On the Normative Dilemmas of the Emerging European Roma Policy

8/3/2019 On the Normative Dilemmas of the Emerging European Roma Policy

1/23Romani Studies 5, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2011), 122 issn 15280748 (prt) 17572274 (ole)do: 0.3828/.20.

I beefted greatly rom the opportuty to preet earler vero o th artcle at AualWorld Coveto o the Aocato or the Study o the Natoalte New York, the AualCoerece o the Brth Aocato or Slavoc ad Eat Europea Stude Cambrdge,the Roma Moblte Europe Coerece Oxord, ad the Aual Coerece o theGypy Lore Socety Helk. I partcular, I am grateul or the commet I receved romToma Acto, Stephe Deet, Mart Kovat, Yaro Matra, Ada McGarry, Vera Meg,Mra Nemy, Gudo Schwellu, Eva Sobotka, Ndh reha, Peter Vermeerch, a well athe revewer o Roma Stude.

Mrto Rvd a PhD caddate at the Departmet o Iteratoal Relato ad EuropeaStude o Cetral Europea Uverty. Emal: [email protected]

One-size-fts-all Roma? On the normative dilemmas

o the emerging European Roma policy

M

T al h al a plal la ha a h x hgg Epa a ply, a whh all pa, lg ga- a gaa, hl b abl xp h w. T la whh a-a a ba al al gh a - p h al l a, whh pl ba gp-a y gh a q h x h aalha gh. E hgh h appa b a h y h appah, la xaly wha k y gh hl bp, whh la h la: g ag ygh. T h la whh g a a a aal y a a-al a. T al ag ha h -al a ab ba ahplgal, plal a al g.

Keywords: a pl, l-a, a-a, gga,y gh, -al a, a la, g, ga

A w h al Mah 2009, h Hgaa pbl ph wh al, p, a a g by

aga a. T Gypy aly1 a ply gaa h gp, wha h la aw a h a-g pa a a a agaa ppl Jaay 2008, lg 5 whh ah bg bb a w aak a h wh ha ga whh a la ppl a g w kll (EC 2009).

. Hgaa, cignybnzs.


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mrton rvid2

T aph ala q all a l-a h x a gg Epaa ply. T ala h pbl aally hk h pa al aga q j (K 2009: 59). T algw h ha a h la al l a l-a a a ha.

T al a b h h gg Epaa ply by hghlghg a aalyg h hal a pl-al la ha ply-ak a l a a wh pgh al l a l-a a. T la a bala Epa ply p whh all pa, p-ally ga a gaa, wll b abl lba. pa-la, h la a p () h la l-a a-a; () h q a p a pl;

a () h la whh h a hl b g a a aaly a a -al a. B g h la, haal x p.

Te international context

aal a play a al l h a, pa a ap-a la a. aal gal a -gal a a p h k : h p

aal ha gh; g y gh; a a-p . a h gal ha-gh g ba h Ual

laa Ha gh, a ph aal lgal a -al awk ha lp h la 5 20 ya ag a h p- h gh .

T U a ap a laa h gh PBlgg aal Eh, lg a Lg M 992a wll a h gal gaa, h a h U aEaal, S a Clal gaa (unesco), h aal

Lab gaa a h Wl Bak, ha lp y g gh. laa ha al b a by gaa ah gal ll, h a h Cl Ep 995 Fawk C h P aal M a h gaa AaSa 997 a laa h gh g Ppl.

B h gal y gh g, a paa wk - ha g alg pally wh h a pg palb h ap aal gaa h a h Cl Ep, h SCE a h EU, a wll a aal G h a h


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one-size-fits- rom 3

Epa a gh a h Epa a a .Ul h 990, Epa aal gaa pa ll a

a. T w ha h gaa p a a all, a a ppla a g. Hw, l ha a a, h a lp a ppl a Epa y, pal a ga w p whEpa gaa al pally wh a, a h al h p h EU Ea lag wa h p a aa h .

T a h a a l lah 2005 k ga a a h laa, a a pl wh awk. By Mah 2009, a j h a a layba. Hw, h papa h pga a ha h EU playa a l, a a l whh a Epa a S wa hl

Spb 2008 Bl, wh, ag h, J Mal Ba,Jaq Ba, Gg S a la Spla xp h w h a Epa a Ply.

pa h pal l h Epa U h -lla. A a sui generis qa-paaal gaa, h EU -p a apa h by ha all h -galgaa a la h way.() T EU p a ph lgal awk plg

gla aal pbl law. T -all A-a a

Chp6 a pala pa la a.(2) T EU ha baal aal hawg h

-gal gaa. T Sal a Ch Fb 347 bll bw 2007 a 203. Wh h SalF, h Epa Sal F wh a all bg 7 bll h a p pp h al ga a.

