olume 13 #10 t LNG: the key to lower uck CO2 …...NGV Safety Changing (mis)perceptions. . L-NGV...

NGV Safety

Changing (mis)perceptions.

By Jeffrey Seisler.

L-NGV 2015

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Volume 13 #10

Number 155

December 2014

Ambitious strategy for road transport

LNG: the key to lower

truck CO2 footprint

This is the conclusion of a study carried out by the German Energy Agency (Dena).

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English

Basque CountrySEAT offered test drive with NGVs. After signing astrategic agreement in 2013, the automobilemanufacturer and Gas Natural Fenosa held a jointaction to provide the inhabitants of the Spanishautonomous community with the possibility of testdriving CNG-powered cars. In total, six SEAT dealersset up special areas to trial them, on October 7-9. During these days, customers, driving schools andcompanies based in Álava, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa hadthe chance to test compressed natural gas poweredversions of SEAT cars. Both models León TGI y MiiEcofuel are now available in the Spanish market andbacked by their international success in countries likeItaly and Germany in the use of this cheaper andcleaner fuel.

BelgiumScania joins Belgian manufacturer to launch newnatural gas city bus. In cooperation with Van Hool,Scania is offering a new bus model for city or BRTroutes that can operate on either biomethane or CNGand features a unique combination of capacity and lowenvironmental impact. As well as being energyefficient, the Scania Van Hool Exqui.City bus also offersa light and spacious interior with an eye-catchingarticulated body that is reminiscent of a tram, thus

NGV European News

Spanish

País VascoSEAT ofreció test drive con coches agas. Luego de firmar un acuerdoestratégico en 2013, la automotriz yGas Natural Fenosa llevaron a cabouna acción conjunta para ofrecer alos habitantes de la comunidadautónoma española la posibilidad derealizar pruebas de conducción convehículos propulsados a GNV. Entotal, seis concesionarios de SEATcontarán con espacios habilitadospara poder testearlos, del 7 al 9 deoctubre.Durante estos días, los clientes,autoescuelas y empresas ubicadasen Álava, Vizcaya y Guipúzcoatuvieron acceso a probar lasversiones de los automóviles deSEAT propulsados por gas naturalcomprimido. Se trata del León TGI ydel Mii Ecofuel, ambos vehículosdisponibles ahora en el mercadoespañol y avalados por su éxitointernacional en países como Italia yAlemania en el uso de estecombustible, más económico y máslimpio.

BélgicaScania, junto con un fabricante debuses belga lanzan nuevo modeloarticulado a gas. En colaboración conVan Hool, Scania está ofreciendo unnuevo autobús urbano ideal parasistemas BRT que puede operar conGNV o biometano y cuenta con unacapacidad única y un bajo impactoambiental. Además de su eficienciaenergética, el Scania Van HoolExqui.City también tiene un interioramplio y luminoso con un chasisarticulado que simula un tranvía ycombina así la imagen y eficiencia deeste tipo de transporte con losniveles de flexibilidad y costo de unsistema de autobuses.“Hemos unido fuerzas con elreconocido fabricante belga Van Hoolpara producir uno de los vehículosmás espectaculares y de más bajoimpacto del mercado del transportepúblico. El diseño fue bien recibido enlas grandes ciudades de toda Europay formará parte de los sistemas deBRT o sistemas de menor escalapromoviendo así el uso del transporte

Noticias del GNV en Europapúblico”, dijo Camilla Lood, gerente deproducto de Scania.

PortugalDourogás abrió su segunda estaciónpública de gas natural en el país. Laempresa inauguró el puesto deabastecimiento de GNV y GNL en eldistrito de Carregado, cuya inversiónascendió a 1,5 millones de euros. Elministro de Ambiente, Ordenacióndel Territorio y Energía, JorgeMoreira da Silva, asistió al evento yaseguró que el Gobierno seencuentra trabajando para eliminarlas barreras que impiden lautilización del gas natural vehicular,como una forma de disminucióndependencia energética del petróleo.La primera estación pública de gasnatural de Dourogás fue puesta enmarcha en 2013 en Mirandela,aunque la compañía cuenta con dospuntos de carga en régimen deexploración: el de la Empresa deTransportes Colectivos de Oporto(STCP), en dicha ciudad, y el deCarris en Lisboa.

combining the best of both worlds: the image andefficiency of a tram with the flexibility and cost levels ofa bus system.“We have joined forces with the renowned Belgian busbuilder Van Hool to produce one of the mostspectacular and low impact vehicles ever seen in thepublic transport market. The design has been wellreceived in large cities Europe-wide, forming part ofBRT systems or smaller scale bus systems andboosting the image of public transport,” said CamillaLood, Product Manager of Sustainable Solutions atScania.

PortugalDourogás opened to the public its second natural gasfilling station. The company inaugurated the CNG andLNG fueling site, whose investment amounted to € 1.5million, in Carregado district. The Minister ofEnvironment Jorge Moreira da Silva attended theevent and said the government is working to eliminatebarriers to the use of natural gas fuel as a way inorder to decrease dependence on oil. The first natural gas public station of Dourogás wasopened last year in Mirandela, although the companyhas two additional fueling sites under evaluation: onefor Porto Public Transport Corporation (STCP) and theother one for Carris mass transit in Lisbon.


Italian

Paesi BaschiSEAT ha offerto viaggi di prova conveicoli a gas naturale. Dopo averfirmato un accordo strategico nel2013, il produttore automobilisticoGas Natural Fenosa ha realizzatoun’azione congiunta volta a fornireagli abitanti della comunità autonomaspagnola la possibilità di fare viaggidi prova con veicoli a metano. Intotale, dal 7 al 9 di ottobre scorsisei concessionarie SEAT hannoallestito aree speciali per i test. Durante questi giorni, clienti, scuoledi autoguida e aziende basate aÁlava, Biscaglia e Guipúzcoa hannoavuto l’opportunità di provare leversioni dei modelli SEAT a gasnaturale. Ambedue i modelli LeónTGI e Mii Ecofuel sono ora disponibilisul mercato spagnolo, sostenuti dalsuccesso internazionale raggiunto inPaesi come l’Italia e la Germanianell’uso di questo combustibile piùeconomico e più pulito.

BelgioScania, in collaborazione con unproduttore belga, prevede il lancio dinuovi city bus a gas naturale. Incollaborazione con Van Hool, Scaniaoffre un nuovo modello di autobusurbano o sistemi BRT in grado difunzionare sia a biometano sia a CNGe che presenta una combinazioneunica di capacità e un esiguo impattoambientale. Oltre ad essere dotato digrande efficienza energetica, loScania Van Hool Exqui.City bus offreanche un interno luminoso e spaziosocon una struttura che ricorda il trame che combina il meglio di ambedue imondi: l’immagine e l’efficienza di untram congiuntamente alla flessibilità eai livelli di costi di un autobus.“Abbiamo riunito le nostre forze con ilnoto costruttore di autobus belga VanHool per produrre uno dei veicoli piùspettacolari e a bassissimo impattomai visti sul mercato dei trasportipubblici. Il design ha goduto diun’ottima accoglienza nella maggiorparte delle città europee e costituiràuna parte dei sistemi BRT o sistemi

Notizie del settore NGV europeo

French

Pays BasqueSEAT offre des tests de conduiteavec des NGVs. Après avoir signé,en 2013, un accord stratégique, leconstructeur automobile et la FenosaGas Natural tiennent une actioncommune dans le but de fournir auxressortissants de la communautéautonome espagnole la possibilité detester des véhicules équipés demoteurs fonctionnant au gaz naturel.Six concessionnaires SEAT au totalmettent en place une aire spécialepour les 7, 8 – 9 octobre.Durant ces journées, les abonnés,les écoles de conduite et lescompagnies basées en Alava,Vizeaya et Guipuzooa ont eu lachance de tester des véhicules augaz naturel SEAT. Les modèles LeonTGI et Mii Ecofuel sont actuellementdisponibles sur le marché espagnolet exportés vu leurs succèsinternationaux dans les régions tellesque l’Italie, l’Allemagne, l’utilisation de cecarburant étant moins chère et pluspropre.

Belgique

Scania se joint à un constructeur belgepour présenter un tout nouveau busau gaz naturel. En coopération avecVan Hool, Scania présente un nouveaumodèle de bus articulé pour la ville oupour la route BRT pouvant opérer soitau bio-méthane soit au CNG et donnela physionomie d’une associationunique de la capacité et de l’impact sutl’environnement. Tout en étanténergétiquement efficient, le ScaniaVan Hool Exqui City Bus offreégalement un intérieur spacieux etlumineux avec une carrosseriearticulée attirant le regard, rappelantcelle d’un tram, donc combinant lemeilleur des deux mondes, l’image etl’efficacité d’un tram avec la flexibilité etle niveau de coûts d’un système bus.‘’ Nous avons réuni nos forces avec lecélèbre constructeur belge Van Hoolafin de produire un des plusspectaculaires véhicules d’un impact basque le marché du transport public n’aiteu l’occasion de voir. Le design a étébien accepté dans toutes les grandes

Nouvelles des NGVs d’Europevilles d’Europe, constituant une partiedu système BRT ou de plus petitestailles, donnant ainsi un essor nouveauau transport public’’ déclarait CamillaLood, directrice de la production dessolutions durables chez Scania.

PortugalDurogas a ouvert au public sa secondestation de fourniture de gaz naturelcarburant. La compagnie a inauguré lesite de remplissage en CNG et LNG,dont le montant de l’investissements’est élevé à 1.5 million d’euros, dansle district de Carregado. Le Ministrede l’environnement Jorge Moreira daSilva assistait à la cérémonie etdéclara que le gouvernement travaillaità éliminer les barrières freinant l’usagedu gaz naturel comme carburant et àdiminuer ainsi la dépendance du pétrole.La première station Durogas defourniture de gaz naturel au public a étéouverte, l’année dernière à Mirandela .La compagnie a à l’étude deux autresstations : une pour Porto Public TranportCorporation (STCP) et une deuxièmepour Carris mass transit à Lisbonne.

di autobus di dimensioni più piccole,promovendo così l’immagine deitrasporti pubblici,” ha commentatoCamilla Lood, Manager di produzionedi soluzioni sostenibili presso Scania.

PortogalloDourogás ha aperto al pubblico laseconda stazione di rifornimento digas naturale. La compagnia hainaugurato nel distretto Corregado ilsito di rifornimento CNG e LNG, i cuiinvestimenti ammontano a € 1.5milioni. Il Ministro dell’Ambiente JorgeMoreira da Silva ha partecipatoall’evento e ha ribadito che il Governosi sta impegnando per eliminare lebarriere nei confronti dell’uso del gasnaturale, con lo scopo, tra l’altro, diridurre la dipendenza al petrolio. La prima stazione di rifornimento di gasnaturale di Dourogás è stata apertal’anno scorso a Mirandela e l’aziendasta valutando la possibilità di aprire duestazioni di rifornimento supplementari:una per la Corporazione dei trasportipubblici di Porto (STCP) l’altra perCarris a Lisbona.


German

Baskenland SEAT bot Testfahrten mitErdgasfahrzeugen an. Nach derUnterzeichnung eines strategischenAbkommens im Jahr 2013organisierten der Autohersteller undGas Natural Fenosa gemeinsam eineAktion, um den Bewohnern derspanischen autonomen Gemeinschaftdie Möglichkeit zu geben, ein CNG-Fahrzeug testzufahren. Im Ganzenrichteten sechs SEAT-Händler am 7.-9. Oktober spezielle Strecken für die

Europäische Erdgasfahrzeug-NewsProbefahrten ein.Während dieser Tage hatten Kunden,Fahrschulen und Unternehmen mitSitz in Araba, Bizkaia und Gipuzkoa dieGelegenheit, Seat-Modelle mitkomprimiertem Erdgasantriebauszuprobieren. Beide Modelle, derLeon TGI und der Mii Ecofuel sind jetztauf dem spanischen Markt erhältlichund verzeichnen international Erfolg inLändern wie Italien und Deutschlandmit der Verwendung dieses billigerenund sauberen Kraftstoffs.

BelgienScania führt zusammen mitbelgischem Hersteller einen neuenErdgasbus für den Stadtverkehr ein.In Zusammenarbeit mit Van Hoolbietet Scania ein neues Busmodellfür den Stadtverkehr oder fürschnelle Transitstrecken (BRT) an,das mit Biomethan oder CNGbetrieben werden kann und eineeinmalige Kombination von Kapazitätund niedriger Umweltbelastungaufweist. Zusätzlich zu seinerEnergieeffizienz hat der Scania VanHool Exqui.City Bus auch ein hellesund geräumiges Inneres mit einemartikulierten Körper als Blickfang,der an ein Tram erinnert, und erkombiniert das beste beiderFahrzeugklassen: das Image und dieEffizienz eines Trams mit derFlexibilität und den Kosten einesBussystems.„Wir haben mit dem bekanntenbelgischen Busherstellerzusammengearbeitet, um eines derspektakulärsten undumweltfreundlichsten Fahrzeuge fürden öffentlichen Verkehr zuproduzieren. Das Design wurde inverschiedenen großen europäischenStädten gut aufgenommen als Teilvon BRT- oder kleineren Bus-Systemen, und fördert damit dasImage des öffentlichen Verkehrs“,sagte Camilla Lood, Produkt-Managerin für nachhaltige Lösungenbei Scania.

