Old Kingdom is the Name Given to the Period in the 3rd Millennium B

8/8/2019 Old Kingdom is the Name Given to the Period in the 3rd Millennium B

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Hathor.jpg


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Old Kingdom is the name given to the period in the 3rd

millennium B.C.E. when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of

civilization in complexity and achievement the first of three so-

called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of

civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle

Kingdom and the New Kingdom).

The term itself was coined by nineteenth century historians and the

distinction between the Old Kingdom and the Early Dynastic

Period is not one which would have been recognized by Ancient

Egyptians. Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period

related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the 'capital',

the royal residence, remained at Ineb-Hedg, the Ancient Egyptianname for Memphis. The basic justification for a separation

between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture


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accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of

large-scale building projects.

The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period of

time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth

Dynasty (2686 BCE 2181 BCE). Many Egyptologists also

include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old

Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at

Memphis. While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal

security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and

relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First

Intermediate Period. During the Old Kingdom, the Pharoh became

a living god, who ruled absolutely and could demand the services

and wealth of his subjects.

Under King Djoser, the second king of the Third Dynasty of the

Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis,

where Djoser established his court. A new era of building was

initiated at Saqqara under his reign. King Djoser's architect,

Imhotep is credited with the development of building with stone

and with the conception of the new architectural formthe StepPyramid. Indeed, the Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for the

large number of pyramids constructed at this time as pharaonic


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burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently

referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids."

The Beginning: Third Dynasty

The Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Saqqara.DjosersPyramid.01.jpg


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The Great Sphinx of Giza in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza

The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached a zenith under the

Fourth Dynasty, which began with Sneferu (26132589 BCE).

Using more stones than any other pharaoh, he built three pyramids:

a now collapsed pyramid in Meidum, the Bent Pyramid at

Dahshur, and the Red Pyramid, at North Dahshur. However, the

full development of the pyramid style of building was reached not

at Saqqara, but during the building of the "great pyramids" at Giza.

Sneferu was succeeded by his son, Khufu (2589 - 2566 BCE) who

built the Great Pyramid of Giza. After Khufu's death his sons

Djedefra (25282520 BCE) and Khafra (25202494 BCE) may

have quarreled. The latter built the second pyramid and (in

traditional thinking) the Sphinx in Giza. Recent reexamination of

evidence has suggested that the Sphinx may have been built by

Djedefra as a monument to Khufu.
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The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were king Menkaura (2494

2472 BCE), who built the smallest pyramid in Giza, Shepseskaf

(24722467 BCE) and Djedefptah (24862484 BCE) .

Decline and collapse: Fifth Eighth Dynasties

Sculpture of a scribe from the fifth dynasty of Egypt

The Fifth Dynasty began with Userkaf (24652458 BCE), who

initiated reforms that weakened the Pharaoh and central

government.

Egypt's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony, incense

such as Myrrh and frankincense, gold, copper and other useful

metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for

navigation of the open sea. They traded with Lebanon for cedar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvres-anitiquites-egyptiennes-p1010871.jpg


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and traveled the length of the Red Sea to the Kingdom of Punt,

which is modern day Ethiopia and Somalia for ebony, ivory and

aromatic resins. Ship builders of that era did not use pegs

(treenails) or metal fasteners, but relied on rope to keep their ships

assembled. Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and

bound together.

After the reigns of Userkaf and Sahure, civil wars arose as the

powerful nomarchs (regional governors) no longer belonged to the

royal family. The worsening civil conflict undermined unity and

energetic government and also caused famines. But regional

autonomy and civil wars were not the only causes of this decline.

The massive building projects of the Fourth Dynasty had exceeded

the capacity of the treasury and populace and, therefore, weakened

the Kingdom at its roots.

The final blow was a severe drought in the region that resulted in a

drastic drop in precipitation between 2200 and 2150 BCE, which

in turn prevented the normal flooding of the Nile. The result was

the collapse of the Old Kingdom followed by decades of famine

and strife. An important inscription on the tomb of Ankhtifi, anomarch during the early First Intermediate Period, describes the

pitiful state of the country when famine stalked the land.


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Egypt's Old Kingdom (Dynasties 36, ca. 26492150 B.C.) was

one of the most dynamic periods in the development of Egyptian

art. During this period, artists learned to express their culture's

worldview, creating for the first time images and forms that

endured for generations. Architects and masons mastered the

techniques necessary to build monumental structures in stone.