2. S a h llwg h Cl Ep: Ably -a 53 (99) h a Gyp a h all Ep; C M l (975) 3 h al a a Ep; a

(983) al a a a aaly; Sag C Lal a gal Ah Ep l 25 (98) h l a pbly lal a gal ah ga h lal a al pbl ppla a g.3. Cl Ep, Ably a 203 (993) h Gyp Ep.4. Sh a h Ca P a a S wh SCE a h Gp Spal a wh h Cl Ep.5. Cl 2000/43/EC 29 J 2000 plg h ppl qal a- bw p p aal h g.. 2004/38/EC h Epa Pala a h Cl 29 Apl 2004 hgh h U a h aly b a ly wh hy h Mb Sa.


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(3) T EU p a al awk ply a alag h al aa a al l, ply, halh a,a a.

T al h p l a h EpaU; ah aaly gal a la ha g hba Epa pbl ph g a wk h aalgaa al, G, xp b, .

Sel-determination versus anti-discrimination

T q whh () h p h qaly ah p h aal ha gh a ppl, (2) h l-a a ay, p a la a, ply-ak a hla alk.

() T ga a gaa gglg qal-y a g h hal h wh y h BalkaPla ba g ha h a Ep Gyp ha b jy-g l gh h h y lk h Gyp Cal aW Ep, wh b h la a ha h l a ably gh h gh (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 72). Byh 920, a gaa a ll a Blgaa, Yglaa, aa a G. T gaa pblhh w pal; al aa k a ah; a

p h a Gypy yh (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 74).Hw, bh aal a aal a plal apa wh g h S Wl Wa. T y p a x-a a l h a a a paaly aa a h wa (Kl-Alxa 2005: 5).

F h 950 a plal a gaally hgh- Ep, a b h 990. T ha-gh wa h aly 990 by p h aally wG a Ay aal a Ha gh Wah.

99 h Epa a gh C (EC) wa , h paa-ga pa h a-a appah. EC aaal pbl law gaa wkg ba a-aa a ha gh ab a hgh ag lga, aha ply lp, aay a ha gh a ( hp://.g/-ab--w.php).

7. Torture and ill-treatment o Roma, 993; Turning the blind eye to Racism, 994; Broken commit-ments to human rights, 995.


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T agy a-a p by h Aa-Aa l-gh ggl a h U 95 C hEla All F aal a. Agly, l gha qaly a p h x a-a a g-ga.

(2) A pp h a-a appah ha h qaly a ga a aa y, h l-a h pa gg ha a a a aag a ay. T h -aal ggl h l-a a a b a bak a la h 90, wh h U a p h a a b aal a blla gaa p h hwl a hgh U a . T gaawk wa h lga a a a a wh h gh a a

by ag a pg aal l. Alhgh h gal pglg aa a lal a al plg h a w allyla, hy ha alway a ay h aal apa(Kl-Alxa 2005: ).

By h 970 h ap yall h F Wl a Cg,hl Apl 97, a L, aag papa W, Cala Ea Ep a wll a Aa a h Aa. T Cgwa ally ga by h C aal (a gaa haha b Pa 95) (A a Kl-Alxa 200: 58);

a wa by h Wl Cl Chh a h a g- (F 2003: 2).

T lga h F Wl a Cg ap a aal aga a hy, a ag h a a w h labl. H h a wa a h al a ap a ay -al-ba a (Cha 2003). T ap w h ppl amaro Romano drom ( a way) ah pha a ywh wh h a a ba aa ha (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 78). Expg a pwl

lg y, hy la ha All a a bh (Lg 2007: 23).

8. Ag A a Kl-Alxa (200: 78), pa - papa, wha Mahaka a Pp ag ha h gl lga gh , w whh Ea Ep (Yglaa aChlaka) a b.9. T g w ga wh h pp Eaglal hh wkg agh Gyp, h Pal hh pala. La h Eaglal hhl h wl a hgh hy a ll a ag h Gyp.(Mahaka a Pp 2004: 79).


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mrton rvid

a, al aa, wa , lagag aa-a a l w ablh (F 2003: 2). wa al ha8 Apl, h a whh h Cg wa p, hl b aay, hh b lba aally. A gl lga p hCg: T ppl ha h gh k h w pah wapg (Lg 2007: 24).