PortugalDourogás hat ihre zweiteErdgastankstelle eröffnet. Die Firmaweihte die Tankstelle für flüssigesund komprimiertes Erdgas imCarregado-Distrikt ein, diese hatteeine Investition von € 1.5 Millionenerfordert. Der Umweltminister JorgeMoreira da Silva nahm an derVeranstaltung teil und sagte, dieRegierung arbeite am Abbau derHindernisse für die Verwendung vonErdgas als Kraftstoff, um dieErdölabhängigkeit zu reduzieren. Die erste Erdgastankstelle vonDourogás wurde letztes Jahr inMirandela eröffnet und die Firmaüberprüft zwei weitere Standorte:eine für das öffentlicheVerkehrsunternehmen von PortoSTCP und eine zweite für CarrisMassentransit in Lissabon.


Russian

использует в качестве топливакомпримированный природный илибиологический газ. Автобус ScaniaVan Hool Exqui сочетает в себебольшую пассажировместимость инезначительный экологический ущерб.Автобус оснащен энергоэффективнымоборудованием, имеет просторныйсветлый салон. Автобус сочлененный, иего притягивающие взгляд формынапоминают трамвай. Он сочетает всебе лучшие свойства из двух миров:внешность и эффективность трамвая сгибкостью и экономикой автобуса.«Мы объединили усилия с известнымбельгийским производителем автобусов– компанией Van Hool, - чтобы создатьсамый импозантный и экологическибезопасный автомобиль, когда-либовыходивший на рынок общественноготранспорта. Дизайн автобуса былположительно принят в крупных городахпо всей Европе. Автобус может статьэлементом региональной или меньшейпо масштабу системы общественноготранспорта», - заявила Камилла Луд,руководитель Отдела устойчивогоразвития в компании Scania.

Новости европейского газомоторного рынка

* Translated by Gazprom VNIIGAS, Moscow.Перевод ООО «Газпром ВНИИГАЗ», Москва

ПортугалияКомпания Dourogás открыла вторуюпубличную автозаправкукомпримированным и сжиженнымприродным газом. На строительствостанции в Каррегадо потребовалось1,5 миллиона Евро. Министр охраныокружающей среды Хорхе Морейра даСильва, присутствовавший нацеремонии открытия, заявил, чтоправительство работает надискоренением барьеров,препятствующих использованиюприродного газа как одного из путейсокращения зависимости отнефтяного топлива.Первую свою газовую заправочнуюстанцию компания Dourogás открылав прошлом году в поселкеМиранделла. Кроме того, компаниярассматривает строительство ещедвух объектов: заправочная станциядля Корпорации общественноготранспорта Порто (STCP) итранспортной компании Carris вЛиссабоне.

ИспанияКомпания SEAT организует тест-драйв газовых автомобилей. Воисполнение стратегическогосоглашения, подписанного в 2013году, автоконцерн SEAT и GasNatural Fenosa провели 7 – 9 октябрятест-драйв газовых автомобилейдля жителей автономной областиСтрана Басков. В акции участвовалишесть автодилеров, организовавшиедля этого специальные площадки.В эти дни автолюбители, школывождения и компании провинцийАлава, Бискайя и Гипускоа моглииспытать выпускаемые концерномSEAT газовые автомобили León TGIи Mii Ecofuel, продаваемые на рынкеИспании и получившиемеждународное признание в Италиии Германии.

БельгияКомпания Scania в сотрудничестве сбельгийским автопроизводителемVan Hool начали продажи новойгазовой модификации автобуса длярегиональных линий, который

Portuguese

País VascoA SEAT ofereceu test drive comcarros a gás. Após assinar umacordo estratégico em 2013, amontadora e a Gas Natural Fenosarealizaram uma ação conjunta paraoferecer aos habitantes dacomunidade autônoma espanhola apossibilidade de realizar testes decondução com veículos propulsadosa GNV. No total, seisconcessionárias da SEAT contarãocom espaços habilitados para podertestá-los, de 7 a 9 de outubro.Durante estes dias, os clientes, autoescolas e empresas localizadas emÁlava, Vizcaya e Guipúzcoa tiveramacesso a testar as versões dosautomóveis da SEAT propulsados porgás natural comprimido. Trata-se doLeón TGI e do Mii Ecofuel, ambos osveículos disponíveis agora nomercado espanhol e avaliados porseu êxito internacional em paísescomo Itália e Alemanha no uso destecombustível, mais econômico e maislimpo.

BélgicaA Scania, junto com um fabricante deônibus belga lançam novo modeloarticulado a gás. Em colaboração comVan Hool, a Scania está oferecendoum novo ônibus urbano ideal parasistemas BRT que pode operar comGNV ou biometano e conta com umacapacidade única e um baixo impactoambiental. Além de sua eficiênciaenergética, o Scania Van HoolExqui.City também tem um interioramplo e luminoso com um chasiarticulado que simula um bonde ecombina assim a imagem e eficiênciade este tipo de transporte com osníveis de flexibilidade e custo de umsistema de ônibus. “Temos unidoforças com o reconhecido fabricantebelga Van Hool para produzir um dosveículos mais espetaculares e de maisbaixo impacto do mercado dotransporte público. O desenho foi bemrecebido nas grandes cidades de todaEuropa e fará parte dos sistemas deBRT ou sistemas de menor escalapromovendo assim o uso do

Notícias do GNV na Europatransporte público”, disse CamillaLood, gerente de produto da Scania.

PortugalA Dourogás abriu seu segundo postopúblico de gás natural no país. Aempresa inaugurou o ponto deabastecimento de GNV e GNL nodistrito de Carregado, cujoinvestimento ascendeu a 1,5 milhõesde euros. O ministro de Ambiente,Ordenação do Território e Energia,Jorge Moreira da Silva, assistiu aoevento e assegurou que o Governo seencontra trabalhando para eliminar asbarreiras que impedem a utilização dogás natural veicular, como uma formade diminuição da dependênciaenergética do petróleo. A primeiraestação pública de gás natural daDourogás entrou em funcionamento em2013 em Mirandela, ainda que acompanhia conta com dois pontos deabastecimento em regime deexploração: o da Empresa deTransportes Coletivos de Oporto (STCP),na dita cidade, e o de Carris em Lisboa.


Europees NGV nieuwsBaskenlandSEAT boodt testritten aan metNGV's. Nadat een strategischeovereenkomst was getekend in2013 hielden de autofabrikant enGas Natural Fenosa eengezamenlijke actie om de inwonersvan de Spaanse autonomecommuniteit de mogelijkheid tegeven voor een proefrit met CNGaangedreven auto's. In totaalhebben zes SEAT dealers van 7 tot9 oktober speciale plekken geregeldwaar men de auto's konuitproberen.Gedurende deze dagen haddenklanten, rijscholen enmaatschappijen, gevestigd in Álava,Vizcaya en Guipúzcoa de kans omCNG aangedreven versies van SEATauto's te testen. De modellen LeónTGI en Mii Ecofuel zijn nuverkrijgbaar op de Spaanse markten worden gesteund door huninternationale succes in landen alsItalië en Duitsland door het gebruikvan goedkopere en schonerebrandstof.

BelgiëScania gaat samenwerken metBelgische fabrikant om een nieuweaardgas City bus op de markt tebrengen. In samenwerking met VanHool, biedt Scania een nieuw busmodel voor de stad of BRT routes diekan rijden op zowel biomethaan alsCNG en biedt een unieke combinatievan capaciteit en een lage impact ophet milieu. Naast energie efficiëntiebiedt de Scania Van Hool Exqui-Citybus een licht en ruimtelijk interieurmet een opvallend sprekend uiterlijk,die doet denken aan een tram encombineert het beste van tweewerelden: het imago en de efficiëntievan een tram met de flexibiliteit enhet kosten plaatje van een bussysteem.“We hebben de krachten gebundeldmet de vermaarde Belgische busbouwer Van hool om èèn van demeest spectaculaire en lage impactvoertuigen te produceren in depublieke transport markt. Hetontwerp is zeer goed ontvangen ingrote steden in Europa, volgend een

Dutch

deel van de BRT systeem of systemenmet kleinere bussen en geven zo eenboost aan het imago van publiektransport”, sprak Camilla Lood,product manager van SustainableSolutions bij Scania.

PortugalDourogás opende voor het publiekzijn tweede aardgas tankstation. Demaatschappij opende de CNG enLNG vul gelegenheid, waarvan deinvestering in het district Carregadoongeveer € 1.5 miljoen bedroeg. Deminister van Milieu Jorge Moreira daSilva bezocht het evenement en zeidat de regering bezig is om debarrières te verwijderen voor hetgebruik van aardgas om zo tewerken aan een verminderdeafhankelijkheid van olie.Het eerste publieke gas station vanDourogás werd vorig jaar geopend inMirandela, terwijl de maatschappijtwee andere vulstations nog gaatbouwen: een voor Porto PublicCorporation (STCP) en de anderevoor Carris mass transit in Lissabon.


Valves for CNG Filling-Stations.

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European and Asian ports address plans for LNG bunkering

Earlier this year, the Port of Dunkirk (France) issued a Call for Expressions of Interest (CEI) for the setup of amarine bunkering and on-land supply chain of small-scale LNG. Now, the Dunkerque LNG – Air Liquide – Exmarconsortium has organized and presented the project. For the on-land supply, Dunkerque LNG and Air Liquide willbe responsible for the preliminary studies, the engineering and the investments. Gaz-Opale, a subsidiary ofDunkerque LNG operating the LNG terminal, will operate the on-land installation.

Regarding marine bunkering, Dunkerque LNG will be in charge of the initial studies, the engineering and theinvestments for the installations to transfer LNG from the terminal network connection as far as the loading arm.Exmar, for its part, will handle the preliminary studies, the engineering and the building of a bunkering ship with acapacity to be defined according to LNG requirements as identified during the initialization phase. Its operation willbe assigned to Exmar Shipmanagement (a subsidiary of Exmar).

During the first phase the loading arms and the main wharf of the LNG terminal, currently under construction, willbe adapted to rapidly allow LNG supply to ships with capacities of up to 2,000 m3. In a second phase theconsortium plans to build a marine station specifically dedicated to bunkering, which could accommodate shipswith capacities of between 2,000 and 20,000 m3, operated by Gaz-Opale. During a later phase they also plan tobuild a bunkering barge which could supply vessels on the inland waterway networks.

Moreover, Ulsan Metropolitan City (Korea) is looking to develop an LNG bunkering facility at the Port of Ulsan andwill undergo a preliminary feasibility study next year to assess this initiative. It will spur the study as it is expectedthat the number of LNG-powered vessels will increase as well as demand for LNG bunkering based on stabilizationof LNG prices, which is attributable to International Maritime Organization's (IMO's) reinforcement of regulation onmarine and port sector.

The Ulsan city also indicated that vessels, which arrive at and depart from Ulsan port, will be replaced with LNG-powered ones. So, it is also reportedly imperative to establish a fuel supply facility and select its location. The cityalso plans to sign a memorandum of understanding with Korea Gas Corporation and LNG bunkering consultativegroup within this year, and then commence the preliminary study.


LNG Section


LNG Section

Belgium: Fluxys opens LNG station to fuel Mattheeuws Transport’s fleet

The new facility, located on the premises of Mattheeuws Transport in Veurne, is supplied by a tanker truck fromZeebrugge’s LNG terminal and will service the haulage company’s 26 LNG-powered trucks. “We have developed aunique partnership with Fluxys, Eni, Volvo Trucks and Romac Fuels to promote LNG as a valid alternative to bio-petroleum. I’m convinced that LNG is the future,” said Eric Mattheeuws, CEO of Mattheeuws Transport.For Fluxys the project is a pilot both in terms of engineering, technology, permitting and working out the economicsof an LNG station. The experience gained during construction and the feedback from Eric Mattheeuws as operatorof the filling station is to yield recommendations and best practices to be used when building more stations. “Byjoining forces with this transporter we have lowered the threshold for other freight companies to make the switchto LNG,” commented Walter Peeraer, CEO of Fluxys. As the initiative by Mattheeuws Transport and Fluxys not only includes the construction of an LNG filling station butalso aims at producing a business case for the industry as well as lessons to be learnt for public authorities, it willmost likely receive co-financing by the European Commission. The project was selected for EU funding by anindependent group of experts under the priority 'Measures to promote innovation and new technologies fortransport infrastructure' of the TEN-T Annual Call 2013.“The EC supports LNG as an alternative fuel for trucks. The new LNG station will most likely be co-financed for50% of the costs. We are particularly pleased with this initiative, which forms part of a broader project and willprovide interesting lessons both for policy makers and the industry alike,” added Stefano Campagnolo, ProjectManager Transport at the Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA) of the European Commission.

