow groundwater samples not deeper than 60 meters,than 60 meters,

� 12 deep groundwater samples from tube wells installed at depths greater than 100 meters.

Page 11: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater
Page 12: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

S.#. Sample Code Type LocationCoordinates

Elevation (m)Latitude Longitude

1 IBD-01 Nala I-9 33°39'58.06"N 73°3'14.755"E 507

2 IBD-02 Nala H-9/2 33°40'17.6" N 73°02'40.6" E 511

3 IBD-03 Tube well H-9/2 near Christian Graveyard 33°40'19.9" N 73°02'41.7" E 512

4 IBD-04 Nala G-9 33°40'39.7" N 73°02'08.7" E 526

5 IBD-05 Tube well H-8/1, infront of Polytechnic Istiture for Women 33°40'32.5" N 73°03'16.6" E 520

6 IBD-06 Tube well I-8 33°39'38.6" N 73°03'57.5" E 512

7 IBD-07 Nala I-8 33°40'15.4" N 73°03'39.9" E 509

8 IBD-08 Tube well I-8/2 33°40'17.4" N 73°03'51.1" E 513

9 IBD-09 Boring G-9/4, Al-Furqan Mosque 33°40'56.7" N 73°02'22" E 531

10 IBD-10 Boring G-9/4 , Block 78, I & T Centre, Abdullah Catering 33°40'57.3" N 73°02'20.7" E 530

11 IBD-11 Boring G-9/1 33°41'00.7" N 73°01'53.2" E 535

12 IBD-12 Boring Fatima Jinnah Park, F-9 33°42'58.0" N 73°01'44.1" E 557

13 IBD-13 Boring Bahria University, Shangrilla Road, Naval Complex E-8 33°42'58.0" N 73°01'44.1" E 563

14 IBD-14 Boring Madni Mosque, Infront of Khaldunia High School F-8/2 33°42'50.9" N 73°02'03.3" E 567

15 IBD-15 Tube well G-9/2, near Haydri Market 33°41'20.2" N 73°01'37.1" E 541

16 IBD-16 Boring G-7/2-4 33°42'10.5" N 73°03'59.8" E 544

17 IBD-17 Boring Alipur, infront of Mosque 33°38'40.9" N 73°10'47.6" E 529

18 IBD-18 Boring Village Majuhan, Chak Shehzad 33°40'19.09" N 73°09'56.34" E 502

19 IBD-19 Tube well G-10/4 33°40'29.614" N 73°01'34.271" E 525

20 IBD-20 Tube well G-10/3 33°41'4.727" N 73°0'46.465" E 540

21 IBD-21 Tube well G-10/2 33°40'29.17" N 73°00'32.19" E 545

22 IBD-22 Tube well I-10/2 33°38'51.434" N 73°02'21.123" E 514

23 IBD-23 Tube well I-10/4 33°38'53.737" N 73°02'53.794" E 499

24 IBD-24 Tube well F-10/1 33°41'03.1" N 72°59'57.4" E 549

25 IBD-25 Boring H-10/1 33°39'21.4" N 73°00'49.2" E 541

26 IBD-26 Tube well G-9/4 33°40'47" N 73°02'18.6" E 528

Page 13: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Sample Preservation

Sampling Type Type of Bottle Method Used Preservation

δ13C 250 ml plastic bottles Filled with beakerAdd few grains of

Mercuric ChlorideMercuric Chloride

δ�3H 1L Plastic Bottles Completely filled No Preservation

Trace Metals 500 ml plastic bottles Filled with beakerAdd HNO3 to lower

pH to 2.

Major Ions 500 ml plastic bottles Filled with beaker No preservation

Page 14: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Physiochemical Analysis

� Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids are measured with;

� Portable conductivity meter (Model HI 8633, M/S HANNA Instruments).

pH and temperature are measured with;� pH and temperature are measured with;

� Portable pH meter ( Model PS-19, M/S Corning, Canada).

� Dissolved Oxygen was measure with;

� Portable DO meter ( Model Sension 6, M/S HACH)

Page 15: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Isotopic Analysis� δ13C is analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometer

after CO2

extraction using vacuum system.

Vacuum lines for extraction of CO

2

from inorganic matter

Page 16: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Isotopic Analysis� Tritium Isotope was analysed using a

scintillation counter after tritium enrichment is being done.

Liquid Scintillation counter for counting tritium units in water samples

Page 17: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Metal Analysis�Major cations namely Sodium, Potassium,

Calcium and Magnesium were analysed by ICP-OES.

�Major Anions were analysed by;�Major Anions were analysed by;

� Nitrates by HPLC,

� Sulphates by Spectrophotmeter,

� Carbonate, Bicarbonate and Chloride were anlysed by titration method.