Ul w, x Wl a Cg ha b hl. palapa h h Cg hl Pla 990, whh ap ha laa a b aaly la h h la.T la, whh p h qaly h l-a a, a b lla wh h a h a la-gag. S a la pp ba hy bl wl gh- h h y a , wha h a pp la a ba hy l ha hy wl h a h al

a bw Gyp a gadje, hg h a ha hlab ak (By 2002: 2).

gal, h gga aqa haw laly xl h ba p- a hy. Hw, a h ppp: hy ha b laly ala a pp hw lagag, l a l-gg .1 T gp -ajaa p, lly h a-aa a hp, b al a gp-a -

y gh (Kylka 2007: 90). A la h q ha b a agah l-a appah.

() ag ha h l-a la h gl pbl a. Kl p ha h y a p-

ha-gh ab a ay h gal g plal a whh h aal a U a ppg h gal.

Cqly, y ll ha b ah h aa. ly l aala ally al pp a l a lagag a a

a hl a yh ha b l ly h U y. T Uha hlp h h a ybl a aal Hla paa. ly ly a agg a a a al a pb-l a w g pj wa h ha b al. ly hp-a EC ha aally yaally bg la h gh a a h y h U ha gh ay b.(Kl-Alxa 2005, 5)

0. T qly xapl a h Caala a h Hgaa lg Hgay ghbg .


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() Slaly, h l-a ay b aly p- a bg h ha al pbl, h g-h lay.

T p al bw a ppl a y l

y xpl aal pj a lw xpa. xpla a ph, al a , ga, a h al ga a. h plal la a ppl a p-p h lgy gga. (Ka 2003)

() M, hap p h h a ha p h lg h a a wh l h jb.

, h ha gh/a-a a - glg a al p h ha aha b h agala a.

() Abg al aaag a h h l p-bly by blag ppla pj h al a (Ka 2003).

() T aably ha gh G a b ba, pally h a hgh pl G [. . .] ha lak ga- , bg by G pa a pa a (ha200: 34). T gaa a aabl ay y apa h l b W , wh bb agaha ay ay h al h q- (38).

() T y lag b a a ly b xpla by a-. Fllwg h llap a h g aal, Ea Epa a ly ll h lgal labak a a gaally lg h y. T -lbal a- l h a a la, ha , bh ally aally xl ppla w lk l y a la - (Sly a Lay 200).

pbl wgh h la a () q h aga ah? A hy ably ally xl a

hy pl ah h? a ag ha h gh l-a, ha , y gh, wll qaly h x- ha gh. , y gh11 y h a lg h h ba lgla. F a, h gh b a h g gaa h aal hagh a b lg .

. pala, al y gh (a b ), hll y gh (a y gp).


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mrton rvid8

Hw, h a a wh y gh a h pp a-a, h w appah bj pp. Sl-a p h hg bhp a gp, wha a h p xl h gp. T al l-a pla ha hba h gp a a by h al gp. h ha, a-a pl akl h pbl xl- p wh a p a a. h w: wh a h gp wll ay pg wh ak h laa. -a ay lay bj a a hy yp: bg p,ag g a a lyl, . (Sly a Lay 200).

My gh a qaly ly h x ha gh h a bj h a a ha l-a. Hw,Sly a Lay -aal y ha all h ga

Blgaa, Hgay, Pla, aa, a a Slaka lya pp ppl p a a y hl a a; a, 3.8 p Hgay a pp 73.3 p Blgaa.

Pa Sl-

a

Fiure . a xpal

T gh ablh pal hl a hl, h a hGah Hgh Shl Hgay, y h gga ha wh wl lk ha a h a hl a -a hl.

al ply aa a g la whh p h l a ppl a pp g-glg aga aal xl or p h l, lagag a

a ppl ala a ajy . ha b ha h h l bw aa a ala- y l aly ba. F a, pal alagag l ajy hl l b a pay lagag, wha h ay ag paa hl ahl wh all h la a hl ay a pal pha la ay hy a l ( g wh a hl pak a ay a l b aaag wh a y h lagag).