Germany: European Union supports innovative LNG-fueled hopper barge

The EU's TEN-T Program will co-finance with over €1.5 million the construction ofthe first in Europe hopper barge powered by LNG, a fuel that could help reduce airpollution caused by barge transport services. Hopper barges carrying sand dredgedfrom ports are most often using conventional, more polluting fuel than accepted bythe European regulation for future shipping services (2050 onwards). The hopperbarge will be anchored in the ports of Bremerhaven and Bremen in Germany.The pilot project features the technical design of the new barge, grantingpermissions to operate in the inland waterways of the port areas, as well as actualconstruction and testing of the barge under real life conditions. It also includesrecommendations and best practice for a larger roll-out of this vessel type. The action is expected to have a multiplier effect due to the high demand fordredging in the sandy North Sea and inland ports. Using LNG-powered vesselswould contribute to reducing the transport industry’s impact on the environment.Furthermore, the project's findings and solutions could be replicated on all types of inland navigation vessels.The project, scheduled to be completed by December 2015, was selected for EU funding with the assistance of external expertsunder the TEN-T Annual Call 2013, priority 'Decarbonisation (oil substitution or environmental cost reduction)'. Its implementationwill be monitored by INEA, the European Commission's Innovation and Networks Executive Agency.


LNG Section

Wärtsilä will equip LNG icebreakers serving project in Northern Russia

The Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering (DSME) yard in South Korea has ordered a total of 54Wärtsilä dual fuel engines to power 172,600 cbm icebreaking LNG carriers being built for use in arcticconditions to serve the Yamal LNG project in Northern Russia. For each carrier Wärtsilä will supply 12-cylinderand 9-cylinder Wärtsilä 50DF engines. The total power output from the engines is 64,350 kW per vessel.

“The fitting of Wärtsilä 50DF engines onboard the first LNG carriers in 2006 set a trend in the industry and sincethat introduction, 65% of all new LNG carriers have been fitted with Wärtsilä dual-fuel engines. The strong successof this particular engine over the alternatives is based on its propulsion efficiency and the clear environmentaladvantages that operating on gas allows,” said Lars Anderson, Vice President, Wärtsilä Ship Power.

The Wärtsilä machinery is capable of operating on LNG, HFO, or low-viscosity MDO but LNG will be the maintype of fuel to be used. When operating in arctic waters the engines will be operating in ambient temperaturesof as much as minus 50 degrees Celsius on LNG carriers breaking through ice more than two meters thick, inoperating modes that allow dramatic variations in engine load within a limited period of time.

The Arc 7 design ships will be owned by one joint venture between Teekay LNG Partners of Canada and ChinaLNG Shipping (CLNG), and another joint venture between China Shipping LNG Investment Co. Ltd. (CSLNG) andJapan based Mitsui O.S.K. The order for engines was placed with Wärtsilä’s Korean joint venture company,Wärtsilä Hyundai Engine Co., (WHEC) in October.

GNF and Baleària innovate Spanish maritime sector with LNG adoption

Gas Natural Fenosa general manager of Retail Energy Business,Daniel López Jordà, and Baleària president, Adolfo Utor, signed anagreement to jointly promote the development and installation of anatural gas engine and a liquefied natural gas tank in the AbelMatutes ferry, which daily operates the Barcelona-Palma route.With this initiative, the first of its kind in Spain, both companiescan significantly reduce emissions in the Metropolitan Area ofBarcelona and the port zone of Palma de Mallorca. It is expected that the works on the installation of the natural gasengine and an auxiliary 30 m3 (range for a week) tank in ferryAbel Matutes’ deck 8 will start in early 2015. The project alsoincludes setting up a gas treatment plant in the same upper deck. The new engine will be fully integrated into the ship's power plantand will have no visual impact. The beginning of the testing and commissioning phases is expected to take placeby the end of next year. The ferry, which is 190 meters in length, has a passenger capacity of 900 people and 2,235 linear meters.


LNG Section

Spain: GNF plans to build 17 LNG stations for HDVs in two phases

Gas Natural Fenosa announced that the projectincludes the construction of eight new natural gasfueling sites to be located on country’s maintransport routes and to be set in approximatelytwo years. For this first stage, the investmentinvolved will be close to €7 million.

The new filling stations will join the seven facilitiesthat the company is already operating in thoseroutes and the other two that are currently underconstruction. As a result, a refueling network readyto cover main HDV routes will be established. Theplan is aligned with the European objectivesreflected in Alternative Fuels Directive adopted bythe EU Council on September 29.

The second phase of the plan, which is due to becompleted by 2019-2020, includes theconstruction of nine additional stations. Thisinfrastructure build-up will be undertaken after theevaluation of the results obtained in the first phaseand taking into account the development of the technology in Europe. The estimated investment for this second phaseis about €8 million.

The company, also based on the evolution of demand, will contemplate the development of new locations to increaseand improve customer access to LNG. Currently, there are around 4,000 vehicles using natural gas in Spain; mostof them are taxis, corporate fleets, city buses and garbage trucks powered by CNG.

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LNG Section

Spain: strategic partnership plans to develop LNG bunkering in Ferrol

The Port Authority of Ferrol, Gas Natural Fenosa, Reganosa and Ferrol Container Terminal have joined to offerLNG supply for LNG-powered ships in the ports of Ferrol and San Cibrao. They will also study whichinfrastructure is needed for provisioning this fuel for both marine and road transportation. This alliance, whichwill have an initial duration of two years, establishes a collaborative framework to promote energy efficiency inthe Ferrol port.

The initiative is connected to the “European directive of implantation of an infrastructure for alternative fuel”,which promotes the creation of an LNG supply network in sea ports. In this context, the partners are interestedin positioning Ferrol as a reference Atlantic port because of its strategic position, its guarantee of access toLNG through Mugardos terminal (property of Reganosa), and the presence of major shipyards.

This joint effort improves the position of Ferrol in the race for taking advantage in the services which will beneeded by ports in the future. One of the measures includes a viability study of LNG supply in the outer port andan analysis of the provisioning needs of LNG in the port frame. The Port Authority of Ferrol-San Cibrao iscommitted to promoting the emission reduction by using LNG in ships and vehicles linked to activity in the port.

Moreover, the direct implication of Ferrol Container Terminal in this agreement shows the interest in makingcontainer ships to dock in the outer port, and that they could be supplied with LNG during their load and unloadoperations. This will confer an operational capacity of great relevance to compete in the market of this kind oftransportation.

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European Association December Report

Natural Gas Vehicle Association Europe

The increased use of liquefied naturalgas (LNG) is the only viable option toreduce the carbon footprint ofGermany’s road transport sector inthe short to medium term. This is theconclusion of a study carried out bythe German Energy Agency (Dena).Dena published a so-called whitepaper investigating the role LNG canplay in achieving the Germangovernment’s objectives to reduceCO2 emissions as well as thecountry’s dependency on oil. Theenergy agency concludes that, oncondition of a relevant market share,LNG can enable a moreenvironmentally friendly transport ofgoods at competitive prices. The riskof a long-term reliance on governmentsubsidies is small.To reach the necessary economy ofscale, Dena recommends building atruck fleet running on LNG of about10% of the total commercial vehiclemarket by 2024. LNG sales shouldreach 4% of total fuel sales. Key isthe coordinated cooperation between

'LNG only viable way to lower truck CO2 footprint'Germany’s Energy Agency recommends ambitious strategy for road transport

Energy-specific GHG-emissionsof diesel and LNG (Dena, 2014) GHG emissions in transport in Germany (Dena, 2014)

GHG emissions well-to-wheel for LNG vs. diesel (Dena, 2014)


government and industry: investmentsin refuelling infrastructure should besecured by a policy supporting thedevelopment of both supply anddemand.German road freight transport, whichrepresents one quarter of total roadfreight transport in the EU, presentlydepends almost entirely on oil andaccounts for about 36% of dieselused in Germany. Dena refers to anumber of European countries thathave already successfully invested inLNG and that can set an example forGermany.The refuelling technology is bothmature and safe, as shown throughits successful application in NorthAmerica, parts of Europe and China.Dedicated LNG engines fulfil the tightEuro-VI emission standard, and lownoise levels make them ideal forinner-city use and delivery services atnighttimes.The EU’s “Clean Power forTransport” package highlights LNG asa main alternative fuel option and callsfor national policy frameworksadvancing the build-up of LNG fillingstations along major motorways ofthe Trans-European Transportnetwork by 2025. However, thedevelopment of LNG as a fuel inGermany has remained slow. To thisday the country has neither LNG fillingstations nor test truck fleets runningon LNG. Dena remarks that ‘it is toorisky to bet on the wrong fuel in thelow-margins logistics sector’, which itidentifies as why the German industryhas long been hesitant to make thenecessary investments in newrefuelling infrastructure and trucks.A national strategy for LNG marketentry and growth in road-freighttransport is needed, Denaemphasises. “The market alone willnot lead to the desired result – thegovernment has to coordinate thelaunch of LNG in the transportmarket politically, for instance in thecontext of an inter-ministerialplatform,” says Dena’s Chief ExecutiveStephan Kohler.Dena’s political proposals includespecific targets for the establishmentof LNG as a fuel, swift extension ofthe energy tax reduction on naturalgas & biomethane beyond 2018, andthe integration of gas-poweredcommercial vehicles in public fleets.

Source: dena - LNG in Germany:Liquefied Natural Gas and RenewableMethane in Heavy-Duty Road FreightTransport, NGVA EuropeNGVA Europe... for sustainable mobility

NGVA Europe would welcome a withdrawal of the Directive, saysSecretary General Lennart Pilskog, as “natural gas and bio-methanewould have been extremely heavily punished as the cleanest fuels.Europe needs a smarter way to promote more sustainable mobility”. Taxon natural gas is much lower than other fuels at the moment. Under theCommission’s proposal, natural gas would have been subjected to thesame tax rate per tonne of CO2 as petrol, diesel and other fuels.Natural gas however has lower emissions than other fossil fuels.Applying the higher tax rate would have put natural gas, which is still indevelopment as an alternative to the conventional fuels, at a seriousdisadvantage, possibly killing off the market completely.According to recently adopted EU-Directive on the deployment ofalternative fuels infrastructure, EU Member States now need to developa comprehensive network of CNG and LNG refuelling infrastructure by2020 and 2025 respectively. Europe needs to provide stability andconfidence to investors in natural gas infrastructure and users of naturalgas vehicles, in order to achieve its objectives.The EU Ministers of Finance were asked to give their opinion, last monthduring a Council meeting on 23 October, on a revised proposal of theDirective. Both the UK and Germany rejected it outright, stressing thatfurther deliberations on the Directive would be fruitless as far as theywere concerned. They were supported by Latvia, Slovenia and Belgium.France spoke out in support, arguing it would be a pity to stop after allthe energy put into the discussions. It was supported by Sweden, whichsaid there were some ‘important concepts’ in the Directive, andDenmark. Other countries that spoke in favour of continuing working onthe Directive were Portugal and Spain, the latter arguing the resultswere going ‘in the right direction’. Finland also supports the Directive butrejected the revised Italian proposal, saying it was ‘watered down’ toomuch and that it preferred the much more rigorous original proposal ofthe European Commission.

Source: NGVA EuropeNGVA Europe... for sustainable mobility

A large and adverse increase in taxation on natural gas as anengine fuel has become unlikely after a split between EUMember States on the proposed Energy Taxation Directive thataimed to introduce a flat tax on all engine fuels by 2018. TheEU-Commission will now consider withdrawal of the Directive,as all matters concerning taxation in the EU require unanimity.

Titanic tax increase for naturalgas unlikely after split in EU onnew Energy Taxation Directive

(NGVA/Eurogas, 2014)


L’industria italiana NGV

La G.I.&E. S.p.A. Ghergo Industryand Engineering nasce nel 1974come società di impianti elettrici,negli anni 80 inizia la collaborazionecon Nuovo Pignone - GeneralElectric nel settore dell’Oil &Gas.

L’evoluzione industriale dellasocietà ha portato nel 2002all’acquisizione dello stabilimentoNuovo Pignone di Porto Recanati.A seguito di tale acquisizione lasocietà ha focalizzato il propriobusiness sulla produzione dicomponenti per turbine a gas esulla packagizzazione dicompressori alternativi API 618 eAPI 11P per tutti i settoriindustriali, tra cui impiantipetrolchimici, raffinerie e powergeneration.

