-FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.. V

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E FOREST RESOURCES OF A s T E R N

Z SUNDARGARH DISTRiCT 0 N OF ORISSA E

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PREFACE

The inventory of forest resources of Sundargarh district of OriSsa was carried out during the year 1994-96 by Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Kolkata. This report comprises findings on the various aspects of crop composition, status of land use, topography, status of degradation of forest, injuries to crop, regeneration status etc.

The geographical area of the district is 9712 sq. km. Total forest cover of Sundargarh district is 4011 sq. km. (State of Forest Report 1999-FSI). The forest area has been calculated by dot grid method on the green wash area of the topo- sheets which works out to be 4238.02 sq. km. which is 43.640/0 of the geographical area.

The total growing stock of forests of Sundargarh district have been estimated at 21.815 million cU.m. giving 53.982 m3/ha. Total number of stems has been estimated at about 98 million with an average of 242.64 stems per hectare.

Officers and staff members of Eastern Zone who were entrusted with the hard work of the forest inventory and bringing out the report in the present form deserve appreciation. The co-operation and the help extended by the Orissa State Forest Department for conducting field-work and making the records available for collection of data is also thankfully acknowredged.

It is hoped that the report will provide comprehensive source of data to the State Government and will help in planning further development activities.

Dr. J. K. Rawat Director

Forest Survey of India

FOREST SUR VIiI' OF INIJIA .EASTERN ZONE

KOLKATA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This organization is extremely thankful and expresses gratitude to the Principal

Chief Conservator of Forests of Orissa and other Forest Officials of Sundargarh district

for rendering necessary help and a1round' cooperation in the field work. Sincere thanks

are also conveyed to the Revenue and Police Officials of Orissa administration who

extended all possible help to our field parties. My thanks are expressed to the Deputy .

Directors and staff members of Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, who were entrusted

with carrying out the inventory and bringing out the report in the present form.

(Madhawa Trivedy) Regional Director.

PART w I

(MAIN REPORT WITH MAPS,CHARTS & DIAGRAMS)

CONTENTS

c:1t" .. 1rIEIl-I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ................................ .. UACK(aUnlN" I N"'("~ MA'I'ION .................................................................................................. , .... ..1

1.1 1N71l0DUC710N ....................................................................................................................... -1 1.2 AREA AND LOCATIQN .................................. ------...................................................................... 4 1.3 PIIYSlCAL F'EATlJRES ..................................... .......................................................................... 4 1.4 CLTlIlATIC CONDmON .............................. __ .............................. __ ............................................ 5 1.5 IUVER SySTE!vf .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 lRlUGA710N FACIUTIES .......................................................................................................... 6 1.7 FLORAANDFAUNA .................................................................................................................. 7 1.8 MiNES ANDMINERALS ............................................................................................................. 8 1.9 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION .............................................. __ ...... __ ....................................... 8 1.10 ECONO)'{JCARENA ......................................................................................................... __ ....... 9

1.11 CO/.1lvlUNICATION NETJYORK ............ ........................................................................... 10

CHAPTER - 11 .............................................................................................. 11

DESIGN AND METIIODOLCJGY .................................................................. __ ...................................... ll 2.1 SURVEY OBJECTlVE ..................... .......................................................................................... J J 2.2 AREA SELECTION ................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 MAPS USED ........................................................................ __ ................................................... 11 2.4 SURVEY DESJGN ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 PRECISION AND ACCURACY ................................................................................................. 12 2.6 pwr IAYOUT ............................................................................ ~ ............................................ 12 2.7 DATA COll..ECTION ............................................................................................ .-................... 13

CHAPTER - 111 ........................................................................................... 15

DATA PROCESSING AND COl\1PILATION ........................................................................................ 15 3.0 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................ 15· 3.1 A-fANUALPROCESS1NG .......................................................................................................... 15 3.2 INPUT FOR TIlE COMPllTER ................................................................................................. 15 3.3 PROCESSINGONCOMPUTER .................................................. ............................................. 15 1.4 DERIVATION OF VOLUME EQUATION ITABLES ................................................................... 16 3.5 TREE VOLUAfE ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.6 PLOT VOLUNfF. .... ................... ........................... ..................................................................... 16 3.7 STAND TAHLES ....................................................................................................................... 17 3.B STOCK TABLES 17

C:""fllrlElt - ." ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _ ••.••••.•.••.• 18 RESULTS OF INVENTORY .................................................................... , ............................................. 18

4.0 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................ 18 4.1 FOREST COVER AS PER STATE OF FOREST REPORT 1999(FSI) ....................... .-.................. IB 4.1./ RECORDED FOREST AREA (LEGALSTATUS) ........................................................................ l8 4.1.1 INJlENTORlEDAREA .............................................................................................................. 19 4.2 ANALYSISOFPWT DESCRIPTION DATA ............................................................................ 19 4.3 TREE FOREST ARTiII FOR GROWING STOCK ESTIMATION .................................................. 20 4.4 ANALYSIS OF FOREST AREAS ON VAIUDUS PARAMETERS ......... ......... '" ................... ...... 21 4.5 TREE DENSITY STUDy ............................................................................................................ 25 4.6 1'OTALS7EA.-fS ......................................................................................................................... 26 4.7 V()[.UA·fE S'/'UI)I1;,.'\ .................................................................................................................. 27 4.8 TOTAL VOLUJ\fB ............... ....... .......................................... ................................................. .... 29 4.9 STANDARD ERROR ................................................................................................................ 29

CHAPTER·V ••••••••• "." ••• ~ ................................................................................ 31

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................... .............. 31 5.1 SUMA1ARY ...... .... : ...................... .......................................... __ .......... ... ...... __ .................. 3/

5.2 COMPARISON IVITH PAST INVENTORY RESULT.. . ... ......... .............................................. .12

5.3 CONCLUSIONS ... .................................................................. ...... ................................. __ .32

BIBLIOGRAPHY ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.•••• " ..................................................... 34

2

TADUl.i

TABLE 2

TABI..E 3

TADI..E4

TABLE 5

TAIlu6

TABLE 7

TABLE 8

TADLE9

TABLE 10

TAlJLE 11

TABLE 12

TABLE 13

TAIlLE 14

TABLE 15

TABLE 16

TABI..E 17

TABLE 18

TABLE 19

TADLE20

TABLE 21

TABLE 22

TADLli23

TAnLn24

TABLE 25

TABU 26

TABLE 27

TADLE2&

TABLE 29

TABLE 30

TABLE 31

TABLE 32

LIST OF TABLES

POPULATJON.FIGUllliS FOR TilE (}IS'ffiICT ..... ........................................... ... ............... ... ... 8

DETAlLS 01; TIlli TOPOSllliETS ........................................................................................... 12

VOLUME EQU~TIONS .......................................................................................................... 16

FOREST COVER ..................................................................................................................... 18

RECORDED FOREST AREA ............. .................................................... ................................. 18

DlS1R1BlTIlON OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES ............................................ i 9

ESTIMATION OF GROWING STOCK. ................................................................................... 20

DISlRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY ................... ......................... 21

DISTIUDUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ASPECT. .......... ... ......... , ...... .. .......... .. ........... 21

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ROCKlNESS ........ ......................................... 21

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL CONSISTENCY .................................. 22

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTURE ........................................... 21

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION .................................. ...... .... 22

DISTRIBUTION OF TJlliE FOREST AIlliA BY INJURIES TO CROP .................................... 23

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE ........................................ 23

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE ............................... 23

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALITY .................. 24

DIS1RIDUTION OF TREE FOREST /\REI\. BY INfENSITY OF REGENERll.TION .............. 24

DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA. BY DEGRADATION .......................................... 25

NO. OF STEMSII-IA. BY STRATA ..................................................................................... ...... 25

STEMS PER HA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATIlM ................................ 26

SJEMS PER HA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER MISC. STRA 1l1M .......... ................... 26

TOTAL STEMS BY STRATA .................................................................................................. 27

TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STR/\TUM ............................................ 27