Sculptors created the earliest portraits of individuals and the first

lifesize statues in wood, copper, and stone. They perfected the art

of carving intricate relief decoration and, through keen observation

of the natural world, produced detailed images of animals, plants,

and even landscapes, recording the essential elements of their

world for eternity in scenes painted and carved on the walls of

temples and tombs. These images and structures had two principal

functions: to ensure an ordered existence and to defeat death by

preserving life into the next world. To these ends, over a period of

time , Egyptian artists adopted a limited repertoire of standard

types and established a formal artistic canon that would define

Egyptian art for more than 3,000 years, while remaining flexible

enough to allow for subtle variation and innovation. Although

much of their artistic effort was centered on preserving life afterdeath, Egyptians also surrounded themselves with beautiful objects

to enhance their lives in this world, producing elegant jewelry,


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finely carved and inlaid furniture, and cosmetic vessels and

implements in a wide

The Egyptian Army In Modern History

In 1516 A.D, the Turkish Army under the command of Ottoman

Sultan "Selim I" defeated the Egyptian Army led by Sultan Al-

Ghoury in the battle of Marg Dabek to the north of "Aleppo" and

proceeded towards Egypt invading it in a 1517 A.D. Ever since,

Egypt did not have its own national Army as it had been a territory

under Turkish rule for invasion 218 years when Napoleon

Bonaparte conquered Egypt during the French in 1798 A.D, a date

in history marking the beginning of the modern history of Egypt.


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Mohamed Ali , the ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848 A.D.,

he created the modern Egyptian army in the year 1823 A.D.

In 1805 A.D, Mohamed Ali Pasha ruled Egypt dreaming to

establish an empire

that could inherit the feeble Ottoman Empire.Thus, In 1823 A.D,

he started to establish an army, mainly from Egyptians.

His Army was organized into six brigades, each one of five

battalions with

the strength of 800 soldiers each. This was accomplished by sept.

1824 A.D. ,

then, a number of french officers topped by colonel Sief - known

as

the French soliman pasha - were assigned to train the army .


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Soliman Pasha El Yemen.He ruled Egypt in the year 1848 A.D.

Mohamed Ali also established the first Ministry of War in Egypt

during

the period of 1821 -1822 A.D.The first military display organized

in Egypt,

was inspected by Mohamed Ali on Dec. 26th,1826 A.D. Mohamed

Ali set up a number of military schools starting from 1822 A.D:

the Staff School in 1825 A.D, the Navy School in the same year,

Military Band School in 1827 A.D,

Cavalry School and Artillery School 1831 A.D, the Infantry

School in 1832 A.D, and the Military Engineers School in 1844

A.D. He also founded a large number of Academic Military


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Missions to Europe and initiated the military industries of

weapons, ammunition and military uniforms to supply the army

with its provisions.

It`s worth mentioning that in 1839 A.D. the Egyptian ground

forces

reached 23588 soldiers & that of navy soldiers reached up to 1600,

whereas the number of navy warship was about 32 .

The Egyptian Army faught fiercely against the Turkish Forces in

the Battle of

Nasibain in June 1839 A.D, the Egyptian Army was about to

reach Constantinople the capital of Turkey, when the Western

countries swiftly interfered lest the influence of Mohamed Ali

would extend to Europe.

In 1840 A.D, London Conference was held to put an end to the

conflict


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between Egypt and Turkey. In line with the conference resolutions,

the Ottman Sultan issued a decree in 1840 A.D, that stipulated the

inheritance of Mohamed Alis family as rulers of Egypt and Sudan.

The second main resolution of the conference was to limit the

number of

the Egyptian Army to 18000 soldiers at the most, the thing that

brought

Mohamed Ali`s dream of an empire to an end.

The successors of Mohamed Ali adopted his policy and did not

adhere to

the number of soldiers imposed by the London Conference

resolutions,

instead they worked on increasing and strengthening the Army

power.

Moreover, they established military schools, new army units,

and military industries to produce rifles, canons and swords. In

addition,

they imported heavy weapons from France, England and America.


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A field cannon

used during the

reign of

Mohamed Ali

(1805-1848 A.D.)

A seashore

cannon used

during the reign

of Mohammad

Ali

The Army's strength reached its peak during the reign of Khedive

Ismail in 1863 A.D.

But, he was forced to reduce the size of his Army and to close

down someof his military schools by the end of his reign, as a result of the

financial crisis.

In mid 1882 A.D The British colonized Egypt after a fierce battle

against

the Egyptian army led by Orabi pacha near Cairo.


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The Battles of the Egyptian Army during the campaign of

restoring

Sudan between (1896-1898 A.D.)

Wahabian War in 1811 A.D.:

Mohamed Ali extended his power over the Arabian Peninsula and

the Egyptian Forces reached the Arabian Gulf.

The Egyptian Army campaign to Sudan in 1820 A.D.

The occupation of Cyprus in 1823 A.D.

The occupation of the Island of Crete in 1824 A.D.