Inoltre, per il settore del CNG,grazie ad un accordo di licenzacon General Electric e NuovoPignone, la G.I.& E. produce icompressori Nuovo Pignone AVTNe BVTN dando continuità allastorica attività industriale chevanta, dagli anni 80 ad oggi, unaproduzione di oltre 700 unità dicompressione.

Nel 2009, dall’esperienzamaturata, la società ha sviluppatouna nuova linea di prodotto per ilsettore del CNG: l’unità dicompressione GREENGAS,acquisendo importanti progetti inItalia, Spagna, Sud America, Cinae Tailandia.

Il GREENGAS è un moduloinnovativo, compatto e flessibileche risponde a tutte le esigenzedegli impianti CNG, stazioni madri,stazioni convenzionali e stazionifiglie, con compressori in grado dilavorare con motori elettrici o agas con potenze fino a 550 kW.

Didascalia: Stabilimento G.I. & E. di Porto Recanati

Didascalia: Unità di compressione GREENGAS

La proposta a marchio G.I. & E. per le stazioni di rifornimento metano

La linea di prodotti GreengasLa G.I.&E. S.p.A. è una società italiana attiva nei settori dell’Oil&Gas e del CNG. L’esperienzatrentennale ha portato alla sviluppo della linea di prodotti GREENGAS: soluzioni semplici edefficienti per le stazioni di rifornimento di gas metano.


L’unità di compressione GREENGAS sipuò considerare una stazionepreassemblata in cui tutti icomponenti sono racchiusi all’internodi un cabinato realizzato in materialeautoestinguente, insonorizzato edidoneo per l’installazione all’esterno. Ilcabinato dell’unità di compressioneGREENGAS è progettato per essereconforme ai requisiti di una stanzacompressore di 1° livello di sicurezzain cemento armato, in accordo con lalegge italiana. Tutte le attività di ispezione emanutenzione sono facilitate dalleampie porte laterali che permettonoun accesso totale all’interno delcabinato e dalle connessioni elettricheche passano nelle intercapedini delbasamento, garantendo inoltreun’efficiente pulizia visiva e di design.Il cabinato standard è disponibile intre misure: CS, CM e CL, tutte idoneealla spedizione in container eprogettate per essere facilmenteinstallabili.L’unità di compressione GREENGAS-Psenza cabinato, che può essereprogettata in funzione delle esigenzedel cliente, completa la gamma delleunità di compressione. Fanno inoltreparte della linea di prodottoGREENGAS tutti i componenti per larealizzazione delle stazioni dirifornimento gas metano perautotrazione, come dryer, cabine dimisura, cabine di riduzione dellapressione, dispenser, refrigeratorigas ad alta efficienza e pacchibombole per lo stoccaggio. La G.I. &E. è in grado pertanto di fornirel’ingegneria e la progettazionedell’intera stazione di rifornimento.Il cuore dell’unità di compressioneGREENGAS è il compressore “oilfree” G.I.& E. che ha un designmoderno con un centro di gravitàribassato che garantisce vibrazioniridotte e grande affidabilità. Conl’obiettivo di standardizzare eindustrializzare la produzione è statosviluppato un unico cilindro nel qualeè possibile installare al suo internocamicie con alesaggio variabile, alfine di soddisfare qualsiasi esigenzadi portata in funzione della pressionein aspirazione. In questo modo vienesemplificata la manutenzione e lagestione dei ricambi ottenendo undesign estetico uniforme.

Didascalia: Compressore G.I.&E. La centralina esterna di lubrificazioneforzata del manovellismo è gestita daPLC ed è munita di funzioni dipreriscaldamento e prelubrificazionein modo da assicurare unalubrificazione ottimaleindipendentemente dalle temperatureesterne e dalla velocità di rotazionedel compressore.

Didascalia: Centralina di lubrificazioneLa G.I.&E. dispone di personalealtamente specializzato per garantiresupporto tecnico durante le fasi diinstallazione, avviamento emanutenzione e di un magazzinoricambi costantemente fornito perassicurare tempi brevi di consegna.

Didascalia: Centralina di lubrificazione

G.I. & E. S.p.A. - GHERGOINDUSTRY & ENGINEERING

Via Scossicci, 51 62017Porto Recanati (MC) ITALY

Tel. +39 071 97491 fax +39 071 9749205www.gie.it – [email protected]

Didascalia: Compressore G.I.&E.


G.I.& E. S.p.A. Ghergo Industryand Engineering was establishedin 1974 as company specializedin electrical devices, in the 80’sthe collaboration with NuovoPignone - General Electric in theOil & Gas sector begins. Thecompany industrial developmentled in 2002 to the acquisition ofNuovo Pignone Plant located inPorto Recanati. Following to thisacquisition, the company focusesits business in the manufacturingof components for gas turbinesand of packaging of API 618 andAPI 11P reciprocatingcompressors for all the industrialsectors, such as petrochemicaland power generation plants andrefineries.Furthermore, for CNG sector,thanks to a license agreementwith General Electric and NuovoPignone, G.I.& E. manufacturesthe Nuovo Pignone AVTN andBVTN compressors giving thecontinuity to the companyhistorical industrial activity. Infact, since the 80’s, G.I. & E. hasbeen manufacturing more than700 compression units.

In 2009, thanks to the learntexperience, the companydeveloped a new line of productfor the CNG sector, theGREENGAS compression unit,acquiring important projects inItaly, Spain, South America, Chinaand Thailand. The GREENGAS is an innovative,compact and flexible modulesuitable for all the CNG plantneeds, mother stations,conventional stations anddaughter stations, withcompressors able to work withelectrical motors or gas engineswith power up to 550 kW.

The Italian NGV Industry

The G.I. & E. answer for CNG Refueling Stations

The Greengas line of productsG.I.&E. S.p.A. is an Italian company which business focuses on Oil&Gas and CNGsectors. Its thirty-year experience led to the development of the GREENGAS line ofproducts: easy and efficient solutions for natural gas refueling stations.

G.I. & E. di Porto Recanati Plant

GREENGAS Compression Unit


The GREENGAS compression unitcan be considered as a pre-assembled station in which all thecomponents are installed inside acanopy. The canopy is self-extinguishing, sound-proof andsuitable for outdoor installations. The canopy of GREENGAScompression unit is designed tocomply with the requirements of a1st safety compressor room built inreinforced concrete, according tothe Italian law. All the inspection and maintenanceactivities are facilitated thanks to thewide side doors that allow acomplete access inside the canopyand thanks to the electricalconnections that pass through thebasement gaps. In this way anefficient visual tidiness and a cleaneddesign are also guaranteed.The standard canopy is available inthree sizes: CS, CM and CL. All sizes are suitable to be shipped incontainer and designed to be easilyinstalled. The GREENGAS-P compression unitwithout canopy, that can be designedaccording to the customer’s needs,integrates the compression unitrange. Furthermore, the GREENGASline of product includes all thecomponents to carry out any naturalgas refueling station for automotivesector, such as dryers, meteringunits, pressure reduction stations,dispensers, high efficiency chillersand rack tanks for storage.Therefore G.I. & E. is able to supplythe engineering and the design of acomplete refueling station. The GREENGAS compression unitcore is the oil free G.I.& E.compressor. It has a modern designwith a lower gravity center thatguarantees reduced vibrations andgreat reliability. The company standardized andindustrialized the manufacturingprocesses developing a uniquecylinder in which liners with variablebores can be installed. In this waythe company is able to satisfy anycapacity needs according to suctionpressure, furthermore bothmaintenance and spare partsmanagement are simplified getting auniform esthetic design.

The external forced lube oilconsole of crank gear is managedby PLC and has pre-heating andpre-lube functions to assure thebest lubrication independentlyfrom ambient temperature andcompressor rotation speed.

G.I.&E. has high skilled personnelto give the right technical supportduring installation, start-up andmaintenance and has a constantly equipped warehousefor spare parts to assure shortdelivery times.

Lube oil console

G.I. & E. S.p.A. - GHERGOINDUSTRY & ENGINEERING

Via Scossicci, 51 62017Porto Recanati (MC) ITALY

Tel. +39 071 97491 fax +39 071 9749205www.gie.it – [email protected]

G.I.& E. Compressor


The Ecomotori Racing Team’s CNG-converted Fiat 500 EcoAbarth haswon the 2014 FIA AlternativeEnergies Cup for the third year in arow. The driver, Massimo Liverani,was also crowned World Championin the Drivers’ and Manufacturers’categories. The last race played a crucial rolein determining the final results.Called the Hi-Tech EKO-MobilityRally, it was held last Saturday andSunday (October 4th and 5th) inGreece, on a course of more than500 km through the Hellenic nationfrom Nea Filadelfeia to Athens andback. Massimo Liverani came infirst place, followed by GuidoGuerrini in an LPG-powered AlfaMito and the Greek Denis Negkasin a Toyota Prius. Ecomotori Racing Team ManagerNicola Ventura had this to say onthe win: “For the third year in arow, we’re at the top of the WorldChampionship. Everything workedperfectly and in Greece we provedthe value of our team once again.We’ve won 13 out of the 15 racesthat the team has taken part inover the last three years, sowinning is our identity and we areproud of it. With this race, the500 EcoAbarth, equipped with aCavagna/Bigas CNG conversion kit,finishes up its career in the WorldFIA Alternative Energies Cup on avictorious note. This car is probablythe most successful of the Abarthbrand, there’s never been one quitelike her! The team is already atwork for 2015 and we will definitelybe back on the race track andready to surprise people again. “ “On paper, this was the easiestrace for us” says Massimo Liverani“That’s because we had gained asignificant advantage during the

For the third year in a row,Ecomotori.net’s Fiat 500Abarth has won the WorldChampionship for AlternativeEnergies, making it the mostdecorated Abarth ever.

racing season, at least in theDrivers’ and Manufacturers’categories, despite thecompetitions in Serbia andBulgaria. Reading the time chartstoday has never been such a relief!Now it’s time to celebrate andenjoy the success with the team. “ The Co-Drivers’ title went toIsabelle Barciulli in an Alfa Mito,making her the first woman in the

history of the FIA AlternativeEnergies Cup to be crowned worldchampion. The Italians also triumphed in theelectric vehicles category, thanks toWalter “Fuzzy” Kofler and FrancoGaioni, a pair of South Tyroleandrivers in a Think City. They cameto Greece and won hands down,after having already wrapped upthe world title with a race to spare.

Ecomotori Racing Team: Three-Time World Champions


More European OEM’s are interestedin Type III CNG cylinder technology byWorthington Industries.More European OEM’s are interested in Type III CNG cylinder technology byWorthington Industries, that is getting popularity through its features suchas: Seamless Aluminum Liner, Superior Impact and Heat Tolerance, No FillingRestrictions in Hot or Cold Weather, Superior Fast Filling Efficiency, andInherent Leak Before Burst Fatigue Failure Mode. Worthington Cylinders Poland composite facility has recently announced two

important additions to its extensive OEM customers’ portfolio:

® MAN Truck TGM 18-tonner driven by a six-cylinder gas engine with 280 hpfrom 6.9 l displacement equipped with a 12-speed MAN TipMatic gearboxand eight CNG Type III cylinders,

® MULAG Comet 4 CNG airplane towing tractor driven by a six-cylinder 88hp from 3.6 l CNG-engine equipped with four CNG Type III cylinders suppliedby Worthington.

“When it comes to alternative fuel storage for compressed natural gas(CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), autogas (LPG) and Hydrogen (H2), nocompany is better positioned to lead the way than Worthington Cylinders”said Arek Kubasik, Worthington’s Alternative Fuels Business Unit SalesDirector for Europe.

“Worthington Cylinders has the broadest alternative fuel cylinder offering inthe world, that is combined with innovative system design and integrationcapabilities.”


The sixth in the series of Clean FuelsConsulting Critical Issues Workshopssince 2008 gathered 56 expertsfrom 16 countries on fourcontinents representing natural gasvehicle (NGV) stakeholders, includingequipment manufacturers andsuppliers, vehicle manufacturers,government policy makers andothers to identify and address themost critical safety issues related tocompressed natural gas (CNG) andliquefied natural gas (LNG) as vehiclefuels. The presentations anddiscussion focused on the currentstandards and regulatory state-of-play related to CNG and LNG fuelstorage systems, vehicletechnologies, and fuelling options.The workshop participantsaddressed existing gaps as well assome of the opportunities to fill thegaps in order to facilitate furthermarket development andcommercialization of NGVs.

Some of the key findings from thepresentation and discussions, as wellas conclusions drawn, indicate thatthe safety of CNG and LNGequipment and systems is an on-going concern. Despite the bestefforts of the industry to learn fromaccidents and incidents, safety issues– some real and some perceived –will be a continued topic of concern,analysis and on-going improvement.