TOTAL STEMSQF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATl1M ........................................ 27

VOLUMEPERHA BYSTRATA ............................................................................................ 27

SPEClliSWISE VOLUME PER HA. IN SAL STRATUM ........................................................ 28

SPECIESWISE VOLUME PER HA. IN MISC. STRATUM ................................................... 28

TOTAL VOLUME.BY STRATA .............................................................................................. 29

TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STRATIJM ..................................... .. . 29

TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRA TUM .................................... 29

S.E.% IN EACII STRATUM ............................................................................. ........................ 30

3

CHAPTER-I

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Forest resources playing a vital role in

maintaining ecological . balance and

economic security have been recognised

since ages. In fact, human existence is

inseparably related to the forest, as

plants protect and improve the

environment in which man lives. But

unfortunately, India's forests have

suffered serious depletion over the years,

in terms of their growing stock, forest

cover and creaming out of important

timber species, mainly beCause of

commercial over exploitation of forests as

well as the grinding poverty of forest

dwellers. This is high time we should

1.2 AREA AND LOCATION

Sundargarh district lies in the North­

Western portion of Orissa State. It is

bounded on the North by Jharkhand

State, on the south by Jharsuguda,

Sambalpur and Deogarh districts, on the

east by Keonjhar district of Orissa, on the

west and North-West by Raigarh

1.3 PHYSICAL FEATURES

The district is formed extensively by hills

and dares. Physiographically, the district is

not a compact unit and consists of widely,

dissimilar tracts of expansive and fairly

open country, dotted with isolated peaks,

4

adopt proper measures to. protect this

vital endowment of _earth in every

possible way. It is the collective

responsibility of all of us to ensure the

optimum utilisation of forest resources.

For this purpose, a complete and detailed

assessment of the forest resources is

essential. Keeping this in view, Forest

Survey of India (Eastern Zone) has taken

an endeavour to estimate the forest

resources of Sundargarh District in Orissa

State in the year 1994·96. Before going

into the details of the study, let us first

focus our attention into the physical and

economic features of the inventory area.

district of Chhattisgarh. The district lies

between 21°35'N and, 22°32'N latitudes

and between 83°32'E and 85°22'E

longitudes. The exact location of the

district may be seen from the map

appended. The total geographical area of

the district is 9712 sq. kms.

inaccessible forests, river valleys and hilly

terrain. Broadly speaking, it is an

undulating table-land of different elevations

broken up by rugged hill ranges and cut off

by torrential hill streams. There are two

conspicuous river valleys, namely the valley

of the Ib in the western part and the valley

of the Brahmani in the eastern part. The

general slope of the district is from north to

south. There is an open well-cultivated

plain along the valley of the Ib, particularly

in the south. The western tract is dotted

here and there with hills and peaks rising

to nearly 2,000 ft. In the north, there is a

gradual rise to the table land of

Chhotonagpur. The south-east has rugged

forest-clad hills intersected by gorges and

passes and having a narrow valley of the

Brahmani and its tributaries. The country

is broken up by many hill streams which

1.4 CLIMATIC CONDITION

The climate of this district is characterised

by a hot dry summer and we"-distributed

rainfall in the South-West monsoon

season. The hot season starts with the

beginning of March and tontinues till May

which is usually the hottest month of the

year with the mean daily maximum

temperature of 41°c and the mean daily

minimum temperature of 27°c. The

onset of rain brings relief although when

the spells of rain cease, the weather

reverts to oppressive character which is

due to the high moisture content in the

air. The nights become cooler from the

month of October and in November, there

is a drop in temperature both at day and

at night. The district being a hilly region

shows such extremities in climate.

December is the coldest month of the

5

sweep down in the rainy season with rapid

torrents cutting off communications for

brief spells of time. The east and west of

the Brahmani valley is filled with ranges of

mountains, principal among them being

Mankarnacha (3639 ft.), Chheliatoka (3308

ft.) and Bichakani (2964 ft.) in the east.

The Bichakani hill has acquired great_

importance by yielding millions of tons of

iron-ore for use in the Rourkela Steel Plant.

The hill ranges to the west of the Brahmani

valley are less useful and are lower in

height, their peaks ranging from 2000 to

2650 ft.

year with the mean daily maximum

temperature of 27°c and the mean daily

minimum temperature of 12°c. The

average annual rainfall in the district is

1647.6 mm. The rainfall is fairly uniform

in the whole district. About 86% of the

annual rainfall is received during the

monsoon months from June to

September, July being the month with the

heaviest shower. Relative humidities are

high in the South-West monsoon season.

Storms and depressions from the Bay of

Bengal during the monsoon season pass

across the district, causing heavy rainfall

and strong winds. Thunder-storms

frequently occur throughout the year, the

frequency being the least in November

and December and the highest during the

monsoon season.

The principal rivers of the district are lb

and the I3rahmani. The Sundargarh Sub­

division is drained by the IB, the Panposh

Sub-division by two rivers, the Sankh and

South Keol, from the confluence of which

the Brahmani owes its origin. The Bonai

sub-division is drained by the Brahmani

which flows from north to south and

passes through its centre.

The Brahmani is formed by the

confluence of the South Koel and Sankh

at Panposn. After a course towards the

south through Pan posh sub-division

which is unnavigable owing to extensive

rock barriors, it enters the Bonai sub­

division and flows into Deogarh district.

The total length of the river in' the

district is 83 km. The confluence of

South Koel and Sankh is a spot of

remarkable beauty and sanctity. The

Brahmani has no feeder stream of any

importance. The south Koel enters the

1.6 IRRIGATION FACIUTIES

There is very little facility for irrigation

system in the district. There are a

number of tanks and kattas in the villages

of the district. These are filled up during

rain and utilised in dry season for bathing

and drinking purposes and occasionally

used for irrigating garC:1ens by the local

lift (Tenda) system. There is no major

6

district from Singbhum in Bihar from its

eastern border which is close to the

Jaraikela Railway Station and flows

almost towards the west for about 45 km.

till it joins the Sankh. The Dec is its main

tributary.

The Ib river rises on the Khudia plateau

in Jashpur in Chhattisgarh and enters the

district almost from the north at Tilijore.

It flows slightly south-easterly tilt

Gangpurgarh and then towards the south

upto Baurimundagaon where it turns

towards south-west for a certain distance

and again turns towards the south at the

district road near Sundargarh town. Its

length in the district is about 96 km. The

main tributaries of the Ib are the Tumga

and Ichha a long the western bank and

the Sapai on the eastern bank. Among

the smaller rivers mention may be made

of the Bhedan, Basundhar, Hingir, Kur,

Kuchedege, Bendra, Kurta, Talda, etc.

irrigation project in the district. The total

irrigation potential of the district is

approximately of 35103.17 hectares both

for kharif and rabi crops. Few number of

minor irrigation projects are also working

in the district. In fact, the district is quite

deficient in providing irrigation facilities to

the cultivators. The crops depend mostly

on natural rainfall for water supply.

However, in the recent past, irrigation by

1.7 FLORA AND FAUNA

As per Champion's classification, this

district falls under Penincular Sal type and

dry deciduous mixed forest The forests of

Sundargarh district are mostly of Northern

Tropical Dry Deciduous Type. The crop is a

mixed one with Sal (Shorea robustiJ) as the

dominant species. The eastern half of

Bonai and the Rajgangpur range of

Sundargarh division contain better quality

of vegetation. The Sal which is the

principal timber tree and more or Jess

gregarious in these forests varies from a

fairly pure to a mixed crop and occurs

throughout the area. The Koira forests and

some portions of Toda Reserve contain

best quality of Sal. The other associates of

Sal are Asan or Sahaj (Terminalia

tomentosa), Kurum (Adina cordifolia), Bija

or Piasa I (Pterocarpus marsupium), etc.

