Forest Resources Monitoring Survey Requirements for Forest ...
19
49 Kyoto Target for Japan Kyoto Target for Japan Kyoto target -6% from the level in the base year Target of forest sinks -3.8% (13 M t-C/yr = Japan’s Cap in MA) Present situation of emission in Japan +8.7% in 2007 without forest removals +1.9% in 2008 Kyoto target will be achieved in 2008 with Forest removals & JI, CDM, Credits by emission trading 50 Requirements for Forest Removals Requirements for Forest Removals under the Kyoto Protocol under the Kyoto Protocol Definition and choice Definition of “Forest” Election of Article 3.4 activities Definition of Forest management Choice of reporting method Data and methods for accounting Transparent data source and methods Uncertainty assessment, Verification and QA/QC Accounting methods Carbon in 5 pools Above ground biomass, Below ground biomass, Dead wood, Litters and Soil organic matter Article 3.3 ARD Article 3.4 FM lands Accounting and reporting systems 51 Japan Japan’ s Forest Inventory System s Forest Inventory System based on Forest registers and Forest maps based on Forest registers and Forest maps Forest registers Enumeration Attribute information : Area, Species, Age, DBH, Volume etc. Every sub-compartment of all private and national forests Total 41 M records Updating every 5 years Linkage with boundaries in forest planning maps Forest maps 1/5000 scale maps Boundaries of forest compartments and sub-compartments 100% of the boundaries of forest components have been digitized for GIS. Around 80% of the boundaries of sub-compartments have been digitized for GIS 52 Forest Resources Monitoring Survey Forest Resources Monitoring Survey Started from 1999 About 15,700 permanent plots on 4km×4km grid points over the whole of national territory Each plot is surveyed every 5 years. 3,200 plots are surveyed annually. Each monitoring plot: triple circle of 0.1 ha Configuration of Monitoring Plot 4km 4km 4km 4km Identifying the plot location by GPS Identifying the plot location by GPS Measuring specified radius Measuring specified radius Plot Form 5.64m 11.28m 0.01 ha 0.03 ha 0.06 ha Totally 0.10 ha Subject DBH > 18cm 5cm 1cm A4-199
Transcript of Forest Resources Monitoring Survey Requirements for Forest ...
49
Kyoto
Targ
et
for
Japan
Kyoto
Targ
et
for
Japan
�K
yoto
targ
et
�-6
% f
rom
the level in
the b
ase y
ear
�T
arg
et of fo
rest sin
ks
�-3
.8%
(13 M
t-C
/yr
= J
apan’s
Cap in M
A)
�P
resent situation o
f em
issio
n in J
apan
�+
8.7
% in
20
07 w
ith
ou
t fo
rest
rem
ova
ls
�+
1.9
% in 2
008
�K
yo
to t
arg
et
will
be
ach
ieve
d in
20
08 w
ith
Fo
rest
rem
ova
ls &
JI, C
DM
, C
red
its b
y e
mis
sio
n tra
din
g
50
Requirem
ents
for
Fore
st
Rem
ovals
R
equirem
ents
for
Fore
st
Rem
ovals
under
the K
yoto
Pro
tocol
under
the K
yoto
Pro
tocol
�D
efinitio
n a
nd c
hoic
e�
De
fin
itio
n o
f “F
ore
st”
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lectio
n o
f A
rtic
le 3
.4 a
ctivitie
s
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efin
itio
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ore
st
ma
nag
em
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t
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port
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eth
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ata
and m
eth
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or
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ran
sp
are
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ata
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urc
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me
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nce
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/QC
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cco
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eth
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oo
ls
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bove g
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elo
w g
round b
iom
ass,
Dead w
ood,
Litte
rs a
nd
Soil
org
an
ic m
att
er
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rtic
le 3
.3 A
RD
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rtic
le 3
.4 F
M la
nd
s
�A
cco
untin
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nd
re
po
rtin
g s
yste
ms
51
Japan
Japan
’’ s F
ore
st
Invento
ry S
yste
ms F
ore
st
Invento
ry S
yste
m
based o
n F
ore
st
regis
ters
an
d F
ore
st
maps
based o
n F
ore
st
regis
ters
an
d F
ore
st
maps
�F
ore
st
regis
ters
�E
nu
me
ratio
n
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ttri
bu
te in
form
atio
n : A
rea
, S
pe
cie
s, A
ge
, D
BH
, V
olu
me e
tc.
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ve
ry s
ub
-co
mp
art
me
nt o
f a
ll p
riva
te a
nd
na
tio
na
l fo
rests
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ota
l 41 M
record
s
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pd
atin
g e
ve
ry 5
ye
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inka
ge
with
bo
un
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rie
s in
fo
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ap
s
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ore
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ap
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le m
ap
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ou
nd
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b-c
om
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rtm
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ts
�1
00
% o
f th
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ou
nd
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po
ne
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ve
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en
dig
itiz
ed
fo
r G
IS.
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rou
nd
80
% o
f th
e b
ou
nd
ari
es o
f su
b-c
om
pa
rtm
en
ts h
ave
be
en
dig
itiz
ed
fo
r G
IS
52
Fore
st
Resourc
es M
onitoring S
urv
ey
Fore
st
Resourc
es M
onitoring S
urv
ey
�S
tart
ed
fro
m 1
99
9
�A
bo
ut 1
5,7
00
pe
rma
ne
nt p
lots
on
4km×
4km
gri
d p
oin
ts o
ve
r th
e w
ho
le o
f
na
tio
na
l te
rrito
ry
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ach
plo
t is
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rve
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ry 5
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,20
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ts a
re s
urv
eye
d a
nn
ua
lly.