The findings from the workshop aremerely highlighted while theconclusions are provided in full. The entire Results paper can bedownloaded atwww.cleanfuelsconsulting.org

Findings

Understanding the CriticalElements in the NGV Safety Chain

● Perception is reality and NGVsafety remains an issue. Despitethe familiarity with the fuel andtechnology, NGVs are perceived tobe less safe than gasoline and dieselvehicles by a large margin.● NGVs are safe….if you handlethem safely. Most failures of NGVsystems are due to human error,often due to a lack of knowledge. ● The safety ethic and the concept

of ‘quality’ vary widely from country-to-country. Buyers beware of NGVsystems coming from locationswhere ‘cheap’ is a priority over safetyand quality. ● Equipment installers at theworkshop-level seem to be theweakest point of the NGV valuechain, mainly because of the lack ofcertified competence.

Technical Issues for CNG Safety

● Installers need to followappropriate installation codes.● Clear installation requirementsshould be specified.● Periodic inspections and cylinderrecertification are weak links in thesafety chain.Visual inspections of external cylindersurfaces are the only practical wayto detect certain damage that mightoccur during normal use. ● An automotive grade corrosionperformance test is required in NGVindustry standards.● The NGV industry must continue tounderstand the causes of NGVincidents in order to effect changesin codes/standards, resulting insafer products. Incidents that occurshould be explored, analyzed and notignored (or concealed).● The NGV industry should learnfrom the hydrogen industry and

consider adopting hydrogen vehicleindustry practices. Thehydrogen/fuel cell industry hasreceived massive funding fromgovernment and private sectorsources enabling the fuel cell vehicle(FCV) industry to do research anddevelopment that could also beapplicable for NGVs.

LNG Safety for Road, Sea and Rail

● There are potential hazards as wellas safeguards at each stage of theLNG supply chain. Fixed parts of thesupply chain (e.g. ‘small scale’fuelling) and mobile suppliers in thefuel chain (e.g. virtual pipelines viatruck) require different measures toensure safety. ● Lessons learned from industrialLNG applications are applied totransport sectors.● Marine sector NGV standards areemanating from the top down.Creating specifications for marineLNG applications before completelyunderstanding and experiencing thedetails of LNG fuelling and operatingprocedures is very challenging.● The rail sector use of LNG is in itsinfancy and mostly is prohibitedexcept through exemptions and forpurposes of ‘proof of concept.’Leadership and advocacy for naturalgas is needed in the railway industry

Changing NGV Safety (mis)Perceptions:An On-going Reality


to determine what standards andregulations should be developed andwhich ones must be created.

Design and Safety of CNG and LNGFuelling Systems

● Development of natural gas as amarine fuel will depend on thedevelopment of robust safetystandards and regulations forbunkering (fuelling ships) and relatedactivities.● Proving safety through hazardousoperations studies (HAZOP) is beingdone on a case-by-case, location-by-location basis, which is veryexpensive and time-consuming.● There are no standards orregulations for mobile fuellingstations. Without specificrequirements, existing standards andregulations for stationary fuelling,moveable high pressure equipmentTPED (Transportable PressureEquipment Directive) and ADR(dangerous good transport) arebeing applied.

Conclusions

Changing perceptions into reality is anecessary and on-going process thatneeds continued attention and effort.● Perception vs reality: Theperception of natural gas as avehicle fuel is that potential dangersremain. The reality that NGVs (CNGand LNG) are safe requires aconcerted and sustainedcommunications effort via allchannels to reach the widestaudience of policy makers,regulators, and customers.● A process to systematically trackCNG incidents internationally wouldpromote continued learning andsafety. A small group of industrystakeholders have been trackingCNG incidents and sharinginformation on an informal butcoordinated basis internationally. Thechallenge is to create a formalprocess within a yet-to-be-determinedinstitution that can record incidents,identify causes (likely from otherinvestigations) in order to continueamassing technical informationdesigned to improve the safetyknowledge base of NGV technology.● ‘Best practices’, sharingexperiences of various stakeholdersand preparing the properdocumentation for broaddissemination could be a good wayto introduce safety concepts that arenot necessarily in the context of legal

regulations or even standards. It is amethod that also might encourageequipment suppliers, who arecautious about liability and sharingwhat they consider their ‘intellectualproperty, to provide data orexperiences that contribute to anoverall safety consciousness. This isa role for equipment suppliers andthe various associations.

Harmonization of standards andregulations as well as vigilantimplementation and enforcementwithin each industry sector dealingwith gas (road, marine and, infuture, rail) will continue to be achallenge but should be a long-termpriority that will promote safety,reliability, and reduce costs formanufacturers and customers.● The NGV industry must police itselfto ensure safe system designs andsafe products. Implementation of thestandards/regulations differs widelyin different parts of the world.Enforcement of regulations alsodiffers in different places, especiallyin those countries that do not have arobust ‘safety culture’. If equipmentemanates from countries wheresafety and safe practices are notwell enforced, then allcustomers/recipients must becautious to ensure that theequipment conforms to the proper

standards and regulations.● Countries entering the NGVmarket should look to the highestlevel of international standards andregulations – ISO and UNECE – asthe best models to guide the safeadoption of equipment, whether it isfor the road, marine or rail sectors.Countries should not ‘borrow’regulations from other countries. ● NGV stakeholders shouldstrengthen their cooperation throughactive participation in the regulatoryand standards forums like theUNECE Working Parties and ISO.The joint participation of governmentexperts, industry and standardization

Continued on page 25


organizations make it possible toimprove harmonization and safety bydeveloping regulations also on thebasis of updated available standards.

Training is critical, desired andavailable but costly. The NGV andsafety expertise needs to reachmore people throughout the NGVvalue chain who need it the most inorder to help provide safe equipmentand practices to all NGV markets.● Expertise and training is availablefor a broad range of needs(conversions, vehicle and fuellingstation operation, maintenance,inspection, fire mitigation) but thecost frequently is something thestakeholders are not willing to payfor. Without legal obligations forcertification or training, safety canbe compromised throughout theNGV value chain. Manufacturersoften provide training for specifictechnologies and associations canassist. Disseminating knowledge(i.e. training) to the rightstakeholders will continue to be achallenge and should receive moreattention in order to maximize thereach to the most stakeholders for areasonable price.

Expanding cooperation between theadvocates and stakeholderssupporting the different NGVtechnologies and fuel sectors –CNG, LNG & biomethane for road,off-road, marine and railapplications — will speed themarket entry and commercializationof methane throughout all thetransportation sectors.● Cross fertilization of knowledge,expertise and experience betweenthe transport sectors (road, marineand rail) is possible but it likely willinvolve cooperation via industryassociations and standardsorganizations at the various levels,international, regional and national.But this must be a goal firstembraced by the industryorganizations before such knowledge-sharing can realistically take place.Thereafter, the ‘A2A’, association-to-association contacts could be aneffective and important method tocreate the relationships needed tomove NGVs and methane forwardacross all of the transportationsectors.

By Jeffrey Seisler, CEO,Clean Fuels Consulting

Continued from page 25

Fuel comparisons and NGV benefits


NGV & LNG: the abundant, affordable and real alternative to fuel USA

APRIL

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L-NGV2015 San Diego Conference & Exhibition is the most comprehensive event onnatural gas and other clean fuels, which will be held from April 27-29, 2015, at theSan Diego Convention Center in California, USA.The meeting will be mostly addressed to policy & decision-makers, contractors, fleetoperators, fuel suppliers, equipment manufacturers, government bodies & agencies,finance firms, safety and standards specialists, energy advisors and technology providers.

The organizers of L-NGV2015 San Diego invite you to submit your abstract for theConference, which will focus on the following main themes:- Cars/Pick-Up Trucks - Buses - Trucks- Vessels - Rail - Mining- Drilling - Shale Gas - Power Generation Solutions

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Submission deadline: December 19, 2014

For submission, please send an email to: [email protected]


Worldwide NGV statisticsCountry

Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations

VRA

Monthly gas consumption (M Nm3)

Last update

Total Cars/LDVs MD/HDBuses

MD/HDTrucks Others Total Public Private Planned

Average consumption

(actualreport)

The consumption

in theory

Reportedconsumption

Iran 4.000.000 3.993.948 6.036 16 2.220 2.185 35 800 7300,00 737,03 990,5% July 2014China 3.994.350 2.587.288 1.025.531 331.531 50.000 6.502 6.302 200 2.913 9 3810,03 0,0% October 2014Pakistan 3.700.000 3.520.000 180.000 2.997 2.997 642,60 0,0% August 2014Argentina 2.487.349 2.487.349 1.939 1.939 32 239,80 447,72 53,6% July 2014India 1.800.000 500.000 300.000 200.000 800.000 936 936 163,21 1190,00 0,0% December 2013Brazil 1.781.102 1.781.102 1.805 1.805 7 144,53 320,60 45,1% June 2014Italy 885.300 880.000 2.300 3.000 1.049 990 59 100 80,00 167,70 47,7% June 2014Colombia 500.000 462.871 27.469 9.660 800 800 3 45,00 173,45 25,9% October 2014Thailand 457.110 388.743 13.264 53.344 1.759 497 471 26 0 152,76 0,0% September 2014Uzbekistan 450.000 450.000 213 213 50 81,00 0,0% June 2013Bolivia 300.000 300.000 178 178 46 26,28 54,00 48,7%August 20142013Armenia 244.000 192.000 17.300 34.700 345 9 336 26,53 114,22 23,2% December 2011Bangladesh 220.000 145.304 10.000 27.000 37.696 585 585 13 91,55 79,64 115,0% April 2013Egypt 207.617 205.000 2.270 347 181 177 4 57,11 43,73 130,6% September 2014Peru 183.786 183.775 11 237 237 18,56 33,11 56,1% June 2014Ukraine 170.000 8.036 102.216 59.748 325 133 192 8 52,00 355,89 14,6% March 2014USA 150.000 83.000 44.300 22.700 1.537 831 706 239 4.747 77,52 166,00 46,7% September 2014Germany 98.172 95.708 1735 176 553 921 849 72 1 804 18,00 22,60 79,6% May 2014Russia 90.050 65.000 10.000 15.000 50 253 211 42 15 4 33,75 53,71 62,8% July 2013Venezuela 90.000 90.000 166 166 300 80 8,15 16,20 50,3% June 2011Georgia 80.600 51.000 6.000 5.000 18.600 100 100 25 32,11 0,0% November 2013Bulgaria 61.320 61.197 105 11 7 110 109 1 7 15,00 11,34 132,3% June 2014Malaysia 55.999 55.345 594 60 184 182 2 10 14,80 11,75 126,0% October 2013Sweden 46.715 43.795 755 2.163 2 213 147 66 21 12,00 11,88 101,0% September 2014Japan 42.590 16.564 1.560 22.516 1.950 314 274 40 612 25,77 0,0% March 2013South Korea 40.532 8.203 31.069 1.257 3 201 101 100 93,00 95,69 97,2% November 2014Myanmar 27.137 23.658 3.475 4 45 45 14,69 0,0% September 2014Canada 14.205 11.800 199 6 2.200 89 86 3 500 2,84 0,0% May 2013France 13.550 10.050 2.400 1.100 0 311 40 271 11 200 6,00 9,89 60,7% September 2014Switzerland 11.640 11.278 173 129 60 167 134 33 3 117 1,61 2,66 60,6% August 2014Dominican Republic 10.909 10.909 15 15 100 0,09 1,96 4,7% June 2013Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 1,91 216,5% December 2007Austria 8.332 8.100 176 54 2 180 175 5 12 13,50 2,03 665,3% June 2013Chile 8.164 8.055 109 15 15 70 1 3,20 1,78 180,1% December 2011Netherlands 7.573 6.498 686 386 3 147 140 7 31 558 16,80 3,54 475,0% June 2014Czech Republic 7.488 6.650 512 81 245 88 63 25 30 123 1,83 2,81 65,1% September 2014Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 1,08 55,6% December 2007Indonesia 5.690 4.850 570 20 250 11 11 4 2,61 0,0% November 2013Hungary 5.118 5.000 86 32 0 19 4 15 10 1.500 0,30 1,18 25,3% June 2014Singapore 4.638 4.618 20 3 2 1 1,03 0,89 115,6% October 2013Belarus 4.600 4.600 42 42 1,03 0,83 124,4% September 2011Spain 3.990 905 1.609 1.322 154 86 38 48 12 21 7,84 6,06 129,5% December 2013Turkey 3.850 1.850 2.000 14 8 6 35 4,20 6,33 66,3% December 2011Nigeria 3.798 3.452 25 287 34 8 8 10 0,93 0,0% March 2014Poland 3.590 3.050 400 40 100 88 26 62 52 40 1,60 1,79 89,6% September 2014Trinidad & Tobago 3.500 3.500 6 6 1,80 0,63 285,7% March 2012Australia 3.110 25 2.060 275 750 52 5 47 10 130 5,99 0,0% June 2013United Arab Emirates 2.801 2.800 1 19 18 1 5 1 0,51 0,0% November 2013Mexico 2.620 2.569 51 8 8 22 1,37 0,62 222,6% May 2012Moldova 2.200 2.200 24 24 0,40 0,40 101,0% Septemebr 2011Iceland 2.016 2.000 2 14 6 5 1 1 0,17 0,38 44,5% September 2014Finland 1.800 1.675 75 26 24 26 25 1 1 10 0,42 0,55 75,8% August 2014Afghanistan 1.701 300 1 1.400 2 2 August 2013Mozambique 1.380 1.216 153 11 5 5 2 0,24 0,68 35,4% November 2014Belgium 1.053 1.000 3 37 13 20 16 4 21 17 0,22 0,0% July 2014Greece 1.000 280 618 102 0 7 7 7 1,33 1,99 67,0% September 2014South Africa 937 800 136 1 3 3 5 0,55 0,0% September 2014Serbia 878 792 58 28 0 10 8 2 2 3 0,93 0,34 274,4% June 2014Norway 667 124 538 4 1 22 14 8 4 2,15 1,64 131,1% June 2014United Kingdom 663 20 3 600 40 22 5 17 5 10 3,00 0,49 606,6% July 2014Portugal 586 46 354 86 100 5 1 4 1 1,16 1,14 101,4% December 2011Vietnam 462 400 50 12 7 7 July 2012Slovakia 426 100 261 65 0 14 10 4 4 20 0,80 0,85 93,8% September 2014Lithuania 380 80 300 5 3 2 4 5 0,20 0,91 21,9% September 2014Estonia 340 300 30 10 0 5 5 1 1 0,15 0,15 98,7% September 2014Croatia 329 219 78 18 14 3 2 1 1 0,16 0,29 55,5% September 2014Luxembourg 270 230 39 1 7 6 1 2 0,06 0,16 37,7% July 2014Algeria 215 115 100 4 4 0,32 0,0% September 2014New Zealand 201 19 61 84 37 14 14 0,26 0,0% December 2010Lichtenstein 143 64 61 18 2 1 1 1 0,10 0,21 47,9% December 2011Denmark 104 61 26 17 0 7 7 3 July 2014Qatar 76 1 75 1 1 0,23 0,0% September 2013Slovenia 58 29 24 5 7 2 5 1 5 0,090 0,08 110,8% June 2014Tanzania 55 55 1 1 2 0,01 0,0% August 2013Macedonia 54 7 47 1 1 3 0,02 0,14 14,8% January 2011Ecuador 40 40 1 1 0,01 0,0% May 2009Bosnia & Herzegovina 35 34 1 3 2 1 2 0,01 0,0% September 2014Tunesia 34 32 2 1 1 0,01 0,0% December 2007Latvia 29 29 2 0 2 1 0,003 0,01 49,2% September 2014Philippines 20 20 1 1 0,06 0,0% November 2013Kazakhstan 20 20 1 1 90 November 2013Panama 15 15 November 2008Ireland 3 3 9 3 0,00 0,0% June 2013Romania 2 2 2 2 February 2014Turkmenistan 1 1 November 2009Montenegro 1 1 0,00 March 2006Total 22.327.687 18.818.331 1.620.203 792.687 1.096.466 26.523 24.033 2.490 4.867 9.834 8.595 8.936 96,2% November 2014