The steep slopes of the hills are covered

with a dense forest mixed with many

climbers. • Sal (Shorea robusta) is

gregarious and among the other

noteworthy trees are sp~ies of BuchammiiJ

semecarpu5, Tenninalia cedre/iJ, Cassia,

8urea, BauhiniiJ, Acacia and Adina, wh ich

are found also on the lower Himalayan

slopes. Mixed with these, howeverl are

a number of trees and shrubs, such

as Cochlospermum, Soymida, 8oswellia,

7

dug-wells and lift irrigation have gained

popularity, particularly in Rabi Season.

Hardarickia and Bassia. The surface of the

plateau land between the valleys, where

undulating, is usually clothed with a dense

scrub jungle in which Dendrocalamus

strictus is prominent.

In keeping with the extensive and splendid

forests, the district is rich in varieties of

animal lives. The elephant, Elephas

maximus indicus (Hati) is fairly numerous.

They are mostly seen in the east and west

portion of BonaL The Bison, 80s gaurus

(Gayal), a very retiring animal is generally

seen in the denser and remoter forests.

The wild buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (Sana

mains hi) was at one time Quite plentiful,

but today there Is not a single specimen

left in Sundargarh. Among the principal

carnivora, the tiger, panther, hyaena, wild­

dog, jackal and fox are seen. The jungle

cats, Fefis daus and Felis bengalensis are

fairly common in the forests. The common

grey man goose, Herpestes edwardsi is

occasionally found in rocky hills in

Sundargarh. It is usually larger in size and

more yellow in colour than the common

mangoose and has the tail tipped with

black. The jackal, Canis aureus (Bilua) is

found all over the district usually in scrub

jungle near the villages and avoids dense

forests.

1.8 MINES AND MINERALS

The oldest rock formations found in

Sundargarh distrlct are those belonging to

the Gangpur series which are prevalent to

the former Gangpur State. The major rock

types of the Gangpur series are phyllites,

mica-schists, carbon phyllites, calcitic and

dolomitic marbles which are followed by

the rock formations belonging to the irnn­

ore series, viz. Mica-schists, phyllites and

quartzitic rocks with occasional beds of

carbon phyllites. Rocks belonging to the

iron-ore series are well developed in Bonai

area especially in the eastern parts and

also partly in tlle central and western parts.

Shales, phyllites and mica-schists underlie

the soli throughout the area and are

exposed along stream and river sections. A

few tllin beds of lateritised gondltic rocks

carrying manganese ore occur amidst these

along a narrow zone between Kinjirma and

Bargaon at the western part and through

Pandrisila in the central part of the district.

The area around Sundargarh and to its

north and north-east is occupied by

1.9 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION

The demography of the inventory area can

be described through the data provided by

1991 census. According to 1991 census,

the total population of Sundargarh district

,

gneisses and granites. Pegmatlles and

quartz veins traverse these gneisses and

granites. To the west of the Ib river coal

bearing Gondwana sandstone occurs; The

tow mounds and hills occurring here and

there amidst the plains are capped with

laterite derived from the weathering of the

underlying rocks.

The district occupies a prominent position

in the mineral map of the State. The

important minerals available in the

district are iron-ore, limestone, manganese,

dolomite and fire-clay. Besides, a few

other minerals like mica, bOxite, lead,

copper and zinc are also found. In fact,

the most important groups of deposits· of

iron-ore in India occur in Singbhum -

Keonjhar - Bonai belt. Umestone and

dolomite are available in Sundargarh and

Panposh sub-divisions. The economic

minerals of lesser importance found in this

district are coal, kyanite and siffimanite,

pyrites, building materials anq kaolin.

'accounts to 15,73,617. The male-female

bifurcation of the total population and its

distribution by rural and urban areas are

shown as follows.

Table 1 POPULATION FIGURES FOR THE DISTRICT

POPULATION

PERSONS MALE FEMALE TOTAL 15,73,617 8,12,707 7,60,910 RURAL 10,48,612 5,27,647 5,20,965 URBAN 5,25,005 2.85,060 2.39.945

8

The decennial growth rate of population of

the district during the decade 1981-91 is

17.23 which is little less than the

corresponding figure for the enti're State

(19.50). Uteracy rate of 7 years and above

for the district is 52.97. Total number of

literate persons of age 7 yealS and above

residing in the inventoried area accounts to

6,93,825. Among them, male literacy

percentage accounts to 65,41 and female

literacy percentage is 39.60. The scheduled

1.10 ECONOMIC ARENA

The economic activity of an area is

depicted through the working pattern of

the inhabita nts and the agricultural and

industrial development in its

surroundings. According to the 1981

census, the main workers and marginal

workers in the district together constitute

around 39% of the total population.

Among the main workers agriculturists

account for 55.76% and others account

for 44.24%. The soi[ of Sundargarh on

the whole is not very fertile except in the

river valley. The cultivators mostly

depend on natural rainfall because of

inadequate irrigation facility. The main

crop of the district is the paddy crop.

The other crops raised are maize, arhar,

jawar, groundnut besides other crop like

ragi, biri, mung, til, niger, sugarcane and

cotton etc. To meet the deficit in food,

emphasis has been laid on rabi crops

which includes cereals, pulses, oilseed

and other crop. On the other hand, there

9

Castes and Scheduled tribes population of

the district are 138157 and 798481

respectively. The main languages spoken

in the area are Oriya, Bengali, Hindi,

Telugu and Urdu. The main religions

practised by the people in the district are

Hinduism, Muslim, Christianity, Sikh,

Buddhism, Jainism, etc. Of these, the

proportion of Hindu population in the

district is highest (79.87%) followed by

Christians (16.49%) and Muslims (2.62%).

has been rapid industrialisation in the

district in the post independence era due

to its adequate mineral resources. Prior

to independence, the industrial activity of

the district was confined to Biramitrapur,

the site of the limestone quarry. The

establishment of cement factory in the

private sector at Rajagangapur in 1951

and a steel plant at Rourkela in 1955 in

the public sector, are mainly responsible

for rapid industrialisation in the district.

During the last few decades a number of

large medium as well as small-scale and

ancillary industries in and around

Rourkela began to come up and from a

big industrial complex. Establishment of

large-scale industries steel plant at

Rourkela, Indian Detonators at Rourkela,

Orissa Industries at Lathikata, Fertiliser

Plant at Rourkela, Cement Factory at

Rajagangapur, Utkal Machinery limestone

quarry, etc. have been responsible for

establishment of a number of small-scale

and ancillary industries in the vicinily.

Simultaneously with the collaboration of

J lid W.lf lal I 't OlllOliulI '1I1d J IIvl:!,lllll'lIl

Corporation of Orissa Ltd.,' a number of

other industries like fabrication, coke

oven plant equipment, yarn etc. have

gone into production in the recent past.

Regarding small-scale industries

manufacture of engineering goods, steel

metal industries for manufacture of

containers and automobile spares, food

procesSing industries for steel city, forest

based industries, chemical industries for

manufacture of insecticide and other

chemicals, electrical apparatus, ancillary

to the steel plant have been established

1.11 COMMUNICATION NETWORK

Communication facilities in the district

have improved perceptibly during the

second part of the century. The district

headquarters is well connected on road

from Jharsuguda, the nearest railway

junction on the main Calcutta-Mumbai

route. The district headquarters is

connected with Cuttack through a regular

daily Express Bus Service running

between Rourkela, the Steel Town and

Cuttack. Apart from the State Highway, a

National Highway, 14 major district roads,

4 other district roads and a number of

Gram Panchayat roads are prevailing in

the district. Common mode of

conveyance in rural areas is the bullock

cart. Public bus services are also made

10

in lhe recent decade. A numUer of

traditional crafts like blacksmithy, pottery,

dhokra casting, bamboo basketry and

footwear, along with modern craft have

been encouraged by the District Industry

Centre by way of providing necessary

training, financial aSSistance, etc. under

different programmes sponsored by the

Government. In the cooperative sector,

39 village industrial cooperative societies

are working in trades like carpentry, oil

mills, fibre, rope making, pottery, bell

metal and weaving etc,

use of in rural areas, where the villages

lie on bus routes. In the matter of

railway communication, the main line of

South-Eastern Railway runs about 105

kms. in Panposh and Sundargarh Sub­

divisions of the district. An additional

branch line from Rourkela to Birmitrapur,

from Bondamunda to Barsuan are

available for transportation of minerals.

