On the Making of a Beverage TrinityCOFFEE, TEA, AND HOT CHOCOLATE

CHRISTINE A. JONES, UNIVERSITY OF UTAH

Early Writing on ChocolateColmenero de Ledesma, Antonio. Curioso Tradado de la naturaleza y calidad del

chocolate. 1631.

Vades-forte, Don Diego de [Captain James Wadsworth]. A Curious Treatise of The Nature and Quality of Chocolate. Written in Spanish by Antonio Colmenero. 1640.

Gage, Thomas. The English-American, … or, A New survey of the West India’s. 1648.

Wadsworth, Captain James. Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke… London: John Dakins, 1652.

Stubbe, Henry. The Indian nectar, or, A discourse concerning chocolata… London: Andrew Crook, 1662.

Hughes, William. The American Physitian, or, A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs, &c. Growing in the English Plantations in America ... With All the Ways of Making the Chocolate. London: William Crook, 1672.

Philippe Dufour

Usage du caphé, du thé et du chocolate* (Lyon, 1671)

*Uses of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate

Captain James Wadsworth

Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke… (London: John Dakins, 1652)

Philippe Dufour

Traitez nouveau et curieux du café, du thé, et du chocolate, ouvrage également nécessaire aux médecins, et à tous ceux qui aiment leur santé* (La Haye: Adrian Moetjens, 1685).

*New and Curious Treatise on coffee, tea, and chocolate, a study equally indispensable for doctors and for all those who value their health.

Legacy of the Beverage Trinity

Nicolas de Larmessin’s grotesque, L’Habit du caffetier* (c. 1695)

*The Coffee-Man’s Outfit

Peirre Masson’s short how-to, Le Parfait Limonadier* (1705)

*The Perfect Bar-keeper

Pierre-Joseph Buc’hoz’s, Dissertations sur l'utilité…du tabac, du café, du cacao, et du thé (1788)

*Essays on the benefits of tobacco, coffee, cacao, and tea

Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma

Curioso Tradado de la naturaleza y calidad del chocolate* (1631)

* Curious Treatise on the Nature and Quality of Chocolate

Translations of ColmeneroEnglish, 1640*

French, 1643

Latin, 1644

French from the Latin, 1671

Italian, 1678

*by James Wadsworth, published under a pseudonym:

A Curious Treatise of The Nature and Quality of CHOCOLATE. Written in Spanish by Antonio Colmenero, Doctor in Physicke and Chirurgery. And put into English by Don Diego de Vades-forte (London, 1640)

2nd edition: Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke (1652)

The vertues thereof are no lesse various, then Admirable. For, besides that it preserves Health, and

makes such as drink it often, Fat, and Corpulent, faire and Amiable, it vehemently Incites to Venus,

and causeth Conception in women, hastens and facilitates their Delivery: It is an excellent help to

Digestion, it cures Consumptions, and the Cough of the Lungs, the New Disease, or Plague of the

Guts, and other Fluxes, the Green Sicknesse, Jaundise, and all manner of Inflamations, Opilations,

and Obstructions. It quite takes away the Morphew [discolored skin], Cleanseth the Teeth, and

sweetneth the Breath, Provokes Urine, Cures the Stone, and strangury [urinary infection], Expells

Poison, and preserves from all infectious Diseases. But I shall not assume to enumerate all the

vertues of this Confection: for that were Impossible, every day producing New and Admirable effects

in such as drinke it.

Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke (1652)

Philippe Sylvestre Dufour

Uses of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate (1671)

New and Curious Treatise on Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate, a study equally indispensable for doctors and for all those who value their health (1685)

Dufour, Frontispiece, 1685

Nicolas de Larmessin Habit du Caffetier, Costumes Grotesques, 1695

Masson & Buc’hoz

Pierre Masson• Le Parfait Limonadier, ou la manière de préparer le thé, le caffé, le chocolat, et autres liqueurs

chaudes et froides (Paris : Moette, 1705).

• The Perfect Bar-keeper, or the way to prepare tea, coffee, chocolate and other hot and cold liquors.

Pierre-Joseph Buc’hoz• Dissertations sur l'utilité, et les bons et mauvais effets du tabac, du café, du cacao, et du thé.

(Paris: Buc’hoz, De Bure, La Veuve Tilliard, 1788)

• Essays on the benefits, and the positive and negative effects of tobacco, coffee, cacao, and tea.

Buc’hoz, 1788

challenging to grow and harvest (which is done by slaves or sharecroppers)

vulnerable to nature’s fauna (they all get bugs, which similarly damage them)

medicinally potent

and versatile in their culinary applications

William Hogarth, Marriage-à-la-mode 4, 1745