Notes: The column 'theoretical monthly consumption' is calculating total monthly consumption if cars consume 180, buses 3000, trucks 800, and other vehicles 50 Nm3 per monthThere is, of course, a huge difference between different truck types. A 44 ton truck may consume up to 8000 (not 800) Nm3 per month.


Cities with CNG refuelling stations

Last update

Argentina 341 Aug.'14Armenia 37 Mar. '08Australia 3 Nov. '09Austria 162 Jun. '12Bangladesh 8 Nov. '05Belarus 16 Sep. '11Belgium 10 Jun. '12Bolivia 7 Jul.'13Brazil 298 Aug.'14Bulgaria 41 Jul. '12Chile 5 Dec. '07China 100 May.'12Colombia 78 Jul '14Croatia 1 Dec. '10Czech Republic 38 Mar. '14Denmark 2 Jul. '13Dominican Republic 3 Mar. '13Egypt 16 Apr.06Estonia 3 May 13Finland 15 Dec. '2France 150 Jun.13Germany 740 Dec. '10Greeece 2 Nov. 10Hungary 15 Jun.13Iceland 2 Jan. '11India 42 Nov. '10Indonesia 2 Sept. '08Iran 597 Nov. '11Ireland 1 Jun.13Italy 150 Dec. '06Latvia 1 Sep. '11Liechtenstein 1 Jun. 11Lithuania 3 Sep. '11Luxembourg 1 Jul. 13Macedonia 1 Jan. '05Malaysia 12 Mar. '13Mexico 2 Mar.'12Moldavia 13 Sep. '11Mozambique 2 Aug. '11Myanmar 4 Oct. '11Netherlands 98 Jun. 13Nigeria 3 Jun. '13Norway 4 Jan. '10Pakistan 50 Apr. '08Peru 2 Jul '13Philippines 1 Oct.'05Portugal 5 Dec. '09Russia 198 May '12Serbia 3 Dec. '10Singapore 1 Jul. '05Slovakia 9 Jun. 13Slovenia 5 Jun. '13South Africa 2 Mar. '14South Korea 52 Nov. '13Spain 32 Jun. '10Sweden 79 Dec. '12Switzerland 19 Jun. '11Tanzania 1 Oct. '10Taiwan 1 Apr'. 05Thailand 54 May '14Trinidad & Tobago 11 Dec. '07Tunisia 1 Oct. '07Turkey 2 Aug. '04United Arab Emirates 4 Jul. '11United Kingdom 5 Nov. '04USA 50 May. 14Venezuela 26 Jun. '11Total 3.643

Europe Worlwide

2.567 3.643

Country Number of cities

Country's share of the world's total NGVs and fuelling stations

CountryNatural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations

Last updateTotal

% of total NGVsin the world

Total% of total fuelling

stations in the worldIran 4.000.000 17,91% 2.220 8,38% July 2014China 3.994.350 17,89% 6.502 24,55% October 2014Pakistan 3.700.000 16,57% 2.997 11,31% August 2014Argentina 2.487.349 11,14% 1.939 7,32% July 2014India 1.800.000 8,06% 903 3,41% November 2013Brazil 1.781.102 7,98% 1.805 6,81% June 2014Italy 885.300 3,97% 1.049 3,96% June 2014Colombia 500.000 2,24% 800 3,02% October 2014Thailand 457.110 2,05% 497 1,88% September 2014Uzbekistan 450.000 2,02% 213 0,80% June 2013Bolivia 300.000 1,34% 178 0,67% August 2014 2013Armenia 244.000 1,09% 345 1,30% December 2011Bangladesh 220.000 0,99% 585 2,21% April 2013Egypt 207.617 0,93% 181 0,68% September 2014Peru 183.786 0,82% 237 0,89% June 2014Ukraine 170.000 0,76% 325 1,23% March 2014USA 150.000 0,67% 1.537 5,80% September 2014Germany 98.172 0,44% 921 3,48% May 2014Russia 90.050 0,40% 253 0,96% July 2013Venezuela 90.000 0,40% 166 0,63% June 2011Georgia 80.600 0,36% 100 0,38% November 2013Bulgaria 61.320 0,27% 110 0,42% June 2014Malaysia 55.999 0,25% 184 0,69% October 2013Sweden 46.715 0,21% 213 0,80% September 2014Japan 42.590 0,19% 314 1,19% March 2013South Korea 40.532 0,18% 201 0,76% November 2014Myanmar 27.137 0,12% 45 0,17% September 2014Canada 14.205 0,06% 89 0,34% May 2013France 13.550 0,06% 311 1,17% September 2014Switzerland 11.640 0,05% 167 0,63% August 2014Dominican Republic 10.909 0,05% 15 0,06% June 2013Tajikistan 10.600 0,05% 53 0,20% December 2007Austria 8.332 0,04% 180 0,68% June 2013Chile 8.164 0,04% 15 0,06% December 2011Netherlands 7.573 0,03% 147 0,55% June 2014Czech Republic 7.488 0,03% 88 0,33% September 2014Kyrgyzstan 6.000 0,03% 6 0,02% December 2007Indonesia 5.690 0,03% 11 0,04% November 2013Hungary 5.118 0,02% 19 0,07% June 2014Singapore 4.638 0,02% 3 0,01% October 2013Belarus 4.600 0,02% 42 0,16% September 2011Spain 3.990 0,02% 86 0,32% December 2013Turkey 3.850 0,02% 14 0,05% December 2011Nigeria 3.798 0,02% 8 0,03% March 2014Poland 3.590 0,02% 88 0,33% September 2014Trinidad & Tobago 3.500 0,02% 6 0,02% March 2012Australia 3.110 0,01% 52 0,20% June 2013United Arab Emirates 2.801 0,01% 19 0,07% November 2013Mexico 2.620 0,01% 8 0,03% May 2012Moldova 2.200 0,01% 24 0,09% Septemebr 2011Iceland 2.016 0,01% 6 0,02% September 2014Finland 1.800 0,01% 26 0,10% August 2014Afghanistan 1.701 0,01% 2 0,01% August 2013Mozambique 1.380 0,01% 5 0,02% November 2014Belgium 1.053 0,00% 20 0,08% July 2014Greece 1.000 0,00% 7 0,03% September 2014South Africa 937 0,00% 3 0,01% September 2014Serbia 878 0,00% 10 0,04% June 2014Norway 667 0,00% 22 0,08% June 2014United Kingdom 663 0,00% 22 0,08% July 2014Portugal 586 0,00% 5 0,02% December 2011Vietnam 462 0,00% 7 0,03% July 2012Slovakia 426 0,00% 14 0,05% September 2014Lithuania 380 0,00% 5 0,02% September 2014Estonia 340 0,00% 5 0,02% September 2014Croatia 329 0,00% 3 0,01% September 2014Luxembourg 270 0,00% 7 0,03% July 2014Algeria 215 0,00% 4 0,02% September 2014New Zealand 201 0,00% 14 0,05% December 2010Lichtenstein 143 0,00% 2 0,01% December 2011Denmark 104 0,00% 7 0,03% July 2014Qatar 76 0,00% 1 0,00% September 2013Slovenia 58 0,00% 7 0,03% June 2014Tanzania 55 0,00% 1 0,00% August 2013Macedonia 54 0,00% 1 0,00% January 2011Ecuador 40 0,00% 1 0,00% May 2009Bosnia & Herzegovina 35 0,00% 3 0,01% September 2014Tunesia 34 0,00% 1 0,00% December 2007Latvia 29 0,00% 2 0,01% September 2014Philippines 20 0,00% 1 0,00% November 2013Kazakhstan 20 0,00% 1 0,00% November 2013Panama 15 0,00% 0,00% November 2008Ireland 3 0,00% 0,00% June 2013Romania 2 0,00% 2 0,01% February 2014Turkmenistan 0,00% 1 0,00% November 2009Montenegro 0,00% 1 0,00% March 2006Total 22.327.687 100% 26.490 100% November 2014


NGV’s statistics balance

Best growth in filling stations by number (50+ stations; India is not yet included)

Best growth in NGVs by % (10,000+ NGVs; India is not yet included) Best growth in filling stations by % (50+ stations; India is not yet included)

World’s top 10 NGV countries

NGV x 1.000Round up figures

China Iran Peru Italy Colombia Thailand Argentina Egypt Switzerland Germany

2013 3.000.000 3.500.000 169.056 823.000 463.930 422.812 2.331.912 197.229 11.058 96.349

2014 3.994.350 4.000.000 183.786 885.300 500.000 457.110 2.487.349 207.617 11.640 98.172

Increase 33% 14% 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 5% 5% 2%

China Iran Colombia Poland ItalyCzech Republic Peru Egypt Thailand Argentina

2013 5.730 2.074 703 47 1.022 74 226 171 488 1.932

2014 6.502 2.220 800 88 1.049 88 237 181 497 1.939

Difference 772 146 97 41 27 14 11 10 9 7

Countries included are those with number of filling stations above 100 units

China Iran Argentina Italy Colombia Thailand Brazil Peru Egypt Germany

2013 3.000.000 3.500.000 2.331.912 823.000 463.930 422.812 1.764.137 169.056 195.583 96.349

2014 3.994.350 4.000.000 2.487.349 885.300 500.000 457.110 1.781.102 183.786 205.000 98.172

Difference 994.350 500.000 155.437 62.300 36.070 34.298 16.965 14.730 9.417 1.823

Poland Czech Rep. Colombia China Iran Egypt Peru Bulgaria Italy Thailand

2013 47 74 703 5.730 2.074 171 226 106 1.022 488

2014 88 88 800 6.502 2.220 181 237 110 1.049 497

Increase 87% 19% 14% 13% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2%

Best growth in NGVs by number (10,000+ NGVs; India is not yet included)

Countries included are those with number of filling stations above 10,000 units

Notes: * Figures accumulated in different months. Please refer tothe Worldwide NGV statistics to see the respective month in whichthe data was reported/accumulated.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Nov-14*

Iran 1 15 64 148 612 846 1638 2033 2859 3300 3300 4000

China 36 55 80 82 97 127 201 336 500 500 600 1500 3000 3994

Pakistan 200 410 475 700 1000 1650 1900 2250 2500 2851 3100 2790 3700

Argentina 735 824 1089 1288 1457 1416 1685 1741 1821 1927 2032 2173 2288 2487

India 25 101 159 222 222 335 822 822 700 700 1100 1500 1800 1800

Brazil 272 372 615 804 1011 1253 1512 1573 1614 1662 1694 1730 1754 1781

Italy 370 370 401 381 382 413 433 580 588 677 761 746 823 885

Colombia 9 9 19 48 72 114 252 270 300 313 349 387 457 500

Thailand 4 9 22 56 162 219 268 321 413 457

Uzbekistan 310 450 450


European NGV statistics

Fuel prices in Europe

All data shown on this work sheet are the result of work conducted by NGVA Europe and the GVR. The data may not be manipulated and redistributed while maintaining the logos ofNGVA Europe and the GVR. When using data for various summaries or graphs it would, however, be appreciated if you state that the information presented is based on data suppliedvia NGVA Europe and the GVR.