The rail link to Kiriburu passes about 26.2

km within the district. RourkeJa is the

busiest railway station in both passenger

and goods traffic. The state capital of

Bhubaneswar is also connected through

rail from Rourkela. There is, however, a

small airport at Rourkela but does not

have any regular flight.

CHAPTER-II

DESIGN A.ND METHODOLOGY

2.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVE

The objective of the present forest

inventory is to supplement the data on

existing forest resources and changes

therein which are required for

development, planning in sustainable forest

management and conservation. For this,

the inventory is ideally designed to entail a wide range of information on total growing

stock, per hectare volume of trees,

2.2 AREA SELECTION

The areas which have been identified as

forest a reas where the actual inventory

was carried out are the following ones~

Area shown in green wash on the

Survey of India tope-sheets.

All such areas in which words such as

thick jungle, open forests, bamboo,

etc. are printed.

2.3 MAPS USED

The latest published Survey of India topo­

sheets on 1:50,000 scale have been used

for the present inventory of forest areas

11

distribution of stems, number of stems per

hectare area, details of area estimates

according to land user legal status, forest

strata, fire incidence, grazing incidence,

regeneration status, etc. To carry out

the inventory on forest areas of

Sundargarh district, the usual forest

inventory design provided by Forest

Survey of India has been followed.

• All these areas indicated by dotted

line or a spotted line or a pillar line as

forest areas.

• Any other areas reported to be

forested areas by local forest

depa rtment.

in Sundargarh district. The total number

of topa-sheets used for the present

inventory is 26. The details of these

tapa-sheets are shown as follows.

Table 2 DETAILS O}' TilE TOPOSIIEETS

S. N. TOPOSIIEET NUMnrm 1 <i'1 Nil] 1'1 l~, 1G ~ ... 2 64 0/9 13 = 2 . 3 736/2,3, 'I, 7, 8 11, 12 15 16 = 9 4 73 Ell, S. 9, 10, 13, 14, = 6 5 73 F/34 = 2 6 73 GIl, 2, 5 = 3

2.4 SURVEY DESIGN

The entire survey was essentially a

systematic sampling under which the

Survey of India toposheets of 1:50,000

scale is divided into 36 grids of 2.5' x 2.5'

of latitude and longitude. In each of such

grids two sample points were selected on

the toposheets. The selection of the first

point is random and the second point is

linked to the first one in the oPPOsite

direction at an equal distance from the grid

centre. The inventory data were collected

2.5 PRECISION AND ACCURACY

PreciSion level for the study has been

maintained to check the error limit and

thus to enhance the reliability of the data.

The result of the present inventory would

2.6 PLOT LAYOUT

The method of marking of the plot centres

of the two sample plots on the map in each

grid of 2.5' x 2.5' is shown in the diagram

at the end of the report. First, the length

and width of each grid are measured to the

smallest convenient scale. The length of

the side of a plot on the map

corresponding to 0.1 hectare square plot

on the ground is calculated. let X and Y

12

SCALE .-l:!,U ouu ... .. " " "

from a square plot of 0.1 hectare laid out

at each of these sample points on the

ground. It may be mentioned that only the

plots falling within the forest areas were

surveyed. One sample plot of 0.1 hectare

represents about 10 sq.km. all the ground

and the intensity of sampling is 0.01%.

The length of each side of the square plot

is 31.62 metres on the ground and 0.6324

mm. (say, 0.6 mm.) on the toposheets of

scale 1:50,000.

be at the preciSion level of 95°/~ probability

with error limit of ±10%. This accuracy is,

however, obtained for the entire State and

not for individual districts.

be the length and width of the grid and s

the side of the plot. Subtract side s from

both sides, i.e. find (X-s) and (Y-s). Let

these numbers be X' and Y', Two random

numbers, one in the range of 0 to X' and

the other in the range of a to Y' are

selected. These numbers are called x and

y respectively. Half of the Side of the plot

(s/2) is added to x and y to get x +5/2 and

y+s/2, which will be the cO-Qrdinates of the

centre of first plot in the grid considering

the left hand bottom corner (S?uth-west

corner) of the grid as origin of the axis.

The centre of second plot is located by

joining the centre of first plot with the grid

centre and extending this line in the

opposite direction. A point at an equal

distance from the grid centre in the

oPPOsite direction is marked which is the

centre of second plot. In facti the plot

centre is the intersection of diagonals of

the 0.1 hectare plot. Diagonals are aligned

2.7 DATA COLLECTION

An inventory crew (team) headed by a

crew leader collects the forest inventory

data in the field. To demarcate a plot, a

prominent reference point is selected in the

vicinity of the plot centre. The field

reference paint must be clearly visible on

the map as well as on the ground, e.g.

junction of roads or rivers, prominent

topographical features in hilly area such as

spurs and knots, village tri-junction points,

old bridges and culverts, springs,

milestones etc. The data is collected and

recorded in a legible manner in the codified

field forms such as Plot Approach Form,

Plot Description Form, Plot Enumeration

Form etc. Since, bamboo does not occur

widely, the details of this kind of data have

not been tabulated. However, the details

of all these forms are discussed here.

a) Plot approach form: It gives an

account of the details regarding the

approach to the plot. All the conspicuous

13

NW-SE and NE-SW measuring 44.72 m.

each. After getting approach to the plot

center with the help of toposheet and

reference point, corners of the plot are

fixed with respect to the plot center by

measuring 22.36 m. in each of the

directions viz. North-West, South-East,

North-East and South-West directions

respectively from the plot center. The

North, East, South and Western extremities

are fixed by measuring 15.81 m. from plot

centre in each of these directions.

features observed during the journey from

campsite to the plot centre are recorded.

Prominent reference point along with

bearings is recorded which serves as an aid

to reach the plot at a future date.

b) Plot description fonn: The

description of several parameters such as

topography, soil, land use class, forest

type, regeneration, crop data etc. are

collected and recorded in this form for an

area of 2 hectare around the centre of the

plot.

c) Plot enumeration form: This

form is filled up for each plot. The details

recorded are the name of the species and

its diameter. Trees less than 10 cm. d.b.h.

over-bark and utility less than 70% are not

recorded usually. Border trees are counted

'IN' when they touch NW-NE and NW-SW

boundaries and considered 'OUT' wilen

they touch NE-SE and SW-SE boundary

lines.

d) Sample tree form: Data for trees

with diameter 10 cm. and above at breast

height over bark are collected from 114 area

of the total plot i.e. 0.025 hec;:tares area at

Northwest quadrant of the plot. On each

sample tree, sample tree carel will be

nailed. In this form, data on tree height,

bark thickness, length of clear bole, shape

of the tree etc. are recorded.

e) Bamboo enumeration form:

This form is designed for enumeration of

bamboo culms per dump by age and culms

and soundness of culms by clump size.

Separate forms are used for clump forming

and non-dump forming bamboo.

f} Bamboo weight form: This form

is maintained to determine the green

weight and dry weight of bamboo. Mature

bamboos are selected from each diameter

class and for each spedes. 30 cms. long

pieces obtained from the top, middle and

bottom portions of the utilisable culms are

cut out and their green weights are

recorded. These pIeces are properly

documented and kept in the base camp

and weighed every 30 days till a constant

weight is obtained. Since bamboo did not

occur Widely, hence the use of form (e) &

(f) were very limited.

14

CHAPTER - III

DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION

3.0 GENERAL

Data processing was carried out in

the following three phases viz. Manual

3.1 MANUAL I'ROCESSING

lot involves following steps:

• Proper documentation of the field

information received.

• Codification of the information in the

field forms which have not already

been incorporated.

3.Z INPUT FOR TilE COMPUTER

After the manual checking, the information

of the field forms was fed into the

• Plot Description Data

• Plot Enumeration Data

• Sample Tree Data

J.J PROCESSING ON COMPUTER

Processing on computer includes the

following steps:

i) Verification of data for the creation of

clean file and the transference of the

same to hard/noppy disk.

ii) ConSistency checking of the data

on computer.