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ach
mo
nito
rin
g p
lot:
tri
ple
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cle
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ha
Co
nfigu
ratio
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f
Mo
nito
rin
g P
lot
4km
4km
4km
4km
Ide
ntify
ing
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lot
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n b
y G
PS
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ntify
ing
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lot
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PS
Me
asu
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pe
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ad
ius
Me
asu
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t F
orm
5.64m
11.28m
0.0
1 ha
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3 ha
0.0
6 ha
To
tally
0.1
0 ha
Subje
ct
DBH> 1
8cm
5cm
1cm
A4-199
53
Definitio
ns a
nd C
hoic
es f
or
Kyoto
D
efinitio
ns a
nd C
hoic
es f
or
Kyoto
Report
ing
Report
ing
�D
efin
itio
n o
f fo
rests
�M
inim
um
va
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r fo
rest a
rea
: 0
.3h
a
�M
inim
um
va
lue
fo
r tr
ee
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wn
co
ve
r: 3
0％
�M
inim
um
va
lue
fo
r tr
ee
he
igh
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m
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inim
um
va
lue
fo
r fo
rest w
idth
: 2
0ｍ
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lection o
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rtic
le 3
.4 a
ctivitie
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an
ag
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d 1
�4
7 p
refe
ctu
res
54
Data
and M
eth
od f
or
Carb
on F
lux
Data
and M
eth
od f
or
Carb
on F
lux
Estim
ation
Estim
ation
�B
ase d
ata
�F
ore
st
regis
ters
�F
ore
st
pla
nn
ing m
ap
s
�E
stim
ation m
eth
ods
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tock C
ha
nge
Me
tho
d
�C
arb
on f
lux
= (
C s
tocks a
t t 2
-C
sto
cks a
t t 1
) /(
t2 -
t 1 )
�C
arb
on s
tocks
= V
olu
me
×D
en
sity ×
BE
F ×
(1＋
R/S
ratio )
×C
arb
on
fra
ctio
n
55
Para
mete
rs f
or
Japanese t
ree
sP
ara
mete
rs f
or
Japanese t
ree
sB
EF
, R
oot/S
hoot ra
tio, D
ensity a
nd C
arb
on fra
ction
BE
F, R
oot/S
hoot ra
tio, D
ensity a
nd C
arb
on fra
ction
0.5
56
Carb
on S
tock C
hanges in 5
pools
C
arb
on S
tock C
hanges in 5
pools
by C
EN
TU
RY
model
by C
EN
TU
RY
model
20年
ごと
に間
伐が
行わ
れ、
60年
周期
で主
伐が
行わ
れる
場合
0
5000
1000
0
1500
0
2000
0 -10
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
110
120
林齢
yea
r
バイオマス gC/m2
AG
bio
mas
s
BG
bio
mas
s
Dea
d w
ood
Litt
er
SO
M (
0-30
)
Biomass (gC/m2)
Sta
nd A
ge (
years
)
Ha
rve
sting
age
: 60
ye
ars
Th
inn
ing a
ge
: 20
, 40
ye
ars
A4-200
57
Desig
n o
f A
ccounting a
nd R
eport
ing
Desig
n o
f A
ccounting a
nd R
eport
ing
Syste
mS
yste
m�
Acco
un
tin
g is b
ase
d o
n f
ore
st re
gis
ters
an
d f
ore
st p
lan
nin
g m
ap
sm
ain
ly
�It
is v
eri
fie
d w
ith
in
de
pe
nd
en
t sta
nd
s a
nd
ge
og
rap
hic
al in
form
atio
n
Fo
rest
reg
iste
rs
Fore
st
pla
nn
ing
ma
ps
Additio
nal
info
rmation
Inve
nto
ry info
rma
tio
n
Accounting &
Identification
Ort
ho
ph
oto
s
Sa
telli
te
ima
ge
s
Ge
og
raph
ica
l in
form
atio
n
AR
D
mo
nito
rin
g
Fore
st
reso
urc
es
mo
nito
rin
g
su
rve
y
Fie
ld s
urv
ey
Fore
st sta
nds info
rmation
FM
mo
nito
rin
g
Verification o
f
sto
cks a
nd incre
ments
Verification o
f
location a
nd a
reas
58
Verification o
f fo
rest
are
a
Verification o
f fo
rest
are
a
--R
S m
appin
g a
nd fore
st re
gis
ters
R
S m
appin
g a
nd fore
st re
gis
ters
--
0
5,0
00
10,0
00
15,0
00
20,0
00
25,0
00
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00
05,0
00
10,0
00
15,0
00
20,0
00
25,0
00
30,0
00
リモ
セン
情報
によ
る土
地被
覆上
の森
林面
積［ha］
行政情報による計画対象森林面積［ha］
：
回帰
直線
（相
関係
数
0.9
93）
誤差
率
：
－１
．５
％
Forest planning area by government information (ha)
Fore
st
covera
ge m
apped u
sin
g T
M d
ata
(ha)
Err
or
ratio
: -
1.5
%
Regre
ssio
n
R: 0.9
93
19
90
�C
om
parison o
f fo
rest are
a b
y T
M a
nd f
ore
st
regis
ters
in
munic
ipalit
ies.
�E
rror
ratios w
ere
less t
han 5
%
59
Verification o
f F
ore
st
Volu
me
Verification o
f F
ore
st
Volu
me
0123456
Estimeted Total Volume
M m3
Fo
rest
reg
iste
rsF
ore
st
reso
urc
es
mo
nito
rin
g s
urv
ey
�E
stim
ate
d f
ore
st
vo
lum
e b
y F
ore
st
reso
urc
es m
on
ito
rin
g
su
rve
y w
as 1
3.8
% la
rge
r th
an
one
by f
ore
st
regis
ters
.