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Generic versus targeted minority rights

ag ha ly y gh a qaly h x haal ha gh a, h h gp gh ha bp. g y p

w ha a-p ?G y gh a apply all hlal -

, wha ag y gh a apply pa-la yp , h a g ppl, aal aga (Kylka 2007: 99). A la xapl h Al 27 h U 9 aal Ca Cl a Plal gh.1 a Epa ll, h Cl Ep Fawk C aal , whh ally l all b-a aal gp xp ga.1 A h lgal gaag h gh jy

l p h gh a? h h a ay h abl a a wh h l gp gh.1A al, a paa wk aal b a pl

ha g alg pally wh h a, ggg ha h g y p a . T Cl Ep, SCEa EU all ha h w a-p ga, h a h Ca a , Spal Gp a, Gyp a all, a Epaa a all F (Cl Ep), h Ca P aa S (SCE), a h -paal a g

gp a (EU).A a l, h la 0 5 ya ay p, laa, -a a l ha b p la a ( a,a hy w all l h 990) (Majy a 200; Maha 200).T, , ap y h p pblha a a a ak -bg pp a g-al a y h pbl.

Hw, g by gal plal laa, h qa: wha p gp gh hl a jy? pbl -la h gh, a a w EU ? S h a gp h a S, Ga, Mah, Ma a all

2. h a whh h, lg lg x, ppl blgg h hall b h gh, y wh h h b hgp, jy h w l, p a pa h w lg, h wlagag.3. hl b ha Blg, Fa, G, Lxbg, Mla a ky ha y ay h Fawk C.4. Sall a ala abl wllg x gal ay a h w (h a ) ay b a wh l lal gpgh.


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mrton rvid0

a j a w wh aly y hl a a,1h lkly b ag wha p ajy . ha ak h ba h a -g ppl labll a g h p hgy hgp, hag , lagag, hh ala a lgal a.

aga: la whh h a a wlw apa a -al a (g a a ga pj y-wh) h p w pllg wha p gp gh ay a y h pala a ha a ppla. , h q a lyl, lagag a ayl a a. A la Ghgh a Ta A ,

h a a l-yl whh h al Gypy gaa- h-w Ep xplly pa by ay Cal a EaEpa [a] pla. [. . .] A h a h ggl lal a

lg gh (a la a h lkl ll), whh w h pbl gp l-p ay C , w ll haa plaa b la a W Epa a la, wh hlagag ha ll al. Eqally, h g h ayl-k Ea Ep ha h . [. . .] h ajy W a ga-a [] ha wha hy a pp ayl-k a a - app ha a la Ea Ep gah ayl-k a h wh ha away h ggl aga h gwga l a a Ea Ep. (A a Ghgh 200: 5)

Epa-ll ply-ak a a a gl h ga - h al p a gp b a a h a a xl ha hy a. T h y a gp p a ly p h ala a l h pp ahg a ppagag , b p hla a-a pl h y gh a wll.

Alhgh aly all hlaly a ply pap a wll a al a a a a h hgy gplabll a, a ph EU l CommunityInstruments and Policies or Roma Inclusion16 al g h pa h y al l a a-a pl.1

5. Ta , blgg a a a a p, a, by h aala U.. C h Epa C: Commission Sta Working Document

Accompanying the Communication rom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee o the Regions: CommunityInstruments and Policies or Roma Inclusion, CM (2008) 420, Bl 2008.7. F 3 h a F h pp h al, h a

laly h plal h Epa Cl, Epa Pala . aa blla lg al h gp ppl wh ha l la l-


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one-size-fits- rom

Alaly, akg ly h hgy a gp aly la a ah x h aal ply pp-al. h Conclusions and Recommendations on the Situation o FundamentalRights in the European Union and Its Member States 2003, h EU wk p Exp Faal gh, pg a p EU - ag a h ga a, k h llwg p:

[T EU ] hl p ha aa wll b a h a/Gyp wll b abl aa h aal lyl, wh hyha h h a -a l, wh bg aa. hl ak a h a h gga ha/Gypy , wh h q, pally ply, h-g a a [. . .]. hl a h q h ably aal a gh h aa a a/Gyp wh aa a wh a al.1

E hgh h appa b a h aqay h -al-gh-ba EU a-a gaag h qal-y a h x h aal ha gh,1 lawhh pbl a abl a gp gh a - labll a a, , wha h h gh hl b. a a w ppal:

a/Gyp hl b abl ha a ply ba - wh bg p g by h a h wagaal lhg, wh a ja ay b g pp h

phb h lhg. Wha hl q ja h al ak a xp a gal phb a, wha h a- p h a/Gyp pg a al l h y.