15

Processing, Input on Computer and

Processing on Computer.

• Manual checking for validity of codes

used in various columns of the

information filled in the forms.

• Reconciliation of the discrepancies with

the help of the field officers.

computer. The following data is stored in

the hard disk for onward processing.

iii) Corrections of the data to remove

discrepancies noticed during

conSistency checking.

iv) Tabulation of plot-wise stem

distribution for the district as a

whole.

v) Preparation of tables of volume

distriibution.

3.4 DERlVA TION OF VOLUME EQUATION IT ABLES

Local volume equations used in Sambalpur

district forest inventory were used to

estimate the volume of Sundargarh district

as it is the adjacent district of Sundargarh.

The local volume equations used for

different species are as under.

Table 3 VOLUME EQUATIONS

SPECIES EQUATIONS

Adina cordi/alia V=0.08507+0.19669D+7.16812 D1 Anogeissus lati/olia V=0.13928-2.87067D+20.22404Dl - I3.805720~

Dombax ceiba V =O.02834+4.68381D2

Boswellia serrata V=0.36432 - 1.32768..JD+9.4847102

Bridelia relusa ..JV=O.1l620+4.1271l0 - 1.08508..J0 Dalhergia latifolia V=- 0.00965+0.585460 - 2.5605002 +24.34212503

Diospyros me/amuyfoll ..JV= 0.06728+4.063510 - 0.99816..JD Garuga pimuua V =-0.09144 + 1.48588D-5.531720~ +24.048510' wgerstroemia pan'iflora V =0.07199-1.259230 + 9.2841601

wnnea coromandelica V =-0.01071-0.665280 +9.5447802-4.5887603

Madhuca lati/olia V =0.10423-1.384290+8.39379D1 Mitrog),nQ paNij10ra V =0.08444-1.268010 +8.7521401

Plerocarpus marsupium ...JV =-0.16276 + 2.820020 +0.04034..JD Shorea robusta ..JV =0. 19994+4.51 119D-l.56823..Jl) Syzigium cumini ...JV=0.30706+5.12731D-2.09870~0 Temul1alia belerica V =-0.14823 + 2,44138D-6.864340z+ 18.0544401

Temli1lalia crenulata V =0.05061-1.11994D +8.77839D! Miscellaneous species ...JV=0.06063+3.43666D-O.75571~D

Where

V = Total under bark volume of tree including branches (in m3).

o "" D.S.H. (O.B.) in meter.

3.5 TREE VOLUME

Volume of each enumerated tree was

estimated with the help of Volume

3.6 PLOT VOLUME

Volume of each enumerated tree in a plol

when added up provided the plot volume.

16

equations and was used for generation of

stock tables by species and diameter class.

These plol volume figures were the basis

for estimation of sampling error.

3.7 STAND TABLES

The elements of tree enumeration file

were util ised to dassify the trees by

species, diameter and crop composition,

stratum etc. Estimates of the number of

3.8 STOCK TABLES

Estimates of volume per hectare and total

volume by species and diameter classes

were obtained for each crop

17

stems per hectare and total stems

by species and diameter classes

were obtained for each stratum.

composition/stratum from the tree

enumeration file by applying volume

equations.

CHAPTER- IV

RESULTS OF INVENTORY

4.0 GENERAL

The data collected during the inventory

was analysed and various information were

generated. The plot data analysis has also

been carried out on various parameters.

Important results with respect to each

stratum as well as for the district level is

presented in this chapter.

4.1 FOREST COVER AS PER STATE OF FOREST REPORT 1999 (FSI)

The extent of forest cover of Sundargarh district as per the State of Forest Report 1999 by

Forest Survey of India is as below.

Table 4 FOREST COVER

DISTRICT GEOGRAPHICAL FOREST COVER (SQ. KM.)

AREA {SQ. KM.} DENSE OPEN TOTAL

SUNDARGARH 9712 2634 1377 4011

Source :- State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India Publication 1999

4.1.1 RECORDED FOREST AREA (LEGAL STATUS)

The forest area of Sundargarh district as per legal Status is as below.

Table 5 RECORDED FOREST AREA

S.N. LEGAL STATUS RECORDED FOREST AREA(SQ. KM.)

1 Reserved Forest 2651.88 2 Unclassed Demarcated Protected Forest 1.72 3 Dema rcated Protected Forest 836.85 4 Undemarcated Protected Forest -5 Other Forest 1466.87

Total 4957.32

Reference: Orissa State Forest Department.

18

4.1.2 'INVENTORIED AREA

The extent of forest area as calculated by

the dot-grid method on the basi~ of 409

plots, marked on the green wash area of

the toposheets of Sundargarh district is

4238.02 sq. km. Henceforth this area of

4238.02 sq. km. shall be taken as the total

forest area of the district. One plot

therefore represents 10.3619 sq. km. or

1036.19 ha. forest.

4.2 ANALYSIS OF PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA

The plot description data was analysed on

the various parameters characterising the

plots i.e. terrain condition, regeneration

status, grazing incidence, fire incidence

and plantation potentiality. The analysis

of the above data led to the distribution

of the forest area by land-use-dasses.

Table 6 DISTRmUTION OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES

Code Land Use Description No. of Forest area Perccnl41ge No. Plots (Ha.)

1 Dense tree forest Forest with canopy 48 49737 11.74 density 70% & above

2 Moderately dense Forest with canopy 257 266301 62.84 tree forest density 30 to 69%

3 Open tree forest Forest with canopy 77 79787 18.83 density 5 to 29%

4 Scrub forest Forest with canopy 6 6217 1.47 density less than 5%

5 Bamboo brakes Areas completelv - - -covered with bamboo

6 Shifting cultivation Areas under current as - - -well as previous yea rs shifting cultivation.

7 Young plantation - 1 1036 0.24 of forestry species

8to Trees in line - - - -10 11 Barren land - - - -12 Agricultural land - 3 3109 0.73

without trees. 13 Agricultural land - 3 3109 0.73

with trees. 14 Non-forest - - - -

plantation 15 Habitation - 7 7253 1.71 16 Water bodies - - - -18 Young crop of - 7 7253 1.71

natural or artificial regeneration.

TOTAL 409 423802 100.00

19

The above data reveClls thClt out of the

tolal forest area, 11.74% area consists of

dense forests (i.e. canopy density 70%

and above), 62.84% area of moderately

dense forests (30 to 69% canopy density)

whereas 18.83% of the forest area is

open fore"t (denc;ity. hetw~11 S% ;Uln

29%). '1 hus, in all, 96.83% of the total

forest land is under vegetation and the

rest of the forest area, constituting

3.17<l/D of the total area is not covered by

vegetation.

4.3 TREE FOREST AREA FOR GROWING STOCK ESTIMATION

The area falling under the land use classes

of dense tree forest, moderately dense tree

forest, open tree forest, bamboo brakes,

young plantation of forestry species and

young crop of natural or artificial

regeneration was considered as tree forest

area and were included for growing stock

estimation. Out of the 409 plots

inventoried, 218 plots were found to fall

under Sal forests and 172 plots were found

to be miscellaneous forests. Thus the

distribution of net forest area for growing

stock estimation among the above two

strata is as follows.

Table 7 ESTIMATION OF GROWING STOCK

SL NO. STRATUM NO. OF PLOTS TREE FOREST AREA (SQ.KM.) FOR GROWING STOCK

ESTIMATION

1 Sal 218 2258.89

2 Miscellaneous 172 1782.25

TOTAL 390 4041.14

The rest of the plots fell in the non-forest areas.

20

4.4 ANALYSIS OF FORES'f AREAS ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS

a) Tire di.ftriblltiml of tree fore.'It area by topography :

The distribution of tree forest area by topography is as below.