Page 18: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Metal Analysis�Toxic metals were

analysed by;� Chromium and Total

Iron by SpectrophotometerSpectrophotometer

� Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Nickel, Cobalt and Arsenic were analysed by 797 VA Computrace Polarograph.

Page 19: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Groundwater CharacterizationParameter

WHO Standard Values (1993)

Pak-EPA Standard Values(2008)

EU Standard Values (1998)

TDS <1000 mg/L <1000 mg/L Not mentioned

pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

Conductivity Not mentioned Not mentioned 2500 μS/cm

Cadmium 0.003 mg/L 0.003 mg/L 0.005 mg/L

Chloride 250 mg/L 250 mg/L 250 mg/L

Copper 2 mg/L 2 mg/L 2 mg/LCopper 2 mg/L 2 mg/L 2 mg/L

Lead 0.01 mg/L 0.01 mg/L 0.01 mg/L

Nickel 0.02 mg/L 0.02 mg/L 0.02 mg/L

Arsenic ≤0.05 mg/L ≤0.01 mg/L 0.01 mg/L

Chromium ≤0.05 mg/L 0.05 mg/L 0.05 mg/L

Nitrate 50 mg/L 50 mg/L 50 mg/L

Zinc 3.0 mg/L 3.0 mg/L Not mentioned

Sodium 200 mg/L Not mentioned 200 mg/L

Sulphate 500 mg/L Not mentioned 250 mg/L

Hardness No guideline <500 mg/L 150-500 mg/L

Page 20: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Chemical Analysis�Major cations and anions are analysed

namely;

� Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Sulphate, Chloride, Carbonate and Bicarbonate.Bicarbonate.

�Trace metals analysed are;

� Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, Arsenic, Chromium, Total Iron.

Page 21: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Nitrates

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

Nit

rate

co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

� Permissible limit ≤ 50 ppm

� Anthropogenic source

0.00

50.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Nit

rate

co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

Page 22: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Sulphates

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

180.00

Su

lph

ate

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

� Permissible limit –500 ppm

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Su

lph

ate

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

Page 23: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Carbonates and Bicarbonates

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

400.0

450.0

500.0

Bic

arb

on

ate

Co

ncen

trati

o (

pp

m)

� Carbonates are absent

� Margalla Hill Limestone is contributing to Bicarbonates.

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Bic

arb

on

ate

Co

ncen

trati

o (

pp

m)

Page 24: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Chlorides

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

Ch

lori

de

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

pp

m)

� Permissible limit – <250 ppm

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Ch

lori

de

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

pp

m)

Page 25: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Sodium

60

80

100

120

140

160S

od

ium

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

� Permissible limit –200 ppm

0

20

40

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

So

diu

m C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

Page 26: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Potassium

30

40

50

60

70

80

Po

tassiu

m C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

� Permissible limit – 200 ppm

0

10

20

30

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Po

tassiu

m C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

Page 27: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Calcium

60

80

100

120

140

160

Co

ncen

trati

on

of

Calc

ium

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

� Permissible limit –200 ppm

� Margalla Hill Limestone is the main source of calcium in water

0

20

40

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Co

ncen

trati

on

of

Calc

ium

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

Page 28: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Magnesium

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mag

nesiu

m C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

� Permissible limit –150 ppm

� Increasing trend is evident in shallow groundwater

0

10

20

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Mag

nesiu

m C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

No

t A

naly

sed

Page 29: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Groundwater Facies Characterization

Page 30: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Groundwater Facies Characterization

Subdivision of diamond

Characteristics of Corresponding subdivisions of diamond-shaped fields

Percentage of samples in this

category

1 Alkaline earth (Ca+Mg) Exceed alkalies (Na+K) 53.86

2 Alaklies exceeds alkaline earths 46.15

3 Weak acids (C03+HCO

3) exceed Strong acids (SO

4+Cl) 96.15

4 Strong acids exceeds weak acids 3.84

5 Magnesium bicarbonate type 0

6 Calcium-chloride type 0

7 Sodium-chloride type 0

8 Calcium-Bicarbonate type 96.15

9 Mixed type (No cation-anion exceed 50%) 3.85

Page 31: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Groundwater Facies Characterization

100

80

60

Calc

iu

40

20

0

esiu

m %

Legend

Lei Nala

Deep Groundwater

Shallow Groundwater

0 20 40 60 80 100

Sodium %

40

20

0

ciu

m %

100

80

60

Magnes

Page 32: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Groundwater Facies Characterization