T a/Gyp hl b abl h la a a -

al haa a a hy p agala Epa , h ah S, all, Ahkal . T Epa C awa h bagag h h a, a ha ala h b hgp h a hl lal . Nonetheless, it considers the use o Roma as

an umbrella term practical and justifable within the context o a policy document which is dealingabove all with issues o social exclusion and discrimination, not with specifc issues o culturalidentity (al a).8. EU wk p Exp Faal gh: Conclusions andRecommendations on the Situation o Fundamental Rights in the European Union and Its MemberStates in 2003. p. 4.9. Cl 2000/43/EC 29 J 2000 plg h ppl qal a- bw p p aal h g, J L 80 (9 Jly 2000).20. Ay C h Fawk C h P aalM, p Fla (ACFC/F/P/(200)002), paa. 25; Ay C h Fawk C h P aal M, p Sw(ACFC/F/P/(2003)00), paa. 24


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mrton rvid2

a lyl, h wh h a g ja yplag lgla whh ppl h h aalably p-pg pla h aaa.1

Eaal pl a/Gypy hl hl b apa byaqa a h xbl ay h -y h a/Gypy ppla Ep a whh ak a hx a/Gypy gp whh la a a -alyl. h p, gh b ag hag aa, ba w a hlg.

-ay a halh a h a/Gyp, halh-a wk hl b ala wh a pa- lag halh a ha hy a ak h ay a-a h pa.Sh p a aly la a gp; hw,

bl whh a ph l la all a a b a,akg a h aally pp . C, a, h a a Gyp paa ppg pla h aaa a h ay a l -ggaghbh.

National minority versus non-territorial nation without a state

T h la h l a l-a a

ay. Shl a ppl b g a aal h p h , a a -al a?

T a a a/Gypy a wa aa by l-appGypy kg h Kwk aly h hal h h -

2. Ay C h Fawk C h P aalM, p h U Kg (ACFC/F/P/(2002)00), 30 . 200, paa.4042.22. a (2000) 4 h C M b a ha a/Gypy hl Ep (ap by h C M 3 Fb.

2000 a h 9h g h M p)23. Cl Ep (2003), Breaking the Barriers: Romani Women and Access to Public HealthCare.24. T h -all Gypy kg ( ah a a a h ak h g ppla) a ph ha wll kw hy. Sh Gyp a W Ep h h y, h hal hkg Sl, h k Aah, Mhal a Pal, a h p Ll Egyp. T a a pg h la ag h gal lgy la hEpa l gag plg h Gyp. La , h h Gypykg appa h Plh Cwalh h h a gh . wa ha by -Gyp wh w pbl h a llg ax h Gyp.


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y. T Kwk yay p hg ally w Gypy hy: ha a p a, Romanestan (la h a). a wak ahg y h a (Mahaka a Pp 2004:77). Hw, h a aa gaally a away, gg way aw a-blg agy ha wa p h ab awk h Wl Cg.

h 990, h p ahg a pla h Gyp Epaga aw h g h p h a a a a[b]-aal y. T p wa h a h -g a a 99. A ha , wa hp ha aallaw a h Epa l p h al a hGyp a l h pbl Cal a Ea Ep,whh appa w aggaa a a l h l p a-. Wh h Cal a Ea Ep j h Fawk

C aal a h a w g h a aal y wh ay abl p hag h, h app l h k w a h lp h a y (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 8).

T p h a a a a wh a a wa a lgal -q h lp.6 T Fh Wl a Cg, hl Jly 2000 Pag, ap h a Declaration o Nation ha - a al h la -al ah a aalg. M, h a la ha h a a

h hay a w al ah ha a glbal wl ha ala aal a-a.

A a l, h a a agly a a gp ha hallg hppl al ay a h Wphala aal .M h ab al a-p b a bb

25. 934 h wly l Gypy kg J Kwk a lga h Lag a ak la Sh Aa (pally aba) ha h Gyp l ha hw a h. A h a h ala kg Mha Kwk all a py h la h Gypy a (wh alg h h h

Gag). A h p h bga pp h a ha h a hl b Aa (Ugaa)a all Chlaka a Egla k pp h a. 93 h x kg,h Jph, Ja Kwk, a lga Ml akg la Abya(a ha p by aly) wh h Gyp l ha h w a.2. T p h a a a a wh a a wa gg a lp ayal by a -a al, Pal Pa aly, a al b haaal pay, wa -p h aal a U lahp ( hgh wa y la hw h happ) a aly a h -990. h a bak h a aaal -al y h Fh lg Ja-P Lg (Gy200).27. Hw, ag h A a Kl-Alxa (200), h a wa a h Cg l, h lga app .


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mrton rvid4

h a appah by lag h Gyp b a Epa y a pal y wh aaal haa.