Table 8 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY

Code No. Topography No. of prots Forest Area (lla.) Percentage 1 Flat 13 13470 3.33 2 . Gently rolling 93 96366 23.85 3 Hilly 276 285988 70.77 4 Very hilly 8 8290 2.05

Unrecorded - - -Total 390 404114 100.00

From the above data, it is seen that

94.62% of the forests of Sundargarh

district are situated on either Hilly or Gently

Rolling Terrain.

b) Distributioll of tree forest area by aspect:

The distribution of tree forest area by various aspect classes is as below.

Table 9 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ASrECT

Code No. Aspect No. of Plots Forest Area (tta.) Percentage 1 Northern 19 19688 4.87 2 North-Eastern 64 66316 16.41 3 Eastern 27 27977 6.92 4 South-Eastern 90 93257 23.08 5 Southern 27 27977 6.92 6 South-Western 76 78750 19.49 7 Western 29 30050 7.'14 8 North-Western 55 56990 14.10 9 No aspect 3 3109 0.77

Unrecorded - - -. TOTAL 390 404114 100.00

The above table shows that the forest area is widely distributed among the various aspect

classes.

c) Distributioll of tree forest area by roc/cilfess:

The distribution of the tree forest area by rockiness classes is as under.

Table 10 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ROCKINESS

Code No. Ro~kiness No. of Plots Forest Area (lIaJ Percent.age 1 HiQh 1 1036 O~26 2 Medium 70 72533 17.95 3 Low 124 128<188 31.79 4 No rock 195 202057 50.00

Unrecorded - - . TOTAL 390 404114 100.00

The above table shows that about 18% of the total area has medium or high rockiness.

21

d) DistributiaN of tree fore!)·t area by soil cOllsistency:

Distribution of tree forest area by soil consistency is as below.

Table 11 DlSTRIBlJTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOil, CONSISTENCY Code No. Soil Consiste~cy No. of Plots Forest Area (Un.) Per-centZlge 1 Friable 7 7253 1.79

2 Slightly compact 379 392716 97.18 3 Compact 4 4145 1.03 4 Cemented - - -5 No soil - - -

Unrecorded - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00

The vast majority of the area falls under the slightly compact category.

e) DistributioN of tree farest area by soil texture:

The distribution of tree forest area by Soil Texture is given below.

Table 12 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTUUE

Code Soil Texture No. Of Plots Forest Aren (Ha.)_ Percentage 1 C1<lyey 1 1036 0.26 2 CI~~loam 97 100510 24.B7 3 Loam 283 293242 72.56 4 Sand_y_ loam 9 9326 2.31 5 Sandy - - -6 No soil - - -

Unrecorded - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00

Thus the soil in a major portion of forest area is either of loamy or clayey loam variety.

1) Distribution oftreefore.'it aretl fJJ' soil erosion:

The extent of soil erosion in the tree forest of the district is as berow.

Table 13 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION

Code No. Soil Erosion No. of Plots forest Area (fta.) Pcrccntage 1 Heavy 2 Moderate 3 Mild 4 No erosion

Unrecorded TOTAL

From the above table it is clear that over

76% of the total area is affected by mild

erosion. Consequently close to 23% of the

40 41448 10.26 49 50773 12.56

297 307748 76.15 4 4145 1.03 - - -

390 404114 100.00

forest area is alTected by moderate or

heavy erosion. This is a significant

characteristic of the forest land.

22

g) DistriblltiOIJ of tree forest area by injuries to crop:

The extent of injuries to the forest crops as seen during the inventory is tabulated below.

Table 14 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY INJURIES TO CROP

Code Crop Injury No. of Forest Area (Ua.) Percentage No. Plots

1 Bor-er attad<, le~f defoliata- attack - - -or- damage by other pest epidemic.

2 T op dryi!:!9 1 1036 0.26 3 Girdling and illicit felling 363 376137 93.08 4 ScarinQ of trees - - -5 Loppino for fodder - - -6 Wind damaQe or- flood damaQe - - -7 Other iljuries 14 14507 3.59 8 No Injuries 12 12434 3.07

Unrecorded - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00

Thus, 93% of the forest area is affected by

girdling and illicit felling. No other damage

is Significant. Other injuries which was

seen in the extent of 3.59% includes

injuries by wildlife, lightning climbers etc.

h) Distribution of tree forest area by fire ;nchlellce:

The extent of fire incidence is as under.

Table 15 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE

Code Fire Incidence No.

No. of Plots Forest Area (ltn.) Pcroonmg~

1 Heavy 2 2072 0.51 2 Moderate 17 17615 4.36 3 Light. 334 346088 85.64 4 Nofre 37 38339 9.49

Unrecon::led - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00

The extent of fire incidence is negligible.

i) Dbitributi(}n of tree fore.sf area by grazing incidence:

The extent of grazing in the district is as follows.

Table 16 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE

Code Grazing incidence No. of Plots Forest Area (Ha.) Perccnbge No.

t Heavy 13 1<1556 11.03 2 Moderate 175 181333 44.87 3 Light 167 173044 42.82 4 No g-azinCl 5 51Bl 1.28

TOTAL 390 404114 . 100.00

23

42.82% of the forest area has light to no

grazing incidence. Significantly moderate

to heavy grazing is prevalent in 55.9% of

the forest area. Only 1.28% of the total

area is completely free from grazing.

j) Distribution aftree/orest area by plantation potentiality:

The following table shows plantation potentiality of the inventoried area.

Table 17 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALITY

Code No. Planbltion potentiaUty No. of Plots Forest Area (Ha.) Percentage

1 Plantable

2 Unplantable

3 N?t Applicable

Unrecorded

TOTAL

Thus, as per the inventory, 14.36% of

the total forest area is plantable. Thus

about 58027 ha. area can be taken up in

56 58027 14.36

7 7253 1.79

327 338834 83.85

- - -390 404114 100.00

any plantation scheme. Not applicable

category is applicable for areas where

crown density is already 30% or more.

k) Distribution of tree fore.d area by intensity of regeneration:

The intenSity of regeneration in the district is as below.

Table 18 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY INTENSITY OF REGENERATION

COdE No. of seedlings In 4 m. x 4 m. No. of Forest Area Percentage No. square plot Plots (Ha.) 1 Adequate(8 or more seedlings) 43 44556 11.03 2 Inadequate (less than 8 seedlings) 262 271482 67.18 3 Absent (No Seedlings) 83 86004 21.28

Unrecorded 2 2072 0.51 TOTAL 390 404114 100.00

From the above data, it is clear that 88.46% of the forest area either hilS no regeneration

or has inadequate regeneration. Only 11.03% area has adequate ,egeneration,

24

t) Distribution (iftreeJ(Jrcst area by dc-gnu/tlti",,:

The degradation status of forest is renecled in the following tables.

Table 19 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY DEGRADATION

Code No. Degradation status No. of Plots Forest Area Percentage (Ha.)

A. Grazing, Fire. Pollard/ng, iflidt cutting and lopping.

U Heavily degraded 51 5284_f: 13.m 12 Moderately degraded ~~ 9843~ 24.3J 13 Mildly degraded 22<1 232101 57.<h 14 Not deg raded 12 12434 3.0~ B. Other natural calamities suc" as land 5lid~ glacier, flood, rainfall etc.

21 Heavify degraded 22 Moderately deg raded

23 Mildly degraded

24 Not degraded

Unrecorded

TOTAL

It can be seen that biotic interference is

present to an extent up to 97.95%. Out

of this 37.44% is in the categories of

4.5 TREE DENSITY STUDY

The tree density study for both the Sat

and Miscellaneous strata have been

determined and presented In Part II of

this report. The distribution of number of

- - -- - -8 8289 2.05

- - -- - -

390 404114 100.00

moderately or heavily degraded.

Degradation due to natural calamities is

almost insignificant.

stems per ha. by species and diameter

classes is given in'Table 1.1 and 1.2 of

Part II.

Table 20 NO. OF STEMSIHA. BY STRATA

STRATUM SAL MISCELlANEOUS AVERAGE VALUE FOR TltE DISTRICT

(a) Sal Stratum:

I.