60
National F
ore
st
Resourc
es D
ata
base
National F
ore
st
Resourc
es D
ata
base
––N
FR
DB
N
FR
DB
––
Data
base R
oom
in F
ore
str
y a
gency
NF
RD
B S
erv
er
�T
wo
se
rve
rs
�M
ain
syste
m in
Fo
restr
y a
gen
cy
�O
rdin
ary
use
�S
ub
syste
m in
FF
PR
I
�B
ackup s
yste
m
�R
esearc
h a
nd d
evelo
pm
ent
A4-201
61
Main
Data
on T
he N
FR
DB
Main
Data
on T
he N
FR
DB
Fo
rest
Pla
nn
ing
ma
ps
Ort
ho
ph
oto
s
SP
OT
im
ag
es
La
nd
sa
t T
M im
ag
es
FM
mo
nito
rin
g
Fo
rest
reg
iste
rs
AR
D m
on
ito
rin
g
Fo
rest
reso
urc
es
mo
nito
rin
g s
urv
ey
Landsat T
M im
ages w
ith 2
8.5
m r
esolu
tion
SP
OT
im
ages w
ith 2
.5m
resolu
tion
Ort
hophoto
s w
ith 1
m r
esolu
tion
Fore
st
resourc
es m
onitoring s
urv
ey
by 4
km
grids
AR
D m
onitoring b
y 5
00m
grids
FM
monitoring a
nd S
tand s
urv
ey
Boundaries fore
st pla
nnin
g m
aps
with 9
70,0
00 p
oly
gons
Attribute
data
of fo
rest re
gis
ters
with 4
1M
record
s
Carb
on R
em
ovals
under
UN
FC
CC
and K
P
Carb
on R
em
ovals
under
UN
FC
CC
and K
P
in t
he 2
008 r
eport
in t
he 2
008 r
eport
62
Mt-
C
Above
gro
und
bio
mass
Belo
w
gro
und
bio
mass
Dead w
ood
Litte
rsS
oil
org
anic
matters
Tota
l
Whole
fore
sts
20.8
70.1
50.7
921.8
0
Fore
sts
under
the K
P9.1
92.3
1▲
0.1
40.0
90.3
711.8
3
Art
.3.4
AR
0.0
60.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
00.1
1
Art
. 3.3
D▲
0.3
5▲
0.0
9▲
0.1
2▲
0.0
5▲
0.0
6▲
0.6
6
Art
. 3.4
FM
9.4
82.3
9▲
0.0
40.1
30.4
312.3
8
Ca
rbo
n R
em
ova
ls u
nd
er
UN
FC
CC
an
d K
PC
arb
on
Re
mo
va
ls u
nd
er
UN
FC
CC
an
d K
P
63
Carbon removals (Mt-C/yr)
Whole
fore
sts
Rem
oval
s under
Art
icle
3.4
of
the
KP
Cap
: 1
3 M
t-c/
yr
64
Refe
rences
Refe
rences
�IP
CC
. C
limate
Cha
nge
200
7 -
Th
e P
hysic
al S
cie
nce
Ba
sis
, C
on
trib
utio
n o
f W
ork
ing
Gro
up
I to
the
Fou
rth
Assessm
ent
Re
po
rt o
f th
e I
PC
C,
20
07.
�IP
CC
. C
limate
Cha
nge
200
7 -
Imp
acts
, A
dap
tatio
n a
nd
Vu
lnera
bili
ty,
Co
ntr
ibu
tion
of W
ork
ing
Gro
up I
I to
th
e F
ou
rth
Assessm
en
t R
ep
ort
of
the
IP
CC
, 2
00
7.
�IP
CC
. C
limate
Cha
nge
200
7 -
Mitig
atio
n o
f C
lima
te C
han
ge. C
on
trib
ution
of
Work
ing
Gro
up
III t
o th
e F
ou
rth
Asse
ssm
en
t R
ep
ort
of
the
IP
CC
, 2
00
7.
�IP
CC
. G
ood p
ractice g
uid
ance f
or
Land U
se, Land-U
se C
hange,
and
Fo
restr
y. 2
004
.
�IP
CC
. C
limate
ch
an
ge
20
01
Syn
the
sis
rep
ort
. 2
00
1
�IP
CC
. S
pe
cia
l re
po
rt,
La
nd
Use
, L
an
d-U
se
Ch
an
ge
, a
nd
Fo
restr
y.
200
0.
�IP
CC
. R
evis
ed
Guid
elin
es fo
r N
atio
na
l G
reen
hou
se
Ga
s In
ve
nto
rie
s. 1
99
6.
�U
NF
CC
C.
Estim
ation
, re
po
rtin
g a
nd a
ccou
ntin
g o
f ha
rve
st
wo
od
pro
ducts
. 2003
�A
ll docum
ents
can b
e d
ow
nlo
aded a
t h
ttp
://w
ww
.ip
cc.c
h/
A4-202
65
Th
an
k y
ou
fo
r yo
ur
atte
ntio
nT
ha
nk y
ou
fo
r yo
ur
atte
ntio
n
A4-203
Met
hods
for e
stim
atin
g an
thro
poge
nic
GH
Gem
issi
ons
from
trop
ical
fore
stsu
nder
the
pres
sure
of
defo
rest
atio
n an
d fo
rest
deg
rada
tion
Kiyo
noYo
shiy
uki
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pla
nt E
colo
gy, F
FPRI
Augu
st 3
0, 2
011,
Tsu
kuba
, Jap
an
Cont
ents
•H
ow h
uman
bei
ng c
hang
es th
e tr
opic
al fo
rest
?–
The
patt
erns
occ
urre
d in
Eas
t Kal
iman
tan,
Indo
nesi
a–
Wha
t will
we
do b
y RE
DD
?