A h a a xpal a, h? Fllwg Babk, h aa b a pal k ab y (Babk 2007). Simpleab ha b hally a ghbg k.Sh h a h Hgaa Slaka a aa. a-, hw, plx a a b gh ha g -ly ppg, by , h llwg ap: (a) ha h bw a ajy wh a aalg a a a y wh a x-al k-a; (b) ha h wh a a wh aallyg b a a prima acie la al gy a -p; () ha ah gp wh g xal h a k-awh whh ; a () ha ah gp ha a la alhla wh a l al apa aal l-g.

T p wll w b laba.(a) T plx a ha a divided minority wh al xal

k-a. Mla a Cyp a xapl h a lla.(b) T lla la disputed territories. Kah a

h la lla h yp. bh p, h ppla p-ly h q whh h ghbg a hlb pa. Kah h aally g ba h a Paka ha h la h p.h la ba g a pa h U

Kg, b h Bh g l ha a ha wl p aplb h p a ()a wh la.

() T a transborder minorities without kin-states. M h a-l a l a aal hla ha wh h b a a. S apa gp, hw, hal h a aal - h g a ga ba hy l pp byh a . a xpg xal pp h a g, hy hl p plal pp -h ag h hla. ppg h ap ha h a p x-

al k-a ga y ah yp ab . T a wh l ha b ablh ay a a wh l a aal hla ha h a a aal b. Ep,h Caala a Baq gh b haa h way.

() Fally, h a dispersed minorities ha ha a al h-la wh hy l al apa aal l-g. Wha h gp ha h a k-a ha p xal pp a -

28. Cl Ep: Ably a 203 (993) h Gyp Ep.29. a a l, Call or European Roma Policy, 25 Fb. 2008.


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y wh l al apa l-g? T pl aw ha h gp a lkly lp h apa h pla.T aw , hw, ly ba x g-ga a pp gh ga h p h gp a ha p a-blg h ly hp p h al. T xpla h aa h Z p Epaa-S h hal h wh y.

ay, h a ppla lly h p a a paaal y. T a -al, p, aaala wa ak p by a a a l Ulk h - a h wh a l a g, a a p bh wh aa h ba , a a a wl-w a-pa (A a Ghgh 200: 3) a hla: T q

h Gyp l h a hy a a aaal, -ally bappl wh ha a h a a p a ha x p- h (By 2002: 2).

Hw, h a nation without a state a b alg. () ah pj p ha h h - labll a a awa h hy y wh. (2) h h la b h a -al a, a pl-

ab

wh al k-a

M

p

Mwh k-a

p

Fiure 2. yp y


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mrton rvid

al pp, b hal p. (3) Fally, h alag h la ay al b .

() F, al ahplg ha p ha Gypy,S, Ga a h hl a a. hw, hy la ha pbl pla h pja xya cikn Ch, cygan Slak a cigny Hgaa by a allyla y, aly ha a.

Gy y Bla la ha h ya, h Gypy apaha b haa by x plal a al aga,a by h wak ay ahg Gypy ag y. Shag ha h Ga y Jaaa awa h a a a wl y wh a. T y haa- by h wak ay a al xal Gaal hl (Gay y Bla 2002: 84).

b, h y gp labll a q a a h y. S ah ak h q hw al h p y (l al a) a gp ppl whh g a ly h a al a b al Aab,kh, Gk, Albaa, aa, Hgaa, Spah a h, whl,h, gp wh a p (.. pblly la ally xp) , -Gypy h a q .S h awa y y g ay b abalgh ( ay x lw ll) a h Gyp ay b awa

h x bgg y b (Mahaka a Pp2004: 89). A ag h gp ha y hl a a,xg gg ha hy wl lk ga plally a ally h p a-a a wh h g a -al a (h 200).

(2) T -al a ay al b ab la q. aal g a ak p h h h w pbly by Epag h pbl h a,aal g ay k h w a h b

a.T p a a wh a a ay al b haal pbl a -h lay a pa-. T ppaga a ah ay aal aalag a a -a alk. Xphb a a gaa ag xlay a gga pl b h a a, h gh xpl h y.

aal gal b (h a h Cl Ep) a-gal gaa (h a h Epa a a all


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F) ay ak p h -al a a Epay jy a-Epa ga a h w l h a (Ka 2003).(3) Fally, h pla p-aal aa hDeclaration o Nation ay b ally abl.