Country

Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations

VRA Reportedconsumption

The consumption

in theory

Averageconsumption(Actual report)

Monthly gas consumption (M Nm3)

Last updateTotal Cars/LDVs MD/HD

BusesMD/HDTrucks Others Total Public Private Planned

CountryPremiumGasoline

(Euro/litre)

RegularGasoline

(Euro/litre)

Diesel(Euro/litre)

CNG(Euro/Nm³)

CNG price equivalent perlitre gasoline

CNG priceequivalent per

litre dieselDate

The Gas Vehicles Report, a voice from Europe to the

world in the service of ecology and economy, is the

unique NGV global magazine.

In English as main language, the editorial article is

also published in seven other European languages

and each article is presented in its original version

and in English.

GVR statistics are the referential data point for the

whole industry and institutions.

More than 8,000 GVR copies are mailed monthly to

80 countries in the five continents addressed to

Governmental related offices, OEMs & Oil companies,

Associations, NGV industries, refuelling stations,

workshops and suppliers; besides, the magazine can

be downloaded from www.thegvr.com

Contact: [email protected]

NGV2010 Roma

The event of the

year is coming up

Clean Power Project

Consortium for

LNG use in trucks

Germany

AMI Leipzig

Motor Show

Peru, 6-8 July

ExpoGNV already

is a big success

NGV buses in europe

A growing sector

The opinions and thoughts

of several manufacturers

Volume 5 #5Number 53June 2006

Germany

NGV is the

best alternative

The Netherlands

The World Gas

Conference took place

Germany 2006

NGV and the

World Cup

Handing out of keys of

some NGVs used

for VIP shuttle service

Volume 5 #6Number 54July 2006

Italy

More than 35000 OEM

NGVs sold in 2006

Worldwide

Free access to NGV

statistics

Volume 5 #12Number 60January 2007

A political success

NGVs on the

European agenda

The European Parliament voted a report

highlighting methane role as transportation fuel

VW P

A 4-cylinfor NG

PA

VW Passat

A 4-cylinder configured

for NG operation

www.ngvgroup.com

Renewal and new

services offered

Volume 6 #1Number 61February 2007

Panda Panda

A big small car

Amazing success: in the first month of sales

in Italy, Fiat received 3,000 orders

ExpoGNV

The Sao Paulo big

event is coming up

Statistics

New charts: countries’

evolution since 1996

Volume 6 #2Number 62March 2007

From the market

News on NGV

from Europe

The Fiat Panda Panda great success,

London doubled congestion charge zone

and more…

ExpoGNV Brazil

More stands available in

the new # NGV country

Geneva Motor Show

resentation of the

Opel Corsa .6 CNG

Volume 6 #3Number 63April 2007

NGV growth in Europe

Italy

Comments on the European #1 market, a methanized

funfair in Germany (photo), Czech Rep., etc.

NGV growth in Europe

Italy

Comments on the European #1 market, a methanized

funfair in Germany (photo), Czech Rep., etc.

Germany

Natural Gas Vehicles

are the trend

Strasbourg

The ENGVA Conference

is co ing up

Volume 6 #4Number 64May 2007

Along all roads

NGV use in Europe

Mitsubishi Evo 9 CNG , maybe the most

powerful CNG rally-car at the moment

Italy

A azing anda anda

sales in 4 ont hs

Spain

670 natural gas

vehicles clean Madrid


Environmental Ministry

Germany

NGV has proven to be a clean,

economical and sustainable alternative

24-Nürburgring

A resounding

success of 2 NGVs

Europe

NGV, a real need

against pollution


European Parliament

NGVs in

Strasbourg

The industry held a meeting

with Congress members

Italy

The 10th Metanauto

is coming up

Germany

Car sales in the doldrums

NGVs defy the trend

Volume 6 #7Number 67August 2007

Against global warming

NGV: a solution

at hand

News from Italy, Germany, Spain, Sweden,

Russia, Switzerland, Brazil, Africa and more.Against global warming

NGV: a solution

at hand

News from Italy, Germany, Spain, Sweden,

Russia, Switzerland, Brazil, Africa and more.

Compressors

Co ents fr o

the industry

Iran NGV goals

To be achieved with

capacity and willpower

Volume 6 #8Number 68September 2007

Climate-friendly fuel

Germany rewards

NGV drivers

7 seats Opel Zafira 1.6 CNG emits only 138 CO2

g/km. With a mix of 20% biogas just 113 g/km

Oil is over $80!

A real opportunity for

the NGV industry

Sweden

About subsidies in the

‘biogas country’

Volume 6 #9Number 70November 2007

NGV Concept car

Fiat Panda Aria

Eco-compatible materials in and outside,

CO2 emissions cut to a record of 69g/km

Italy

Opinion about

stations network

Czech Republic

Latest developments

and Conference

Volume 6 #10Number 71December 2007

Across the world

7.2 million NGVs

Impressive growth of methane vehicles. It is

predicted 65 million NGVs by 2020

Germany

NGVs go turbo

IANGV

Government involvement

in CNG Programs


Barajas, Madrid

NGVs to the airport

Were introduced three models of new ground handling

equipment powered by ultra-low imission CNG engines

NGV bus market

Opinions from

several OEMs

Italy

Self-service to be

allowed this 2008


NGV, a solution at hand

Oil is around $100

Because of economics, ecology and energy

diversification, CNG is the answer today

NGVA Europe

Meeting of the new

regional organisation

NGV 2008

Attracting stakehold-

ers from everywhere


New growing market

NGV gains

momentum

King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain

while opening a new Gas Natural building

The Netherlands

The Dutch NGV

industry is on the move

NGV 2008 in Rio

Few days for the

IANGV event


MILA Alpin 4WD

Hybrid CNG

Compact off-roader launched at

the 2008 Geneva Motor Show

New NGVA Europe

Focus on lobbying

activities

Italy

The role of the

Consorzio NGV System


After NGV 2008

Comes Italy

Few available spaces for the II

World Fair of NGV, biogas and H2V Italy

NGV use to grow to

a two-digit number

Canada

The success of

CNG forklifts


NGV in Europe

2009 outlook

It is predicted as the year when sales will

really take off

2030 NG industry

outlook for vehicles

Germany

Hybrid-CNG

technology

Volume 7 #8Number 81October 2008

2nd NGV World Fair

A world-class ev

ent

Turin 2008: Display of latest technologies and

international meetings

Czech Republic

II International

Conference in Prague

Germany

New company aiming

to market NGVs


New NGV model

Fiat Grande Punto

From January to August, Fiat sold 43,000 NGVs

in Italy -33,000 during the same period in 2007.

NGV System Italia

Self-service and

multi-fuel dispenser

Italy

New Stations

Association


World speed record

327.2 km/h

A retrofitted biomethane-fuelled Audi

A4-B7 has set the high speed record

GNV2009 Madrid

Support from the

City Council

2009 NGV Caravan

To the Olympic Winter

games Capital city


+25% globally

2008 NGV

numbers

Methane powers 9,500,000

vehicles through 14,500 stations.

Italy is the #1 OEM NGV market.

The Netherlands

More interest in

the NGV business

Italy

Comments from

the industry


Record-breaking trip

EcoFuel Tour

To visit and test each of the 800 German

refuelling stations within 80 days.

United Kingdom

Successful biogas

truck trial

Italy

New section Voices

from the industry


Spain NGV market

500 more

NGV trucks

Barcelona tender: the 4 city’s cleaning

companies to use NGV trucks

Italy

NGV is promoted

by OEMs in all

media

GNV2009 Madrid

NGVA Europe

Conference is

coming up


Germany car tax

NGVs have

the edge

The new CO2 tax reduces

significantly the tax burden on NGV

IANGV

World CNG

signage one step

closer

Germany

Natural gas

turbos at AMI

2009 in Leipzig


Few days to go

GNV2009

MadridThe NGVA Europe Conferences

& Show gather global attention.

Spain

Successful NGV

implementation

Chrysler+Fiat

More NGVs for

North America?


Italy

Getting out

of the niche

The industry aims to create a sustainable

business based on sustainable mobility

Italy

The NGV industry

beyond the crisis

PeruThe I Latin American

NGV Summit is

coming up


24-hour Nürburgring

NGV Success

VW Scirocco GT24 CNG raced to victory at

the 24-hour race

European milestone

More than 1

million NGVS on

the roads

GNV Peru 2009

All ready for theLatin Americanevent

Volume 8 #6Number 91August 2009

OEM NGVs

Italy61,175 were sold in January-May: analysts

define 2009 as the year of the NGV boom

The GVR

Three outstanding

editions coming up

Sweden

World's first green

biogas ambulance


NGV in Europe

The EU targets

10% market share by2020 plus 8%

biofuels--including biogas. Is it credible?

Verona, Italy

Promotional

advert campaign

underway

The GVR

Promotional

advert campaign

at course

Volume 8 #8Number 93October 2009

The engine of tomorrow

NGVs with brains

OEMs work on NGV tailor-made innovative technologies.

Ecorally-Raid

Clean Off-road

units race towards

NGV2010

NGV 2010 Roma

IANGV 2nd

Compelling Reason

to Attend


Huge CO2 savings

LNG Ferry

Besides Natural gas and biomethane,

LNG also brings benefits.

NGV System Italia

Towards EU

White Paper on

Transport

Forecasting

Middle and

long-term NGV

outlook


Starting in 2010

Scirocco Cup

VW organises a one-make cup featuri

ng

Bio-CNG-powered vehicles.

Argentina

25 years of ‘GNC’

GasHighWay

Project of a

station net from

Finland to Italy


A must attend event

NGV 2010 Roma

A convergence of time and place for th

e global NGV industry

Italy

Increased NGV

use brings healthy

news

At the right time

The great

international event

of the year


Dakar Rally

Racing with NGV

Two Toyota FJ Cruiser V6 showed that NGV can compete in

the most demanding roads

New monthly report

The European

Association in

The GVR

NGV System Italia

Leadership,

innovation and

tradition


54 million more NGVs

NGV2010 Roma

The global event in Italy, gateway

to the most successful NGV decade

A case study

Swedish NGV

sales

Bolivia

Large-scale free

NGV conversion

underway


Growing interest

Rome Conference

NGVs set to dominate alternative

fuels arena in coming decade

Volume 9 #3

Number 100

May 2010

Anniversary ed

ition

100From Europe to the world,

continuos work promoting NGV

Armenia 0,96 0,91 0,83 0,38 0,34 0,39 sep-11Austria* 1,39 1,34 0,71 0,64 0,73 sep-14Belarus 0,66 0,61 0,59 0,19 0,17 0,19 sep-11Belgium* 1,59 1,40 0,62 0,56 0,64 sep-14Bulgaria* 1,25 1,32 0,63 0,60 0,67 may-14Croatia* 1,52 1,35 1,16 0,79 0,71 0,81 ene-11Czech Republic 1,34 1,28 0,66 0,59 0,68 sep-14Denmark 1,76 1,52 1,34 1,20 1,37 sep-14Estonia* 1,27 1,24 0,55 0,49 0,56 sep-14Finland* 1,59 1,45 0,99 0,89 1,01 oct-14France* 1,49 1,29 0,88 0,79 0,90 sep-14Georgia 0,91 0,88 0,87 0,48 0,43 0,49 nov-14Germany* 1,59 1,43 0,77 0,54 0,79 sep-14Greece* 1,66 1,35 0,69 0,61 0,70 sep-14Hungary* 1,32 1,34 0,78 0,70 0,80 sep-14Iceland 1,59 1,55 0,97 0,87 1,00 sep-14Italy* 1,79 1,67 0,69 0,65 0,72 sep-14Latvia 1,34 1,27 0,38 0,29 0,32 sep-14Lichtenstein 1,43 1,58 1,04 0,91 0,99 sep-14Lithuania 1,34 1,27 0,87 0,78 0,89 sep-14Luxembourg* 1,34 1,17 0,58 0,52 0,60 ene-11Macedonia 1,24 1,04 0,42 0,38 0,44 sep-11Moldavia 1,05 0,87 1,00 0,45 0,13 0,46 sep-14Netherlands * 1,84 1,50 0,77 0,69 0,79 sep-14Norway 1,87 1,77 0,70 0,63 0,72 sep-14Poland 1,29 1,27 0,72 0,79 0,74 sep-14Portugal 1,57 1,36 1,05 0,94 1,08 jun-13Russia 0,71 0,73 0,27 0,24 0,28 feb-11Serbia* 1,31 1,31 0,55 0,49 0,56 jun-13Slovakia* 1,46 1,35 0,81 0,73 0,83 sep-13Slovenia* 1,44 1,36 0,77 0,69 0,79 sep-14Spain* 1,41 1,,32 0,74 0,58 0,65 sep-14Sweden 1,59 1,56 1,38 1,31 1,23 sep-14Switzerland* 1,44 1,51 0,99 0,86 0,94 sep-14Turkey 1,86 1,62 1,37 1,23 1,40 May-12Ukraine 1,09 0,98 0,94 0,65 0,58 0,66 sep-14United Kingdom* 1,61 1,68 0,81 0,73 0,83 sep-14Bosnia & Herzegovina*1,20 1,23 0,45 0,40 0,46 sep-14

Notes: *In these countries sales are measured in kg. The conversion factor depends on the normal densityof gaseous natural gas in each country. The default value used is 0.73 kg/Nm3.