•M
etho
ds fo
r est
imat
ing
anth
ropo
geni
c G
HG
emis
sion
s fr
om tr
opic
al fo
rest
s un
der t
he p
ress
ure
of d
efor
esta
tion
and
fore
st d
egra
datio
n–
Choi
ces
–Es
timat
es o
f the
nat
ionw
ide
fore
st c
arbo
n st
ock
in
Cam
bodi
a
•Re
quire
men
ts fo
r the
met
hods
use
d in
RED
D+
4
In g
ener
al,
・co
nver
sion
to c
rop
land
: Sin
ce th
e co
loni
al p
erio
d.
For s
ugar
can
e, c
offe
e, ru
bber
, clo
ve, p
eppe
r etc
.
Impo
rtan
t dire
ct D
D d
river
s in
the
trop
ics
・SE
A: In
par
ticul
ar, i
nduc
ed b
y lo
ad c
onst
ruct
ion
for
com
mer
cial
logg
ing.
・Am
azon
: In
part
icul
ar, i
nduc
ed b
y lo
ad c
onst
ruct
ion
for l
arge
-sca
le p
astu
re e
stab
lishm
ent.
・Af
rica,
Sou
th A
sia,
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a: In
par
ticul
ar,
over
use
of fo
rest
for f
uels
etc
. by
the
incr
ease
d po
pula
tion.
Gei
stan
d La
mbi
n(2
002)
A4-204
The
patt
erns
occ
urre
d in
Eas
t Ka
liman
tan,
Indo
nesi
a
A4-205
Wha
t will
we
do b
y RE
DD
?
Tim
e
Carb
on st
ock
in th
e pa
st
Redu
ced
emis
sions
/in
crea
sed
rem
oval
s
….to
fost
er re
duct
ion
of “d
efor
esta
tion
and
fore
st d
egra
datio
n (D
D)”
by
inpu
ttin
g in
tern
atio
nal
supp
ort f
unds
usi
ng m
arke
t mec
hani
sms
etc.
into
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s un
der D
D. T
he ru
les
are
not y
et d
eter
min
ed. H
owev
er, t
he tr
end
in a
mou
nt o
f ant
hrop
ogen
ic G
HG
emis
sion
s fr
om D
D w
ill b
e ne
eded
to b
e pr
edic
ted,
redu
ced
by a
nthr
opog
enic
effo
rt, a
nd m
onito
red
with
MRV
. In
tern
atio
nal s
uppo
rt fu
nds
will
be
prov
ided
bas
ed o
n th
e em
issi
on re
duct
ion.
Redu
cing
Em
issi
ons
from
Def
ores
tatio
n in
Dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s an
d RE
DD
-plu
s ar
e ne
w m
echa
nism
s…..
Fore
st c
arbo
n st
ock
(the
pos
sibl
e am
ount
of e
mis
sion
)
Estim
ated
as
scie
ntifi
cally
as
poss
ible
Met
hods
will
be
dete
rmin
ed
acco
rdin
g to
pe
rfor
man
ce a
nd
cost
s
Har
dly
to b
e ve
rifie
dTh
e es
senc
e of
RED
D
10
Pred
icte
d
emis
sion
s w
ithou
t RED
D
Actu
al e
miss
ions
w
ith R
EDD
Food
and
indu
stria
l m
ater
ial p
rodu
ctio
n
11
Wha
t will
we
do b
y RE
DD
?
RED
D+
does
not
onl
y co
ntro
l veg
etat
ion,
but
als
o re
plac
e pe
ople
’s la
nd-u
se sy
stem
s w
ith d
iffer
ent s
yste
ms.
The
bala
nce
of n
atur
e (in
cl. a
rt) i
s a
key
to th
e RE
DD
+.
The
succ
ess
of R
EDD
+ de
pend
s on
whe
ther
it is
man
aged
an
d ru
n pr
oper
ly in
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith lo
cal p
eopl
e, w
ho
are
supp
osed
to p
lay
the
prim
ary
role
.
Cont
ents
•H
ow h
uman
bei
ng c
hang
es th
e tr
opic
al fo
rest
?–
The
patt
erns
occ
urre
d in
Eas
t Kal
iman
tan,
Indo
nesi
a–
Wha
t will
we
do b
y RE
DD
?