The salient features of this

stratum are summarised below.

The number of stems/ha. is

275.149.

25

II.

NO. OF STEMSLHA. 275,149 201.438 242.640

Sal (Shorea robusta) is the

predominant species in this

stratum and consists of 42.63%

of all the stems.

275.149

'300. 201.438

'200'

, ~iscell~meou~.i ~ " ~ "

;.. ' _ oj.::ti { ~ ~ ._-:. -... ; ". "'. -, ., ... ~, ~, ~.,,,,. ~, .~:,. ~~.; ,; I .

NO. OF STEMS/HA. FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM

Shorea robusta

Yermlnalia crenulata

BUchananla Dlospyros lanzan melanoxylon

'~':";I:~;'~.~~· •. ;E OF STEMsm FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER-: c' . ' , , " t r.<ki ffLir;; , 1;4 MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM

.. __ - ....

30

20

·10

o~----~~~--~ ____ ~~ __ ~ __ ~~~~~ __ ~ Shorea

.fc"b.U sta ;t!~J~~ant~us :J:\nogelssiJs

cQlIlnus ; 1~t~f(W!

1lI. Maximum number of stems

(67.25%) is observed in the

lowest diameter class I.e. 10-19

cm. The number of stems . gradually decreases in higher

diameter classes Le. 21.43% and

7.75% of total stems is in the

IV .

v.

20-29 em. diameter class and 30-

39 em. diameter class

respectively.

The number of trees above 50

em. diameter is negligible.

The presence of various species

is as below.

Tnllle 21 STl~I\tS l·l~R IIA. OF IMPORTANT SI· .. :l.:ms UNDER SAL STRATUM

SPECIES NAME

Shorea robusta Terminalia crenu/ata Buchanania /anzan DioSDYlVS melanoxy/on C/eistanthus col/intis AnOQeissus /atifo/ia

(b)

I.

II.

Miscellaneous stratum:

The salient features of this

stratum are summarised below.

. Number of stems/haw in this

stratum is 201.438.

Maximum number of stems is in

the lowest, i.e. 10-19 em.

diameter class (72.15%). The

number of stems progressively

NO.OF STEMS/HA. PERCENTAGE

m.

IV.

117.291 42.63 25.046 9.10

'21.513 7.82 17.477 6.35 11.009 4.00 10.597 3.85

decreases in higher diameter

classes (i.e. 18.96% and 5.74%

in the 20-29 em. ami 30-39 em.

diameter class respectively) .

The number of trees above 50

em. diameter is negligible.

The presence of the major

species Is as follows.

Table 22 STEMS InA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER MISC. STRATUM

SPECIES NO. OF STEMS/HA. PERCENTAGE DioSDYros me/onoxy/on Shorea robusta Cleisli!Jnthus co/linus Anooeissus lastifo/ia Buchanania fanzan Tenninalia crenulata Lannea coromande/lca

,

4.6 TOTAL STEMS

The number of stems by species and

diameter class in the different stratum

are given in Table 2.1 and 2.2 of Part II

26

20.233 10.04 20.000 9.93 17.209 8.54 16.569 8.23 16.163 8.02 16.103 7.99 13.895 6.90

of this report. A summary of that

Information is as follows.

Table 23 TOTAL STEMS BY STRATA

STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous TOTAL

Thus, total number of stems in the

forests of Sundargarh district is estimated

(a) Sal stratum:

TOTAL STEMS (in '000 Nos.) 62153 35901 98054

as 98.054 million. The distribution of the

primary species in the two strata is.

detailed below.

Table 24 TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL S'fRATIJl\f

SPECIES TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) Shorea robusm 26495 Termina/ia crenu/ata 5658 Buchnania lanzan 4860 Diospyros melanoxyton 3948 Cleistanthus collinus 2487 Anogeissus laDfolia 2394

(b) Miscellaneous stratum:

Table 25 TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATUM

SPECIES Diospyros me/anoxylon Shorea robusta Cleistanthus collinus Anogeissus latifo/ia Buchanania lanzan Terminal;a crenu/ata Lannea coromandelica

4.7 VOLUME STUDIES

The distribution of volume of trees per

hectare by species and diameter class has

been calculated and is given in Table No.

Table 26 VOLUME PER HA. BY STRATA

STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous Value ror the district

27

TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO,} 3606 3565 3067 2953 2881 2870 2476

3.1 and 3.2 of Part 11 of this report. The

value of volume/ha by stratum is as

below.

VOLUME (t,13)/ltA 60.927 45.179 53.982

.'

TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) BY STRATA

Sal

Miscella neo us 35901

TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM

62153

- ~ r, ~ "

::, ~ l~~~:'f~~~~~~;~~ ~:~; •.• c: : . ~: '~.:~j~~~~~~~~~~~~l~8~:1~!"; '~ ~~~~;;:J:'.~,~;::.,~w#:~:;~!~ ~~;~~~!:-~;~ ~=~,;j. sh(jrei"robusta , _~~~~~~7~~.~4W'l,,1:';M~ .. ~lli ~.~\.:¥ ~64~.~

TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO., FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM

CleisfanthuscoUinus I~~~, ..,... :: Anogels5us latlfolia

........ 80.

60

40

:~~.

'.O'· . .J,C.:_,...,.~=~~~=~---.--.,.",...::.....,__::_..::......:::::,...:::~~:.::...::~"

:" '.. . sii ' . .. ~"' .. ' . iViiscellaneous;t .,~~~,i.,~~ ;; :'~'., ~,,, ",:1""~ ."0~~"i)~· 't '~ .. ~'·f~~.::, .' .. :':~1ilf.::!:;~,~~!\~T'~ ...

4

2 . ' .. _·t

:~> .fVOLUME(m3)/HA. FOR THE DOMI~ANT ~PECIES UNDER ~ SAL STRATUM L_,._ . __ .. __ ........ __ ......... ..... _.... .. .. ,.. ' « _ ,_.. ..

32.864

VOLUME(m3)/HA. FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER

Teiminalia crenulata

MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM

Anogeissus latifolia

Shorea robusta

Diospyros melanoxy1on

(a)

I.

II.

Sal stratum:

Salient featUres of this stratum

are summarized below.

The volumejha. in the

stratum is 60.927.

Sal

The value of Volume/ha is

maximum (27.61% of total

volume) in 20-29 em. diameter

m.

class. The volume/ha in the 30-

39 cm. and 10-19 cm. diameter

classes is 24.32% and 20.37%

respectively.

Sal (Shorea robusta) constitutes

53.94% of the total volume of

this stratum. The volume

contribution of the primary

species is as below.

Table 27 SPEcmSWISE VOLUME PER IIA. IN SAL SmA TUM

SPECIES Shorea robusta Terminalia crenulata Diosf)Yros melanoxY/on Anogeissus latifolia Madhuca tatifotia Buchanania lanzan

(b) Miscellaneous stratum:

The salient features of this

stratum are summarised below.

I.

n.

The value of Vofume/ha of this

stratum is 45.179 ml.

27.14% of the total volume is in

the 10-19 em. diameter class

while 26.21% and 18.45% of the

total volume is the contribution of

VOLUME (m.!!lHA PERCENTAGE

III.

32.864 53.94 4.265 7.00 3.610 5.93 3.017 4.95 2.366 3.88 1.631 2.68

the 20-29 em. and 30-39 em.

diameter classes respectively.

The contribution to volume of the

trees with diameter 60 em. and

above is 12.41% of the total

volume.

The contribution of the major

species to the volume in this

strata is as below.

Table 28 SI"ECIESWISE VOLUME PER JlA. MISC. STRATUM

SPECIES VOLUME tm-~)/HA PERCENTAGE Terminalia crenulata 5.660 12.53 AnogeissY5 lab70lia 5.002 11.07 Shorea robusta 4.369 9.67 DiosPK_f'OS melanoxylon 3.792 8.39 Boswe/lia serrata 3.404 7.53 Madhucil latifolia 3.168 7.01 C/eistanthus col/inus 2.016 4.53 Li1nnea coromandelica 2.070 4.58

28

4.8 TOTAL VOLUME

The lotal volume by species and diameler

classes in different stratum are given in

Table 29 TOTAL VOLUME BY STRATA

STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous Total

Thus, the total growing stock in the

forests of Sundargarh district is estimated

at 21.815 million m3•

(a) Sal stratum:

'I able 4.1 and 4.2 in Part 11 of this re[JOIt.