Morea War in Greece on Jan. 13th, 1825 A.D.

The Egyptian campaign to the Eastern Mediterranean countries

where the Turkish Army was defeated.

The Armed Forces And The Revolution Of July 1952


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Members of the revolutionary

council

President Gamal

Abd EL-Nasser

One of the six principles adopted by the 1952 Revolution, is the

establishment

of a strong national army, and as a result, Egypt signed the

withdrawal agreement with the U.K. in 1954. In compliance with

the evacuation treaty,

the British troops withdrew from Egypt in 1956. In 1955, Egypt

concluded

a treaty with Czechoslovakia to supply the Egyptian Armed Forces

with modern weapons.

Attacking Port Said in October 1956.

On the 26th of July 1956, the Suez canal was nationalized, the

thing that led to the tripatrite agression by England, France and

Israel. This ordeal has only made Egypt more determined to build a

strong national army capable of defending the vital interests of the


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country and maintaining the integrity of its territories. On June 5th

1967

Egypt was attacked by Israel, in a bid to destroy the Eegyptian

army &

dwarf Egyptian efforts in assisting Arab cases especially the

Palestinian case.

Despite the bitterness of defeat, the destruction of the main assets

of the Army and the occupation of Sinai, Egypt swiftly restored its

strength

and strong will, declaring the continuation of war struggle to

liberate

the occupied land. On July 1st 1967, less than one month after the

Israeli aggression, the remarkable battle of Ras El -Ush took place

where a limited force with the size of a Ranger Platoon stopped.

Israeli armoured convoy causing severe casualties forcing Israel to

retreat.

On July 14th 1967 the Egyptian Air Force attacked the Israeli

Forces

assembled to the East of the Suez Canal bringing about serious

casualtiesand damages to the Israeli Forces. On Octber 21st 1967, the

Egyptian Navy Missile Boats destroyed the Israeli destroyer

Eilat in front of Port Said coast, the sort of navy battle referred to


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as the first navy battle where missiles were used. Hereafter, the

Egyptian Armed Forces worked against the clock on the

reorganization, rearmament and training plan to regain its strength

along with waging the attrition war against the Israeli Forces to the

east of the Suez Canal where all assets of ground, air and navy

weapons were used.

As a result of the attrition war Israel was forced to construct a

fortified defensive line along the confrontation front with the

Egyptian Forces in the Suez Canal area under the name of Barlev

Line, moreover, the Israeli government accepted the U.S

Secretary of State initiative known as Rogers Initiative to cease

fire in the Suez Canal front, after what befell on the Israeli Forces.

During that time, Egypt started the planning and preparation for

October War 1973, that was interrupted by the death of the late

President Gamal Abd El-Nasser on Septmber 28th 1970.

President Sadat tookover, and worked on the warplan identifing a

military political objective.


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President Mohammed Anwar EL-Sadat

On Oct. 6th,1973 the Egyptian Armed Forces assaulted the Suez

Canal

after the Air Force strike against the Israeli Forces positions in

Sinai,

the artillery also made the most massive preparations known in

history.

Hereafter, the Armed Forces crossed the Suez Canal and seized

Barlev Line destroyed the Israeli sequential attacks and managed

a group of air, sea and land combined operations efficiently,

the matter that led to the glorious victory of the Armed Forces.


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The crossing of tanks and

the vehicles of the army in

Suez Canal on 6th October

1973.

The raising of the

Egyptian flag on the

Eastern bank of the Suez

Canal on 6th

October,1973.

October war paved the way for the negotiations between Egypt and

Israel.

During that period, President Sadat made his historic visit to

Jerusalem on November 19th 1977 where his initiative was

crystalised in achieving peace between Arabs & Israel. President

Sadat exerted tremendous efforts on the peace track until the treaty

of Camp David was signed in Washington on March 14th 1979

with the participation of the USA. In Octber 1981, President Sadat

was assassinated by some elements opposing his policy.

Vice-President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak took over, working onthe peace track & restoring every inch of the usurbed land, this was

accomplished when

the Egyptian flag hoisted proudly over Taba on march 19th 1989.


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Ever since President Mubarak took office in 1981, a

comprehensive development plan in all fields accompanied by an

ambitious plan to develop and modernize the Armed Forces on

scientific basis, with updated technologies to be a capable power

that protects peace and secures its foundations.

President Mubarak has always been keen to attend various patriotic

occasions

celebrated by the Armed Forces. Moreover, he is highly concerned

with

the welfare of the armed forces personnel, thus a large number of

projects


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were inaugurated: military hospitals, education institutes, new

military social

clubs and military facilities aiming at providing proper service for

the Armed Forces personnel and their families.

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Old Kingdom is the Name Given to the Period in the 3rd Millennium B

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