•M
etho
ds fo
r est
imat
ing
anth
ropo
geni
c G
HG
emis
sion
s fr
om tr
opic
al fo
rest
s un
der t
he p
ress
ure
of d
efor
esta
tion
and
fore
st d
egra
datio
n–
Choi
ces
–Es
timat
es o
f the
nat
ionw
ide
fore
st c
arbo
n st
ock
in
Cam
bodi
a
•Re
quire
men
ts fo
r the
met
hods
use
d in
RED
D+
A4-206
Co
nve
rsio
nto
cro
p la
nd
Re
du
cin
gfa
llo
wp
erio
d o
fsla
sh
-an
d-
bu
rna
gricu
ltu
re
Lo
gg
ing
Fu
el w
oo
dco
lle
ction
Fire
Wo
od
yp
ere
nn
ial
pla
nta
tio
n
Op
tica
lsp
ace
bo
rne
rem
ote
se
nso
rw
ith
me
diu
m o
rh
igh
er
reso
lutio
n
Me
diu
mE
asy・N
ot
ap
plica
ble
wh
en
clo
ud
ed
Pa
rtly
po
ssib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leP
art
ially
po
ssib
leP
art
ially
po
ssib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leL
ow
SA
R w
ith
mic
row
ave
slo
ng
er
tha
n L
-b
an
d
Me
diu
mE
asy・N
ot
ap
plica
ble
to a
rea
s w
ith
ste
ep
slo
pe
s
Pa
rtly
po
ssib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
le？
？P
art
lyp
ossib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leL
ow
Airb
orn
e L
iDA
R,
Ae
ria
l p
ho
tog
rap
hH
igh
Me
diu
m・N
oth
ing
in
pa
rtic
ula
rP
ossib
leP
ossib
leP
art
ially
po
ssib
leP
art
ially
po
ssib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leL
ow
Ga
in-lo
ss
me
tho
d
Gro
wth
ra
te,
rem
ova
lra
te
Me
asu
rem
en
t o
nth
e g
rou
nd
？D
ifficu
lt・M
eth
od
s a
re n
ot
teste
d？
？？
？？
？H
igh
PS
P d
ata
Me
asu
rem
en
t o
nth
e g
rou
nd
Hig
hD
ifficu
lt
・L
imita
tio
n in
rep
rese
nta
tive
ne
ss a
nd
se
cre
tne
ss o
fp
lot
Po
ssib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leH
igh
Co
mm
un
ity
ag
e
Re
mo
te s
en
so
rw
ith
me
diu
m o
rh
igh
er
reso
lutio
nM
ed
ium
Ea
sy
・A
pp
lica
ble
to
lan
d u
se
with
pe
rio
dic
al n
ake
dla
nd
sta
ge
s e
.g.
sla
sh
-an
d-b
urn
farm
ing
Imp
ossib
leP
ossib
leIm
po
ssib
leIm
po
ssib
leIm
po
ssib
leP
ossib
leL
ow
Cro
wn
dia
me
ter
Re
mo
te s
en
so
rw
ith
hig
hre
so
lutio
nA
eria
l p
ho
tog
rap
h
Hig
hM
ed
ium
・N
ot
ap
plica
ble
wh
en
clo
ud
ed
・C
row
ns a
reh
ard
lyre
co
gn
ize
d in
so
me
fo
rests
Pa
rtly
po
ssib
leIm
po
ssib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leIm
po
ssib
leIm
po
ssib
leIm
po
ssib
leL
ow
Mu
lti-p
ola
riza
tio
nS
AR
Lo
wM
ed
ium
・M
eth
od
s a
re n
ot
teste
d・A
pp
lica
ble
to
sm
all p
art
s o
fg
lob
e
？？
？Im
po
ssib
le？
？L
ow
Airb
orn
e L
iDA
RH
igh
Difficu
lt・N
oth
ing
in
pa
rtic
ula
rP
ossib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leIm
po
ssib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leL
ow
Ste
reo
ma
pp
ing
rem
ote
se
nso
r(D
SM
)M
ed
ium
Ea
sy
・N
ot
ap
plica
ble
wh
en
clo
ud
ed
・M
eth
od
s a
re n
ot
teste
d
？？
？Im
po
ssib
le？
？L
ow
Me
asu
rem
en
t o
nth
e g
rou
nd
？D
ifficu
lt・M
eth
od
s a
re n
ot
teste
dP
ossib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leIm
po
ssib
leP
ossib
leP
ossib
leH
igh
Ba
cksca
tte
rin
g-
co
eff
icie
nts
SA
R w
ith
mic
row
ave
slo
ng
er
tha
n L
-b
an
d
Lo
wM
ed
ium
・N
ot
ap
plica
ble
to a
rea
s w
ith
ste
ep
slo
pe
s・N
ot
ap
plica
ble
to h
igh
bio
ma
ss
fore
st
Pa
rtly
po
ssib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leIm
po
ssib
leIm
po
ssib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leP
art
lyp
ossib
leL
ow
Th
is t
ab
le is a
pp
lica
ble
to
dry
la
nd
fo
rest.
Ap
plica
bility o
f th
e m
eth
od
in
estim
atin
g a
nth
rop
og
en
ic G
HG
em
issio
ns b
ye
ach
activity
Inp
rove
me
nt
in a
ccu
racy
exp
ecte
d b
ylo
ca
l p
eo
ple
pa
rtic
ipa
tin
gin
th
em
on
ito
rin
g
Ca
rbo
nsto
cks
an
d G
HG
flu
xe
s p
er
un
it la
nd
are
aS
tock
diffe
ren
ce
me
tho
d
Ove
rsto
ryh
eig
ht
Ob
jective
va
ria
ble
sA
pp
roach
es
Re
qu
ire
me
nts
Co
sts
Ge
ttin
gd
ata
in
ala
rge
lan
da
rea
Te
ch
nic
al
difficu
ltie
s
Fo
rest
are
aL
an
d c
ove
rcla
ssific
atio
n
A m
atrix
for c
hoic
es o
f met
hods
(Rev
ised
from
Kiy
ono
et a
l. 20
11)
Fore
st la
nd c
over
cla
ssifi
catio
n ca
n pa
rtly
or p
artia
lly b
e ac
hiev
ed a
t re
ason
able
cos
t usi
ng re
mot
e se
nsor
s w
ith m
ediu
m re
solu
tion.
Su
cces
sful
imag
ing
by m
eans
of o
ptic
al se
nsor
s de
pend
s on
the
wea
ther
co
nditi
ons.