Those are summarised below.

TOTAL VOLUME ('000 MlJ 13763 8052

21815

Total volume of the major species in

the different strata is as below.

Table 30 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STRATUM

SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME ('OOOM3)

Shorea robusta 7423 Terminalia crenulata 963 Oiospyros mefanoxylon 815 Anogeissus latifolia 681 Madhuca latifofia 534 Buchanania fanzan 368

(b) Miscellaneous Stratum:

Table 31 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATUI'vl

SPECIES Terminalia crenulata Anogeissus latifolia Shorea robusta Oiospyros mefanoxy/on Boswellia serrata Madhuca latilblia Lannea coromandelica Cleistanthus collinus

4.9 STANDARD ERROR.

The standard error percentage (Le. S.E%)

for the estimation of growing stock has

been estimated by ratio method for

29

TOTAL VOLUME t'ooo ... \~) 1009

. -891 779 676 607 565 369 365

individual stratum, The standard error

percentage for different stratum is as

follows.

iTOTAL VOLUME ('000 m9) 'BY STRATA: .. , - ..... ~ ... ~--~---..J

13763 16000

12000

8000

4000 •

o

TOTAL VOLUME ('000 m'i) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM

'8000

6000

4000

2000

o ShorN robusta

Tenninalla Diospyros Anogelssus crenulata melanoxylon latlfolla

TOTAL VOLUME ("000..3) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER, MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM

1500

1000

,'0 '

'Iatlfoll~

Table 32 S.E. % IN EACH STRATUM

STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous For the district .

For the determination of the standard

error, the sample was considered. A

systematic cluster sample, having two

sample plots in each cluster. The ratio

30

S. E. %

7.58 8.78 5.76

method of estimation was used since in

many of the grids, only one plot was enumerated.

CUAPTER-V

SUMMARY AND CONcLuSIONS

With regards to the rcsulLc; of the inventory the main points are summarised in tlte following

section.

5.1

1.

2.

SUMMARV

The geographical area of

Sundargarh district is 9712 sq.

km. The extent of forest cover

as per the State of Forest Report

1999, Forest Survey of India is

4011 sq. km. The extent of

forest by legal status as per th~

information of Ortssa State Forest

Department 15 4957.32 sq.~m.

(Reserved forest 2651.88 sq.km.,

Protected forests 838.57 sq.km.

& other forests 1466.87 sq.km.).

The forest area as determined by

the 'dot grid' method, during the

preparation of the report is

4238.02 sQ.km. Thus, the forest

area constitutes 43.64% of the

entire area of the dlstrfct. During

inventory, on the basis of the

Inventoried data, the actual Tree

Forest area was determined to be

4041.14 sq.km.

The forests Of Sundargarh district

can be classified into two types

(called strata). The area coming

under the Sal Stratum is 2258.89

31

3.

4.

5.

6.

sq.km., whjle that under the

Miscellaneous Stratum is 1782.25

sq. km.

The total number of trees in the

Sundargarh district has been

estimated to be 98.054 million.

Out of these, 62.153 million are

in the Sal Strata while 35.901

million are in the miscellaneous

strata.

The Sal stratum has about 275

trees per hectare, while the

miscellaneous stratum has 201

trees per hectare.

The tolal growing stock in the

forests of Sundargarh district is

21.B15 million cU.m. The

standing growing stock of the

forests of the Sal stratum is

13.763 million cU.m., while that

in the miscellaneous stratum is

8.052 million cu.m.

The forests of the Sal -stratum

has a volume density of 60.927

cu.m./ha, while that of the

miscellaneous stratum has a

density of 45.179 cu.m./ha.

7.

8.

9.

10.

The data indicates that about

93% of the forest area is affected

by girdling and/or illicit felling.

Moderate to heavy fire incidence

was seen in about 5% of the

forest area.

Around 56% of the forest a rea is

subjected to moderate to heavy

grazing.

In 21.28% of forest area,

regeneration is absent, while in

11.

12

others 67.18% area it Is

inadequate. Only about 11% of

the forest area has adequate

regeneration.

An area of 58027 ha is estimated

to be plantable In nature. This

constitutes 14.36% of the forest

area.

About 23% of the forest area of

the district is affected by

moderate to heavy soil erosion.

5.1 'COMPARISON WIm PAST INVENTORY RESULT

Since this is the first time that such an

inventory has been carried out and

recorded in the Sundargarh district, no

5.3 CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are drawn on

the basis of the results of the inventory

{O

(ii)

The forests of Sundargarh district

are mainly of the Sal type and the

Miscellaneous type.

The vast majority of forest area is

under severe biotic pressure In the

form of illicit felling and girdling.

Grazing is also a serious problem in

more than half the forest areas,

while efforts may be made to

lighten the impact of intensive

grazing by promoting measures

like rotational grazing etc, the

problem of Illicit felling has to be

tackled using both legal measures

32

comparison with earlier result can be

made.

work of forest area of Sundargarh distri~ I

Orissa.

(iii)

(Iv)

as well as promoting effects at

social fencing.

With the increasing unpredictable

changes of the weather, the spread

of soil erosion is rising. Soil

conservation measures should be

considered at appropriate localities

by structural as well as vegetative

methods so as to arrest this trend.

This should be considered a priority

so as to maintain the soil profile.

While heavy fire does not seem to

be a major problem in the district,

and In some cases, a light fire may

(v)

be quite healthy in ecosystem,

care should be tak.en that this does

not seriously aff~ the

regeneration in the area.

The overall status of regeneration

of the major species in the forests

of Sundargarh district is very

unsatisfactory. In 88% of the

forest area, the regeneration is

either absent or is below adequate

levels. To maintain a viable

population of any species or a

group of species, assured

regeneration is an absolute

necessity. In its absence, the

population will ultimately become

•

33

extinct. In this connection, it is

essential that concerted efforts are

made to protect the natural

regeneration. This can be done

by involving the local people also

living in the vicinity of the forests

and providing closed seasons for

the forest areas in rotation, so as

to allow new seedlings to establish.

Artificial regeneration of locally

available species of higher

economic as well as ecological

importance should supplement the

natural regeneration at sites where

it is required.

BIBUOGRAPHY

1. Final population total: Brief analysis of primary census abstract, paper 2

of 1992, Series-I, India, Census of India 1991.

2. Final population totals, SC & ST population (1991).

3. States of our union Orissa, Publication Division, Ministry of Infonnation

and Broadcasting, Government of India.

4. District Census Handbook - Sundargarh District.

5. Sundargarh District Gazetteers - Government of Ortssa.

6. State of Forest Report, 1999, published by Forest Survey of India,

Dehradun.

34

MAP OF INDIA

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...

PROJECT MAP OF SUNDARGa:AR \f DISTRICT

Slmd.ga

REFERENCE

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2: 3; o :r.: 1/1

PART -II (STATISTICAL TABLES)

.~.

List of Tables

--------------------------------------------------------_--------------:rable NO. contents stratum page NO.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------1.1

1.2

2.1

2.2.

3.1

3.2

4.1

4.2

stems/ha.(in no.) by species and diameter classes (in c~~)

DO

Total stems (in no.) by

species and diameter classes (in cm.)

DO

volume (in ml) per hectare by species and diameter classes (in cm.)

Do

Total volume (in m3 ) by species and diameter classes (in cm.)

00

sal 1,2,3

Miscellaneous 4,5,6

sal 7,8,9

Miscellaneous 10,11,12

sal 13,14,15

Miscellaneous 16.17,18

sal . 19,20,21

Miscellaneous 22,23,24

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