100

80

60SO

4 -2

40

20

0

ori

de %

Legend

Lei Nala

Deep Groundwater

Shallow Groundwater

0 20 40 60 80 100

HCO3 %

40

20

0

O4 -2

%

100

80

60

Chlo

ri

Page 33: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Legend

A= Calcium Type

B= No Dominant Type

C= Magnesium Type

D= Sodium and Potassium

Type

E= Bicarbonate Type

F= Sulphate Type

G= Chloride Type

Page 34: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Zinc

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Zin

c C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

� Permissible limit – 3 ppm

� Low quality pipes –anthropogenic source

0.00

1.00

2.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Zin

c C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

Page 35: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Cadmium

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Cad

miu

m C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

� Permissible limit – 0.003 ppm

� More frequent in deeper horizons

0.00

0.10

0.20

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Cad

miu

m C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

Page 36: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Lead

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

Lead

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

� Permissible limit – 0.01 ppm

� Corrosion from pipes and atmospheric pour down of lead through rain.

0.00

5.00

10.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Lead

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

Page 37: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Copper

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

400.00

450.00

500.00

Co

pp

er

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

� Permissible limit –2 ppm

� Associated with distribution systems

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Co

pp

er

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

Page 38: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Nickel

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

Nic

kel

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

� Permissible limit – 0.02 ppm

0.00

0.05

0.10

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Nic

kel

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

Page 39: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Cobalt

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Co

balt

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

� Permissible limit – 0.05 ppm

� Much frequent in shallow groundwater

0

10

20

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Co

balt

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

Page 40: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Arsenic

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

Ars

en

ic C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

� Permissible limit – 0.01ppm

� Local source of contamination

0.00

0.02

0.04

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Ars

en

ic C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

Page 41: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Chromium

3

4

5

6

7

8

Ch

rom

ium

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

� Permissible limit – ≤ 0.05 ppm

0

1

2

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

Ch

rom

ium

Co

ncen

trati

on

(p

pb

)

Page 42: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Total Iron

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

To

tal

Iro

n C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

� No guidelines

� No evidence of industrial source of contamination

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-25

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-09

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-20

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

IBD-24

IBD-26

Sample Code

To

tal

Iro

n C

on

cen

trati

on

(p

pm

)

Page 43: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Metals Correlation Coefficients

Page 44: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Metals Correlation Coefficients

�Strong Correlation exists between;

� Zn and Cd,

� Cd and Co, K, As,

� Ni and Co,� Ni and Co,

� Co and As,

� Na and K and Mg,

� K and Mg.

�Suggests that these metals have same source of origin.

Page 45: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Metals Correlation Coefficients

�Weak Correlation exists between;

� Zn and As and Cr,

� Cd and Cu, Mg and Cr,

� Cu and Na, K, As and Cr,� Cu and Na, K, As and Cr,

� K and As,

� Mg and As and Cr.

�Suggests that these metals have different source of origin.

Page 46: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Carbon-13 (13δC)

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

IBD-01

IBD-02

IBD-04

IBD-07

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-18

IBD-10

IBD-11

IBD-12

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-05

IBD-06

IBD-08

IBD-15

IBD-19

IBD-21

IBD-22

IBD-23

C v

alu

e(‰

)

� Bicarbonate is the main source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC).

� No evidence of mixing of domestic wastewater.

-10.00

-9.00

-8.00

-7.00

-6.00

Sample Code

13 C

valu

e(‰

)

Page 47: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Tritium (13δH)

4

6

8

10

12

Tri

tiu

m U

nit

s (

TU

)

� IBD-13, IBD-15, IBD-20 show mixing of meteoric/ sewage water

� Depleted contents show older waters.

0

2

4

IBD-07

IBD-16

IBD-17

IBD-09

IBD-13

IBD-14

IBD-03

IBD-06

IBD-15

IBD-20

IBD-22

IBD-23

Sample Code

Tri

tiu

m U

nit

s (

TU

)

Page 48: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Conclusion� Physiochemical parameters are well within the

permissible limits defined by WHO.

� Nitrate concentration is higher in shallow groundwater than the deep groundwater thus showing input from external sources.showing input from external sources.

� Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water is dominant.

� Margalla Hill Limestone is contributing to Ca-Mg-HCO3 dominance in the area.

� No significant change in hydrochemical facies indicates natural source of origin for most of ions.

Page 49: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Conclusion� δ13CTDIC indicates no domestic input from surface.

� Tritium content shows mixing of surface/rain water in some of the shallow and deep groundwater wells namely;

� IBD-15, IBD-20 and IBD-13.

Page 50: Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater

Recommendations

� The wells should be installed at greater distances from the Lei Nala embankment.

� The depth of tubewells should be increased to avoid infiltration from the surface.avoid infiltration from the surface.

� Peak load of Lei Nala should be monitored and tube wells should not be operated during peak load times of Lei Nala.

� Filtration plants must be installed on the tubewells along the Lei embankment.