Rec
ent r
esea
rch
show
s tha
t spa
cebo
rne
SAR
(PAL
SAR)
is
avai
labl
e (w
ithst
ands
com
paris
on w
ith L
ands
atET
M+
in la
nd c
over
cl
assi
ficat
ion
of d
egra
ded
trop
ical
fore
st).
How
ever
, SAR
har
dly
prov
ides
re
liabl
e in
form
atio
n on
stee
p m
ount
ains
.
Appr
oach
es fo
r est
imat
ing
fore
st a
rea
•Spa
cebo
rne
optic
al s
enso
rs a
nd m
icro
wav
e se
nsor
s ar
e av
aila
ble
only
par
tly o
r par
tially
with
reas
onab
le c
ost.
•The
re a
re m
ore
accu
rate
and
exp
ensi
ve a
ppro
ache
s us
ing
airb
orne
med
ia.
1) D
ata
from
per
man
ent s
ampl
ing
plot
s (P
SPs)
2) C
omm
unity
-age
3) C
row
n di
amet
er4)
Ove
rsto
ryhe
ight
5) B
acks
catt
erin
g co
effic
ient
s of
PAL
SAR
•App
roac
hes
with
reas
onab
le c
ost a
re le
ss.
One
is a
n ap
proa
ch w
ith a
par
amet
er o
f com
mun
ity a
ge a
pplic
able
to
sla
sh-a
nd-b
urn
agric
ultu
re a
nd in
dust
rial p
lant
atio
ns.
Anot
her i
s ba
cksc
atte
ring
coef
ficie
nt o
f PAL
SAR
part
ly
appl
icab
le to
land
use
cha
nge
and
slas
h-an
d-bu
rn
agric
ultu
re.
•The
re a
re m
ore
accu
rate
but
exp
ensi
ve a
ppro
ache
s us
ing
parm
anen
tsam
plin
g pl
ots
(PSP
s) a
nd L
iDAR
.
Appr
oach
es fo
r car
bon
stoc
k pe
r lan
d ar
ea
A4-207
A4-208
Estim
ates
of t
he n
atio
nwid
e fo
rest
car
bon
stoc
k in
Cam
bodi
a
Fore
st C
lass
ifica
tion
in C
ambo
dia
Type
Area
Ratio
ha%
Evegreen forest
3,668,90234.2
Semi-evergreen forest
1,362,63812.7
Deciduous forest
4,692,09843.7
Bamboo forest
35,802
0.3
Wood shrubland (evergreen)
37,028
0.3
Wood shrubland (deciduous)
96,387
0.9
Other forest
837,926
7.8
Forest total
10,730,781100.0
Mod
ified
from
FA
(201
0)
A4-209
PSP
data
and
equ
atio
ns fo
r bio
mas
s es
timat
es
•10
0 pe
rman
ent s
ampl
ing
plot
s–
85 in
eve
rgre
en fo
rest
s (in
clud
ing
sem
i-eve
rgre
en fo
rest
s)–
15 in
dec
iduo
us fo
rest
s•
Plot
siz
e: 5
0 m
x 5
0 m
(2,5
00 m
2 )•
DBH
of tr
ees ≧
7.5c
min
DBH
, spe
cies
•Eq
uatio
ns a
nd p
aram
eter
s fo
r est
imat
ing
biom
ass
carb
onTr
ee b
iom
ass=
4.08
×ba
1.25×
D1.
33(n
= 5
30, R
2=
0.98
1, p
< 0.
0001
) Ap
plic
able
gen
eric
ally
to tr
opic
al a
nd s
ubtr
opic
al tr
ees
with
1<D
BH<1
33 c
m.
ba: b
asal
are
a (c
alcu
late
d fr
om D
BH),
m2 ;
D: b
asic
den
sity
(det
erm
ined
with
info
rmat
ion
of tr
ee s
peci
es);
Carb
on fr
actio
n: 0
.5
4
Kiyo
noet
al.
(201
1)
The
natio
nwid
e fo
rest
car
bon
stoc
k in
Ca
mbo
dia
(A te
ntat
ive
figur
e)Fo
rest
Fore
stAv
erag
edTo
tal
type
area
carb
on s
tock
carb
on s
tock
In 2
006
In 2
000-
2001
haM
g-C
ha-1
Tg-C
Ever
gree
n fo
rest
*3,
668,
902
163.
8 ±
7.8
601.
0 ±
28.7
Dec
iduo
us fo
rest
4,69
2,09
856
.2 ±
6.7
26
3.9
± 31
.3To
tal
8,36
1,00
086
4.9
± 42
.5* In
clud
ing
Sem
i-eve
rgre
en fo
rest
.Ca
rbon
sto
cks
are
show
n in
mea
n ±
stan
dard
err
or.
A4-210
Cont
ents
•H
ow h
uman
bei
ng c
hang
es th
e tr
opic
al fo
rest
?–
The
patt
erns
occ
urre
d in
Eas
t Kal
iman
tan,
Indo
nesi
a–
Wha
t will
we
do b
y RE
DD
?
