Official Regularizations of Settlement Names in the...

OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA

DURING THE 20TH CENTURY (1898–2000)

Sándor DobosFerenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute:

- Junior researcher at the Tivadar Lehoczky Social Sciences Research Centre- Assistant-lecturer in History at the Department of History and Social Sciences

University of Debrecen:- PhD-student with certificate of completion at the Doctoral School of History and Ethnography

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

SUSTAINABLE MULTILINGUALISM 2017

KAUNAS (LITHUANIA)

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Political Map of Ukraine (nowadays)

Administrative Map of Transcarpathian Region (officially

called Zakarpatska oblasty)

Source: György Lelkes: Dictionary of Hungarian place-names. Talma Publisher, Baja, 1998

/Forrás: Lelkes György: Magyar helységnév-azonosító szótár. Talma Könyvkiadó, Baja, 1998

Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1913

Administrative Map of the Counties of Ung, Bereg and Ugocsa in 1913



Administrative Map of the County of Máramaros in 1913



• At the time of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (in 1901, 1904 and 1907);

• The territory of present-day Transcarpathia consisted of the counties of Ung,

Bereg, Ugocsa and Máramaros;

• There were chaos and disorder in the field of place-names:

– many settlements have the same names (e.g.: there were about 80 villages that were

called ‘Újfalu’)

– one settlement has several names

– place-names were not regularized nationally, at the same time several authorities

and offices dealt with naming and renaming of settlements (e.g: Ministry of Home

Affairs, Post Office, Office of Railway, Steamship Agency)

• The 4th act in the law about ’The town/village-names and other place-names’

from 1898:

– main principle of the regularization was that each settlement should have only one

officially registered name (’one name–one settlement, one settlement–one name’)

• Setting up National Municipal Registration Committee (NMRC);

• Official registration of place-names took place in 59 counties from 1898 to 1912

THE FIRST OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA

Source: Acts from 1898. In: Collection of Hungarian law. Editor:dr Dezső Márkus, royal legal judge. Budapest,

1899. 19-21 p. / Forrás: 1898. évi törvényczikkek. In: Magyar Törvénytár. Jegyzetekkel ellátta: dr. Márkus Dezső,

királyi törvényszéki bíró. Budapest, 1899. 19-21.

The 4th act in the law about ’The town/village-names and other place-names’ from 1898

RESULTS OF THE FIRST OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA (SOME EXAMPLES)

Source: Names of towns/cities and villages of historical Hungary based on the documents of National Municipal Registration Committe. Edited by dr. Andrásné Jeney, Árpád Tóth.

Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1998. /Forrás: Történeti Magyarország városainak és községeinek névváltozatai az Országos Községi Törzskönyv-bizottság iratanyaga

alapján (1898-1913).Szerk.:dr. Jeney Andrásné, Tóth Árpád. KHS, Budapest, 1998.

No.Place-name in 1900

before the 4th article of the Act from 1898

Place-name

according to the 4th article of the Act from 1898District name

County of Máramaros (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1901)

1

2

3

4

5

Técső

Bogdán

Akna-Szlatina (Szlátyiná)

Lipcse-Polyána

Pilipecz

Técső

Tiszabogdány

Aknaszlatina

Lipcsemező

Fülöpfalva

Técsői

Tiszavölgyi

Szigeti

Dolhai

Ökörmezői

County of Bereg (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1904)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Beregszász rtv.

Rákos

Borzsova

Nagy-Bégány

Holubina

Tisova

Beregszász rtv.

Beregrákos

Nagyborzsova

Nagybégány

Galambos

Csendes

Latorczai

Mezőkaszonyi

Tiszaháti

Szolyvai

Alsóvereczkei

County of Ung (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1904)

1

2

3

4

5

Ungvár rtv.

Ásvány

Salamon

Kis-Gőcz

Kosztrina

Ungvár rtv.

Tiszaásvány

Tiszasalamon

Kisgejőcz

Csontos

Nagykaposi

Nagykaposi

Ungvári

Nagybereznai

County of Ugocsa (the registration and regularization of place-names were carried out in 1907)

1

2

3

4

Nagy-Szőllős

Gyula

Bökény

Kis-Kupány (Mála Kopánya)

Nagyszőllős

Szőllősgyula

Tiszabökény

Alsóveresmart

Tiszáninneni

Tiszántúli

Tiszántúli

Tiszáninneni

Partitioning of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920

• As the part of the first Czechoslovak Republic (1919–1938);

• The Treaty of SAINT-GERMAIN, signed on 10th of September 1919

• The Treaty of TRIANON, signed on 4th of June 1920

• Formation of the province called „Podkarpatska Rus” (Subcarpathia or Rusinsko)

from the counties of Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa and Máramaros;

• Place-names are regularized by the law No. 266 from 1920 about ’Naming cities,

towns, places and streets, standing place-name boards and numbering

houses/buildings’

• The governmental order No. 324 signed in 1921 detailed the way of carrying out

the law No. 266 from 1920

– Main principle was to replace the Hungarian names of all settlements by Czech

names that were approved by the Minister of Home Affairs of Czechoslovakia.