Italy 885.300 880.000 2.300 3.000 1.049 990 59 100 80,00 167,70 47,7% June 2014Armenia 244.000 192.000 17.300 34.700 345 9 336 26,53 114,22 23,2% December 2011Ukraine 170.000 8.036102.216 59.748 325 133 192 8 52,00 355,89 14,6% March 2014Germany 98.172 95.708 1735 176 553 921 849 72 1 804 18,00 22,60 79,6% May 2014Russia 90.050 65.000 10.000 15.000 50 253 211 42 15 4 33,75 53,71 62,8% July 2013Georgia 80.600 51.000 6.000 5.000 18.600 100 100 25 32,11 0,0% November 2013Bulgaria 61.320 61.197 105 11 7 110 109 1 7 15,00 11,34 132,3% June 2014Sweden 46.715 43.795 755 2.163 2 213 147 66 21 12,00 11,88 101,0% September 2014France 13.550 10.050 2.400 1.100 0 311 40 271 11 200 6,00 9,89 60,7% September 2014Switzerland 11.640 11.278 173 129 60 167 134 33 3 117 1,61 2,66 60,6% August 2014Austria 8.332 8.100 176 54 2 180 175 5 12 13,50 2,03 665,3% June 2013Netherlands 7.573 6.498 686 386 3 147 140 7 31 558 16,80 3,54 475,0% June 2014Czech Republic 7.488 6.650 512 81 245 88 63 25 30 123 1,83 2,81 65,1% September 2014Hungary 5.118 5.000 86 32 0 19 4 15 10 1.500 0,30 1,18 25,3% June 2014Belarus 4.600 4.600 42 42 1,03 0,83 124,4% September 2011Spain 3.990 905 1.609 1.322 154 86 38 48 12 21 7,84 6,06 129,5% December 2013Turkey 3.850 1.850 2.000 14 8 6 35 4,20 6,33 66,3% December 2011Poland 3.590 3.050 400 40 100 88 26 62 52 40 1,60 1,79 89,6% September 2014Moldova 2.200 2.200 24 24 0,40 0,40 101,0% Septemebr 2011Iceland 2.016 2.000 2 14 6 5 1 1 0,17 0,38 44,5% September 2014Finland 1.800 1.675 75 26 24 26 25 1 1 10 0,42 0,55 75,8% August 2014Belgium 1.053 1.000 3 37 13 20 16 4 21 17 0,22 0,0% July 2014Greece 1.000 280 618 102 0 7 7 7 1,33 1,99 67,0% September 2014Serbia 878 792 58 28 0 10 8 2 2 3 0,93 0,34 274,4% June 2014Norway 667 124 538 4 1 22 14 8 4 2,15 1,64 131,1% June 2014United Kingdom 663 20 3 600 40 22 5 17 5 10 3,00 0,49 606,6% July 2014Portugal 586 46 354 86 100 5 1 4 1 1,16 1,14 101,4% December 2011Slovakia 426 100 261 65 0 14 10 4 4 20 0,80 0,85 93,8% September 2014Lithuania 380 80 300 5 3 2 4 5 0,20 0,91 21,9% September 2014Estonia 340 300 30 10 0 5 5 1 1 0,15 0,15 98,7% September 2014Croatia 329 219 78 18 14 3 2 1 1 0,16 0,29 55,5% September 2014Luxembourg 270 230 39 1 7 6 1 2 0,06 0,16 37,7% July 2014Lichtenstein 143 64 61 18 2 1 1 1 0,10 0,21 47,9% December 2011Denmark 104 61 26 17 0 7 7 3 July 2014Slovenia 58 29 24 5 7 2 5 1 5 0,090 0,08 110,8% June 2014Macedonia 54 7 47 1 1 3 0,02 0,14 14,8% January 2011Bosnia & Herzegovina 35 34 1 3 2 1 2 0,01 0,0% September 2014Latvia 29 29 2 0 2 1 0,003 0,01 49,2% September 2014Ireland 3 3 9 3 0,00 0,0% June 2013Romania 2 2 2 2 February 2014Montenegro 1 1 0,00 March 2006Total 1.758.924 1.464.010 150.971 123.975 19.968 4.659 3.356 1.303 267 3.621 303 817 37,1% November 2014


Ratio between Natural Gas filling station versus number of vehicles

Country Natural GasVehicles

Refuellingstations

Ratio station/vehicles Last update

Iran 4.000.000 2.220 1.802 July 2014Pakistan 3.700.000 2.997 1.235 August 2014China 3.327.500 5.730 581 May 2014Argentina 2.466.164 1.939 1.272 June 2014Brazil 1.781.102 1.805 987 June 2014India 1.800.000 903 1.993 November 2013Italy 883.000 1.049 842 June 2014Colombia 492.649 800 616 August 2014Uzbekistan 450.000 213 2.113 June 2013Thailand 448.025 492 911 April 2014Bolivia 300.000 178 1.685 August 2014Armenia 226.800 345 657 September 2011Bangladesh 220.000 585 376 April 2013Egypt 198.852 172 1.156 December 2013Peru 183.786 237 775 June 2014Ukraine 170.000 325 523 March 2014USA 142.000 1.466 97 May 2014Venezuela 90.000 166 542 June 2011Germany 97.619 920 106 April 2013Russia 90.000 252 357 July 2013Georgia 80.600 100 806 November 2013Bulgaria 61.320 110 557 June 2014Malaysia 55.999 184 304 October 2013Sweden 44.322 203 218 December 2012Japan 42.590 314 136 March 2013South Korea 40.222 191 211 March 2014Myanmar 28.479 51 558 December 2013Canada 14.205 89 160 May 2013France 13.538 344 39 June 2013Switzerland 11.058 167 66 June 2013Dominican Republic 10.909 15 727 June 2013Tajikistan 10.600 53 200 December 2007Chile 8.164 15 544 December 2011Austria 7.717 205 38 June 2013Czech Republic 7.050 80 88 March 2014Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6 1.000 December 2007Netherlands 7.570 194 39 June 2014Indonesia 5.690 11 517 November 2013Singapore 4.638 3 1.546 October 2013Belarus 4.600 42 110 September 2011Hungary 5.118 19 269 June 2014Turkey 3.850 14 275 December 2011Trinidad & Tobago 3.500 6 583 March 2012Nigeria 3.798 8 475 March 2014Spain 3.781 78 48 June 2013Poland 3.392 47 72 June 2013Australia 3.110 52 60 June 2013United Arab Emirates 2.801 19 147 November 2013Mexico 2.620 8 328 May 2012Moldova 2.200 24 92 Septemebr 2011Afghanistan 1.701 2 851 August 2013Finland 1.665 26 64 June 2014Slovakia 1.284 14 92 June 2013Iceland 2.016 3 672 September 2014Norway 908 26 35 June 2012Serbia 838 9 93 October 2012Greece 716 5 143 July 2014Mozambique 661 2 331 July 2012Portugal 586 5 117 December 2011United Kingdom 663 22 30 July 2014Belgium 1.053 20 53 July 2014Vietnam 462 7 66 July 2012Luxembourg 270 7 39 July 2014New Zealand 201 14 14 December 2010Estonia 194 4 49 May 2013Lithuania 200 4 50 December 2012South Africa 258 3 86 March 2014Croatia 155 2 78 May 2013Lichtenstein 143 2 72 December 2011Algeria 125 3 42 December 2011Qatar 76 1 76 September 2013Macedonia 54 1 54 January 2011Tanzania 55 1 55 August 2013Slovenia 48 6 8 June 2013Ecuador 40 1 40 May 2009Tunesia 34 1 34 December 2007Philippines 20 1 20 November 2013Kazakhstan 20 1 20 November 2013Bosnia & Herzegovina 21 2 11 June 2011Latvia 18 1 18 September 2011Panama 15 November 2008Denmark 15 2 8 July 2012Romania 2 2 1 February 2014Ireland 1 2 1 June 2012Turkmenistan 1 November 2009Montenegro 1 March 2006Total 21.581.456 25.650 841 September 2014

Ratio price differential of natural gas to other fuels

Country CNG/PremiumGasoline

CNG/RegularGasoline CNG/Diesel Date

Afganistan 68,49% nov-12Argentina 32,76% 35,85% 26,03% ene-11Armenia 39,58% 41,76% 45,78% sep-11Australia 59,83% 63,81% 65,42% jul-13Austria 51,00% 52,82% jul-13Bangladesh 34,62% 36,73% 52,94% sep-09Belarus 28,79% 31,15% 32,20% sep-11Belgium 49,28% 52,56% jul-14Bolivia 45,00% 46,15% June-14Brazil 59,06% jun-11Bulgaria 52,56% 49,77% jun-14Canada 62,77% 63,44% 68,60% ene-11China 55,84% 58,90% 63,24% mar-11Croatia 44,27% 46,03% 50,00% ene-11Czech Republic 47,65% 51,98% mar-14Denmark 93,06% 108,94% 100,00% jul-13Dominican Republic 42,86% 55,00%Egypt 8,06% 25,00% 41,67% jun-13Estonia 42,47% 42,79% sep-13Finland 65,16% 72,75% sep-14France 54,11% 61,32% 100,00% sep-13Georgia 48,45% 50,54% 50,54% nov-13Germany 50,50% 56,15% ago-14Greece 49,01% 41,59% jul-14Hungary 55,70% 54,88% sep-13Iceland 56,88% 58,71% nov-12India 59,34% 83,08% jul-13Indonesia 40,91% 58,06% 54,55% jul-10Iran 6,80% 8,50% 13,08% abr-14Italy 40,42% 43,32% ago-14Japan 65,63% 70,47% 80,77% jun-12Latvia 28,79% 29,69% sep-11Lichtenstein 76,37% 81,10% 77,01% jun-10Lithuania 66,67% 70,97% sep-11Luxembourg 58,84% 60,89% 70,26% jul-14Macedonia 34,30% 40,77% ene-11Malaysia 36,36% 38,10% jul-11Moldavia 42,86% 51,72% 45,09% sep-11Netherlands 43,64% 53,57% jun-14Nigeria 55,81% 35,29% mar-14Norway 52,17% 53,93% mar-11Pakistan 38,85% 49,87% 47,00% mar-14Philippines 34,21% 43,33% ene-10Poland 53,73% 53,73% jun-13Portugal 33,33% 40,54% mar-10Russia 33,33% 34,25% jul-12Serbia 46,51% 50,59% 48,87% feb-11Singapore 74,47% 104,48% mar-10Slovakia 62,71% 58,72% jun-13Slovenia 52,25% 56,73% sep-13South Africa 69,39% mar-14South Korea 57,89% 64,17% mar-14Spain 53,74% 56,90% jun-13Sweden 95,35% 101,23% abr-13Switzerland 79,58% 75,89% jun-14Tanzania 52,37% nov-13Thailand 21,37% 25,76% May-14Ukraine 59,63% 66,33% 69,15% May-12United Kingdom 72,56% 71,37% ene-10USA 43,08% 37,33% ene-14Uzbekistan 28,75% 31,94% 33,82% oct-11Vietnam 71,20% 76,07% 96,74% mar-11

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