•M
etho
ds fo
r est
imat
ing
anth
ropo
geni
c G
HG
emis
sion
s fr
om tr
opic
al fo
rest
s un
der t
he p
ress
ure
of d
efor
esta
tion
and
fore
st d
egra
datio
n–
Choi
ces
–Es
timat
es o
f the
nat
ionw
ide
fore
st c
arbo
n st
ock
in
Cam
bodi
a
•Re
quire
men
ts fo
r the
met
hods
use
d in
RED
D+
•Acc
urac
y–L
ess
erro
rs in
eac
h el
emen
t–C
over
ing
all i
mpo
rtan
t ele
men
ts
•Lar
ge-s
cale
•Hig
h fr
eque
ncy
(sem
i-rea
l tim
e)•C
hoic
es–C
ause
of D
D, d
ata
avai
labi
lity,
cos
t, et
c.32
Impo
rtan
t ass
essm
ent i
n th
e 2
diffe
rent
eco
syst
ems
Requ
irem
ents
for f
ores
t mon
itorin
g m
etho
ds
used
in R
EDD
+
A4-211
Conc
lusi
ons
for t
he to
pics
Cons
ider
ing
requ
irem
ents
for c
arbo
n m
onito
ring
met
hods
for R
EDD
+,
1. a
pra
ctic
al m
etho
d fo
r est
imat
ing
CO2
emis
sion
s fr
om D
D is
the
calc
ulat
ion
of to
tal c
arbo
n st
ock
chan
geby
mon
itorin
g fo
rest
land
an
d pe
riodi
cally
sum
min
g th
e fo
rest
are
aan
d its
car
bon
stoc
k pe
r la
nd a
rea
for i
mpo
rtan
t for
est t
ypes
.2.
For
mon
itorin
g fo
rest
are
a, s
pace
born
eop
tical
and
mic
row
ave
(PAL
SAR)
sens
ors
are
part
ly o
r par
tially
ava
ilabl
e. I
n ca
se b
oth
appr
oach
es a
re n
ot a
ppro
pria
te, a
irbon
em
edia
are
con
side
red
to
be a
n on
ly a
ltern
ativ
e.3.
For
mon
itorin
g ca
rbon
stoc
k pe
r lan
d ar
ea, a
irbor
ne m
edia
and
/or
grou
nd-b
ased
mea
sure
men
t are
the
prac
tical
app
roac
hes.
4. C
O2
emis
sion
s fr
om b
iom
ass
are
impo
rtan
t in
the
dry
land
fore
st,
whi
le in
the
peat
swam
p fo
rest
, CO
2em
issi
ons
from
dra
ined
soi
l or
gani
c m
atte
r are
impo
rtan
t. S
uch
emis
sion
est
imat
es a
re
indi
spen
sabl
e fo
r effe
ctiv
e ov
eral
l est
imat
es.
5. M
ore
varie
d fie
ld d
ata
mus
t be
colle
cted
for i
mpr
ovin
g m
etho
ds.
A4-212
Than
k yo
u fo
r you
r att
entio
n.
kion
o@ffp
ri.af
frc.
go.jp
A4-213
Pote
ntial of R
em
ote
sensin
g
for
GH
G invento
ry
in R
ED
D+
Fo
restr
y a
nd
Fo
rest P
rod
ucts
Re
se
arc
h In
stitu
te
Yasum
sa H
irata
F F P R I
1
Cli
ma
te C
ha
ng
e a
nd
Fo
rest
Ca
rbo
n S
ink
•T
ree
s a
bso
rb c
arb
on
dio
xid
e w
he
n
gro
win
g,
an
d f
ix it
insi
de
.
•P
rom
ote
tre
es’
gro
wth
by k
ee
pin
g
fore
sts
he
alt
hy.
Em
issi
on
So
urc
e o
f C
O2
•R
ap
id d
efo
rest
ati
on
an
d f
ore
st
de
gra
da
tio
n in
de
ve
lop
ing
co
un
trie
s.
•E
mis
sio
n f
rom
de
fore
sta
tio
n a
nd
fore
st d
eg
rad
ati
on
acc
ou
nts
fo
r 2
0%
of
an
thro
po
ge
nic
em
issi
on
s.
Ne
ed
fo
r In
tern
ati
on
al A
pp
roa
che
s
2
Fo
rest
mo
nit
ori
ng
usi
ng
rem
ote
se
nsi
ng
•U
niq
ue
te
chn
iqu
e o
f fo
rest
mo
nit
ori
ng
in
a l
arg
e a
rea
.
•E
sse
nti
al to
ol to
id
en
tify
de
fore
sta
tio
n i
n d
eve
lop
ing
cou
ntr
ies.
•E
xte
nsi
on
of
the
usa
ge
th
rou
gh
hig
he
r re
solu
tio
n a
nd
co
st
red
uct
ion
Sa
tellit
e i
ma
ge
ry in
Ma
na
us,
Am
azo
n3
Est
ima
ted
em
issi
on
wit
ho
ut
red
uct
ion
eff
ort
s
Act
ua
l e
mis
sio
n
Emission
Em
issi
on
re
du
ctio
n
Ye
arR
ed
uct
ion
eff
ort
s
Co
nce
pt
of
em
issi
on
re
du
ctio
n
4
A4-214
Tw
o
typ
es
of
mo
nit
ori
ng
re
qu
ire
d f
or
RE
DD
Ye
ar
Carbon StockP
rese
nt
Re
tro
sp
ec
tive
Mo
nit
ori
ng
Fo
rwa
rd-l
oo
kin
g M
on
ito
rin
g
Dete
rmin
ation o
f
refe
rence level
Calc
ula
tion o
f
em
issio
n r
eduction
5
De
fin
itio
n o
f F
ore
st,
De
fore
sta
tio
n,
Fo
rest
De
gra
da
tio
n,
an
d C
on
serv
ati
on
6
+/-
Co
nse
rva
tio
n
-F
ore
st
degra
dation
-D
efo
resta
tio
n
Thre
shold
Mo
nit
ori
ng
syst
em
re
qu
ire
d f
or
RE
DD
•C
OP
15
em
ph
asi
zed
th
e im
po
rta
nce
of
est
ab
lish
me
nt
of
fore
st
mo
nit
ori
ng
syst
em
in
de
ve
lop
ing
co
un
trie
s.