THE SECOND OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA

Source: The governmental order no. 324 from 1921. In: Collection of Czechoslovakia laws and orders. 1921. Edited

and translated into Hungarian by dr Ervin Pálesch . Prešov (Eperjes), 1922. 841-845 p.

Forrás: Az 1921. évi 324. sz. kormányrendelet. In: Cseh-Szlovák törvények és rendeletek gyűjteménye. 1921. évf.,

szerk.,magyarra ford.: dr. Pálesch Ervin. Prešov (Eperjes), 1922. 841-845.

The governmental order no. 324 signed in 1921 about’Place-names, place-name boards and street names’

No. Hungarian place-names according tothe 4th Act in the law from 1898

Czech place-names according tothe law no. 266 from 1920

1 Tiszaágtelek Ăgovo

2 Beregardó Ardov

3 Bátyú Batovo

4 Tiszabökény Bekeň

5 Nagybereg Berehy

6 Beregszász Berehovo

7 Feketeardó Černŷ Ardov

8 Beregdéda Ďedovo

9 Halábor Hrabarov

10 Makkosjánosi Janošovo

11 Tiszapéterfalva Petrovo

12 Szürte Surty

13 Ungvár Užhorod

14 Nagygut Velike Gutovo

15 Munkács Mukačevo

Source: Administrative dictionary of truncated Hungary. Edited by Károly Várady. Budapest, 1941.

Forrás:Csonka-Magyarország közigazgatási helységnévtára (Az anyaországot, a visszacsatolt felvidéket, Kárpátalját,Kelet-

Magyarországot,Felső-Erdélyt és Délvidéket magába foglaló 10. kiadás).Szerk.:vitéz Várady Károly. Budapest, 1941.

RESULTS OF THE SECOND OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA (SOME EXAMPLES)

Source: Csilla Fedinec, Mikola Vehes: Transcarpathia 1919-2009. History, politics, culture. Budapest, 2010 /

Forrás: Fedinec Cs., Vehes M.: Kárpátalja 1919-2009. Történelem, politika, kultúra. Budapest, 2010.

Administrative structure of Czechoslovakia in 1928

Source: József Botlik, György Dupka: Administration and national minority policy in Transcarpathia 1918-1945. Volume I. Nyíregyháza, 2005. /

Forrás: Botlik J. Dupka Gy.: Közigazgatás és nemzetiség politika Kárpátalján 1918-1945. I. Nyíregyháza, 2005.

The territory of present-day Transcarpathia in 1930

Attachment of Hungarian-populated parts of Upper Region and Subcarpathiato Hungary in 1938



As the part of Hungary again (1938/39–1944 )

•The First Vienna Award signed on 2nd of November 1938Act no 34 from 1938 about ’The reattachment of Hungarian-populated parts of UpperRegion and Subcarpathia to Hungary

Hungary got back the whole territory of Subcarpathia in 1939:•The Hungarian royal army annexed the whole territory on 16th of March 1939

•Act no 34 from 1939 about ’The re-joining of Subcarpathia to Hungary’

The territorial distribution of present-day Transcarpathia:•Counties of Ung(1938), Bereg(1938), Ugocsa(1940) and Máramaros(1940);•Subcarpathia(Land of Ruthens) mostly lived by the Ruthens

Main features of the third place-name reform:

•In principle, all settlements got back their names dating from the time of first place-name regularization took place from 1898 to 1912, for example:

Berehovo → Beregszász, Užhorod → Ungvár, Mukačevo → Munkács,Ardov → Beregardó, Malá Běhaň → Kisbégány etc.

•But in the part of the region where ruthens lived most of their settlements got back theirSlavic names that were used before the first place-name regularization, for example:

Nyírhalom → Berezinka, Mélyút → Hluboke, Beregforrás → Izvor,Ungtölgyes → Dubrovka, Alsóhatárszeg → Roztoka, Ungordás → Vovkove stb.

THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA

Administrative division of Hungary in 1942



Administrative structure of the territory of present-day Transcarpathia in 1939-44



Source: a) Várady Károly 1941: Csonka-Magyarország közigazgatási helységnévtára (Az anyaországot, a visszacsatolt felvidéket, Kárpátalját, Kelet-Magyarországot, Felső-Erdélyt és Délvidéket magába foglaló 10. kiadás). Budapest. b) Jeney Andrásné – Tóth Árpád (szerk.) 1998: A történeti Magyarország városainak és községeinek

névváltozatai az Országos Községi Törzskönyvbizottság iratanyaga alapján (1898–1913). Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, Budapest.

No.