Kylka ag ha lbal ah hl b tamed transcendedh p-aal pla hp. T a blggh hp , a l, a plally pg p.F ay h gh Gay, wa a l ag h gag lla qal hp. [. . .] pay blg plally pg a wh a a p wa blg h ll a qalhp wh h awk lbal ah.(Kylka 200: 38)

Hw, a la w ag a b a aga Kylka. F, ha-a h l a aah. E al

aaal a (h a h Epa Pala) apa, l y h x a g -aal blgg, h a lg- y, baaly, a aa-aly a ay b h a wh a. Sly, al -a-al hp ay a along with ah ha in place oaal hp(Bhabb 200: 72).

L h gal la: hl h a b a a aaly a a -al a? A h w p ally xl?

T la b a -al a a b p a la wway. () S ag ha h la wa a ag pp; () h h h al h la g h a a a xpal,aa-ga a. T ay h p aal , wh-a h la k a .

() By ag h h a a y a, wh w pala, h aal a U a a pw lag wh bh aal g a aal b. T hp ha h agy wll la a g p h aal -

a, h ghg h al y (Gy 200: 22). a, h la pal a ay al b h q h a-qay h xg aal a aal lgal (h a hEpa Fawk C aal ) pg hal a a.

b, a ag ha alhgh h a a g ga a a, h al plal a ah, b a gaay hw h w pbl a l, .. ga plal papa(Tl 2005: 4).


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mrton rvid8

() M aally, h x a xpag a hagg, l-h Ep, bl ha h l a a pahah h a ajy a a, phap q,bg ab hg l ha h abl h a-a:

a a a k wh h pla; hy a p wh a a Z ay h k h pala. a, whlJw a ll ag ha hy ha la h Hla ha ly hag a pla h w a p h a p, a h l h pp.F h h wh-y Hla ablh h p h mehalla, hgh, h gga paah a, a h h aa ha g ag a h hla h xh y.

T b hag ha gh ywh; h h lg k-g a a a aaal ah ha a aal y. hha h gh h b p, a ha h aj b hl . T a glbal ha law h hl-ay ll aal l-a a w bk -al ha l-a. T lg aga Gypy a ay b h-g l ha h abl h a-a. (A a Ghgh 200: 8)

Conclusions

T al ha h al a plal la ha ablya h x h gg Epa a ply, a whh all pa, lg ga a gaa, wll b abl

xp h w. T h a whh a-a- a ba al al gh a ph al l a whh h ba gp-a- y gh a q h x h aalha gh. E hgh h appa b a h -y h appah, la xaly wha y ghhl b p whh la h la g ag y gh.

Alhgh ppla labll a ay la -

a, a a, hg halh a, whh a-a gga a ay , h gp al ayp ha ly p lal y b aly la al xl.

30. A pp h la a EU : C h Epa C-, Cmmission Sta Working Document Accompanying the Communication romthe Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee and the Committee o the Regions: Community Instruments and Policies or RomaInclusion, CM (2008) 420, Bl 2008.


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F a, g q a lyl, lagag a ay-l h a g ag a ppla whh p h l p h l,lagag a ala a ajy . T - b p: ---all-a a hl b h-ghly ba.

T h la whh g a a a aal y a a -al a. T al ha ag ha h -al a a b ba ahplgal, plal a alg. Ahplg ha p ha h h labll a a awa h a -al a hy y wh . h h la plally hal -p. Fally, h al ag h a p-aal ay alb .

Hw, h la b a -al a ay al b p ag pp a h wh h h la g. T p- aal a Epa lgal awk gaa ly al- g gh : ally h gh jy h w l.T awk laly akl h a pa xlha a a.

A a l, a-p aal b a pl ha gha y x p aal g p h l a. T al plal bh h la b a -al a

h aal g a ga plal papa.hl, h plal papa a ppla a

wak lal, aal1 a aal ll, b h a a- h a h bj ah qy.

Wha l a b aw pally la h l hEpa U a gg a agy? T Epa U hagaally g ha a-a a hl a p h al ga a. A wkg EU b h py ggaphal-

ly a p-aal al a bba la whh hajy EU a ppla ly bj ly ha- by.

3. F a, h Hgaa y l-g y p la, - p, l h a h p paa y a

jyg gga whl p lgal p a b h y abl h ha a ay h hapg lal wla gla a wg h h ay a (Sala 2003).32. Wkg h EU agy h al l a, C Cl Lb, J a H Aa. app: La Jka, 28 Sp. 200.