•T
he
eff
ect
ive
ne
ss o
f co
mb
inin
g r
em
ote
se
nsi
ng
an
d g
rou
nd
surv
ey w
as
con
firm
ed
.
•R
ED
D+
ass
um
es
ince
nti
ve
s fo
r e
ffo
rts
on
em
issi
on
re
du
ctio
n.
•T
o b
e g
ive
n t
he
in
cen
tive
, th
e m
eth
od
olo
gy s
ho
uld
be
tra
nsp
are
nt
an
d v
eri
fia
ble
.
•C
ou
ntr
ies
pa
rtic
ipa
tin
g in
RE
DD
+ n
ee
d t
o h
ave
MR
V (
Me
asu
rab
le,
Re
po
rta
ble
an
d V
eri
fia
ble
) m
eth
od
olo
gy.
（G
OF
CG
OLD
Sourc
ebook 2
009）
7
Mo
nit
ori
ng
of
Fo
rest
De
gra
da
tio
n
Poss
ible
extr
acti
on
Const
rain
t ex
trac
tion a
nd
effo
rts
for
dat
a in
crea
se
Nea
r-im
poss
ible
extr
acti
on
-def
ore
stat
ion
-fra
gm
enta
tion o
f fo
rest
s
-rec
ent
slas
h-&
-burn
far
ms
-maj
or
canopy f
ire
-maj
or
road
s
-shif
t to
thre
e m
onocu
lture
s
-wat
er s
upply
dam
and f
lood
dis
turb
ance
-lar
ge-
scal
e m
inin
g
-sel
ecti
ve
loggin
g
-surf
ace
fire
in f
ore
sts
-old
sla
sh-&
-burn
far
ms
-sm
all-
scal
e m
inin
g
-nar
row
road
s (6
-20m
)
-thin
nin
g i
n c
anopy l
ayer
-har
ves
ting o
f non-w
ood
pla
nts
-sel
ecti
ve
loggin
g u
sing o
ld
mac
hin
es
-nar
row
road
s (6
m o
r le
ss)
-thin
nin
g a
nd l
oggin
g i
n
low
er l
asyer
-invas
ion o
f al
ien s
pec
ies
Ma
n-c
au
sed
ori
gin
s o
f fo
rest
de
gra
da
tio
n a
nd
po
ssib
ilit
ies
of
ext
ract
ion
at
the
La
nd
sat
leve
l
8
A4-215
Ba
sic
eq
ua
tio
n o
f IP
CC
to
asse
ss g
ree
nh
ou
se
ga
s e
mis
sio
ns
from
activitie
s r
ela
ted
to
la
nd
use
Monitoring s
yste
m u
nder
the U
NF
CC
C p
rovid
es n
ot only
fore
st are
as
and their c
hanges b
ut carb
on s
tocks a
nd their c
hanges.
Danilo M
olli
cone, F
AO
9
Wa
ll-t
o-w
all
vs.
Sa
mp
lin
g
10
Ma
kin
g o
f la
nd
-co
ve
r m
ap
by p
ixe
l-b
ase
d
cla
ssif
ica
tio
n
Gra
ss w
ith
tre
es
Hu
man
act
ivit
y ar
ea
Man
gro
ve f
ore
st
Nat
ura
l fo
rest
Sec
on
dar
y fo
rest
So
me
veg
etat
ion
Wat
erFarm
land
Natu
ral fo
rest
Mangro
ve f
ore
st
12
A4-216
Ob
ject
-ori
en
ted
Cla
ssif
ica
tio
n
�T
he
ob
ject
-ori
en
ted
ap
pro
ach
is e
ffe
ctiv
e i
n s
eg
me
nti
ng
an
are
a t
ha
t co
nsi
sts
of
va
rio
us
lan
d c
ove
r ty
pe
s in
to o
bje
cts
wit
h e
xte
nsi
on
s o
f si
mil
ar
pro
pe
rtie
s.
�R
esu
lts
fro
m a
uto
ma
tic
cla
ssif
ica
tio
n a
re q
uit
e c
lose
to
hu
ma
n in
terp
reta
tio
n.
�A
dva
nta
ge
s o
f h
an
dlin
g b
y
ob
ject
(se
gm
en
t)
13
Inte
rpre
tati
on
of
Ima
ge
s
�Il
lust
rate
bo
un
da
rie
s o
f la
nd
-co
ve
r b
y h
um
an
in
terp
reta
tio
n.
�B
e a
ble
to
su
ita
bly
zo
ne
am
big
uo
us
are
as.
�In
terp
reti
ng
te
chn
iqu
e i
s n
ece
ssa
ry.
�R
esu
lts
va
ry d
ep
en
din
g o
n
inte
rpre
ters
.
14
Mo
nit
ori
ng
of
De
fore
sta
tio
n
De
fore
sta
tio
n in
Ma
laysi
a
Lan
dsa
tIm
ag
ery
Up
pe
r: 1
98
9,
Low
er:
20
01
16
�E
xtra
ctin
g c
ha
ng
es
of
lan
d u
se
cate
go
ry
�U
sin
g p
rop
ert
ies
of
refl
ect
an
ce o
f
ea
ch c
ate
go
ry
�C
om
pa
rin
g m
ult
i-te
mp
ora
l
�A
va
ila
ble
to
id
en
tify
fo
rest
typ
e
cha
ng
e
A4-217