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() T a lga a al ply ; hw, xplly xlh plx pha hy-ba a [a] ga a plly h al l all h a gpwh l ph p- g. y w, hEpa U a la bh h all gglg aqappg pla Ahkal ga a ap lkcampi nomadi aly lla w pbl a by h -gg EU a Sagy.

(2) Fh, h al ga a a b l ly pl wh h ag g. Eaal ga pgaa al a lg a wh pa p p h hl all-wh la. Mg a al l h whghbh wll ly la wh-gh a w ghawhl -a ap a ghb. ga pga wll

wk ly bh h ajy a y wa a a abl gah h a l gh.

(3) Fally, ply aag a wh y a x p-y ha p yp pg h g a ga a. T EU hl all ga a aal ag a hg a l, hy, a, l . F a, ahy xbk Hgay ll g a hy, lg h p- a h S Wl Wa ( al. 2007). T a ll ha-ly ay a p, a h p pbl g ha

l b l l. T a ly w xapl hw yp h-g h ga a l b bk w.

, a-a a a h lp h p- p-a -g a b hl. A al la ha g alg a l qaly a y. Ah p a h US Fal G play a al l hal ga a g h Aa-Aa y h 90, h Epa U l b h aaly g h -al pp a a ay Ep.

Reerences

A, Ta, a Ghgh, la. 200. C h wl a wh:My, h a ha gh a. : Gy, Wll, . Bw paa : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 547.

a la Kl-Alxa. 200. T aal a U. A Ea-Epa Aw W Epa Q? : Gy, Wll, . Bw

33. b.


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pa a : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 57227.

By, Zl. 2002. T Ea Epa Gyp: g hag, agaly ahpl. Cabg: Cabg Uy P.

Babk, a. 2007. T a- bw aaal hp a plal

ay. : Fa, . a K, P., . al hp glbal pp.L: Palga Malla. 972.Bhabb, Syla. 200. Ah pla wh a by Jy

Wal, B Hg, Wll Kylka. x: x Uy P.Cha, Mal. 2003. . Eylpa Ual. hp://www.al-.

/ylp//EC. 2009. T Epa a gh C all g ga a

p ppa ha Hgay.F, Ll. 2003. apa a aal: A ahplgal appah h

aal a M. g ().Gay y Bla, Pala. 2002. Gypy/a apa: g a paa pp-

. Sal Ahplgy 0 (2): 7388.Gy, Wll. 200. a y a p-C ply. : Gy, Wll, . Bw

pa a : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 333.

, . Bw pa a : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal:Uy Hh P.

K, J. 2009. A gyk kalla. HG (8).Kl-Alxa, la. 2005. T a wl pl. Alh: Ahga.Ka, Ma. 2003. T pl a y: Bw aal a -

. p ay. Jly, 8.

Kylka, Wll. 200. Lbal aal a pla j. Bhabb, S.,. Ah pla wh a by Jy Wal, BHg, Wll Kylka. x: x Uy P. 284.

Kylka, Wll. 2007. Mllal yy: agag h w aal pl y. x: x Uy P.

Lg, Ja-P. 2007. a Ep. Cl Ep.Majy, Bal, a , Bal, . 200. A y Ep. Sl -

aal gag h a. Bap: Gla Ka.Maha, Aa. 200. La p ga a lEp a-

jh: l lapph aal. Pa: Haaa.

Mahaka, Ela, a Pp, l. 2004. T : A a wh a a?Hal bakg a pay . Mlg SFB - ga : Sga Cpla. w-halh H 4.

, M, B Mkl, Sab, Kga, a Kak, . 2007. T p-a a Hla Hgaa hgh-hl xbk. : -a a Hla Ea.

Sala, Jla. 2003. Cg ggl g: Clahg ga hy pay Hgay. : Hb, B., . g g-gl a al . Cabg: Cabg Uy P. 8824.


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Sly, , a Lay, J. 200. T al a hy Blgaa, aa a Hgay g ak a. w Slgy7(2): 7889.

. 200. Pa xl: Cg Gypy hy a h akg a la aal Ep. w Yk: Clba Uy

P.Tl, P. 2005. a Ply: T lg walk wa plal papa. :Tl, P., . a Ep: al xl a papa.Skpj: Fh Eb Sg. 774.

ha, h. 200. h a h a? T l pa a aG. : Gy, Wll, . Bw pa a : T a Cal aEa Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 3457.

h, P. 200. T a : My pl a h bl-a pay Cal Ep. x a w Yk: Bghah Bk.


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On the Normative Dilemmas of the Emerging European Roma Policy

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