Place-namesaccording to the 4th article of

the Act from 1898(Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1867-1919)

Place-names according tothe law no. 266 from 1920

(first Czechoslovak Republic 1919-1938)

Place-names according tothe 3rd OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS

(Hungary 1938-1944)

County of Bereg

1 Bátyú Batovo Bátyú2 Beregdéda Ďedovo Beregdéda3 Beregszász Berehovo Beregszász4 Halábor Hrabarov Halábor5 Makkosjánosi Janošovo Makkosjánosi6 Nagygut Velike Gutovo Nagygut

County of Ugocsa

1 Feketeardó Černŷ Ardov Feketeardó2 Nagyszőllős Sevluş Nagyszőllős3 Salánk Šalánky Salánk4 Tiszabökény Bekeň Tiszabökény

County of Ung

1 Csap Čop Csap2 Eszeny (Szabolcs megye) Eseň Eszeny

3 Nagydobrony (Bereg megye) Veľka Dobroň Nagydobrony4 Szürte Surty Szürte5 Tiszasalamon Salamúnova Tiszasalamon6 Ungvár Užhorod Ungvár

RESULTS OF THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN COUNTIES OF BEREG, UGOCSA AND UNG (SOME EXAMPLES)

•In Subcarpathia the place-names were regularized by two governmental orders

•The order no. 6200 M.E. from 1939 of the Hungarian Royal Ministry on “Provisionaladministrative division of Subcarpathian territory returned to the realm of the HungarianHoly Crown” - Belügyi Közlöny, 6th Jule 1939, number 30 (volume XLIV) 769-773.

•The order no. 14500 B.M. from 1939 of the Minister of Home Affairs of HungarianKingdom on “Defining settlement names and administrative division of returnedSubcarpathian territory” - Belügyi Közlöny, 6th Jule 1939, number 30 (volume XLIV) 781-802.

• These two orders specified that the Minister of Home Affairs had to determine place-names in two languages: Hungarian and Hungarian-Russian (Rusyn) without taking intoconsideration the 4th article of the 1898 Act.

•Thus, most settlements of Subcarpathia got back their Slavic names that were used beforethe first place-name regularization and the names of settlements also had to be usedsimultaneously

THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMES

IN SUBCARPATHIA LIVED MOSTLY BY RUTHENIANS

Source: Csonka-Magyarország közigazgatási [Administrative dictionary of truncated]… 1941;A történeti Magyarország városainak és községeinek névváltozatai [Names of towns/cities and villages of historical Hungary]… 1998.; Melléklet a 14.500/1939. B. M. számú rendelet 1. §-ának (2) bekezdéséhez: „A kárpátaljai terület községeinek jegyzéke”.

Belügyi Közlöny, 1939. július 6. 30. szám (XLIV. évf.) 781-802. [Supplement to the order no. 14500 B.M. from 1939 on “The list of the settlement names of the Subcarpathian territory” Belügyi Közlöny, 6th Jule 1939, number 30 (volume XLIV) 781-802.]

No.

Place-namesaccording to the 4th article of

the Act from 1898(Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1867-1919)

Place-names according tothe law no. 266 from 1920

(first Czechoslovak Republic 1919-1938)

Place-names according tothe 3rd OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS

(Hungary 1938-1944)

In Subcarpathia (in Hungarian: Ruténföld)

1 Alsógereben Nižní Hrabovnice Alsóhrabonica/Нижня Грабовниця

2 Alsóhalas Nižnia Rybnica Alsóribnice/Нижня Рыбниця3 Alsóveresrnart Malá Kopaňa Alsóveresmart/Мала Копаня4 Nyírhalom Berezinka Berezinka/Березинка5 Ungtölgyes Doubravka Dubróka/Дyбpoвкa6 Őrhegyalja Podhořany Podhering/Подгоряны7 Ökörmező Volovè Ökörmező/Воловое8 Csendes Tisov Tiszova/Тисова9 Turjasebes Tuři Bystrŷ Turjabisztra/Туря Быстра

RESULTS OF THE THIRD OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN SUBCARPATHIA LIVED MOSTLY BY RUTHENIANS (SOME EXAMPLES)

Administrative structure of the territory of present-day Transcarpathia in 1942

Source: József Botlik, György Dupka: Administration and national minority policy in Transcarpathia 1918-1945. Volume I. Nyíregyháza, 2005. /

Forrás: Botlik J. Dupka Gy.: Közigazgatás és nemzetiség politika Kárpátalján 1918-1945. I. Nyíregyháza, 2005.

As the part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic belonging to the

Soviet Union from 1945/46 to 1991

•CZECHOSLOVAKIA-SOVIET UNION TREATY on 29th of June 1945, inMoscow

•According to the decree of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the SovietUnion, signed on 22nd January 1946, the territory of present-dayTranscarpathia became the part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic asTranscarpathian Region, officially called ’Zakarpatska Oblasty’;

The characteristics of the fourth place-name regularizations:

•Main principle was to replace Hungarian place-names by Russian

place-names and later also by Ukrainian place-names

•The place-names changes were approved on 25th June 1946 by the

Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist

Republic.

THE FOURTH OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA

No. Hungarian(Hungarian-Russian/Rusyn)

names of settlements according to the 3rd planned place-name changes

Russian place-names Ukrainian place-names

1 Asztély Лужанка (Luzhanka) Лужанка (Luzhanka)

2 Bátyú Узловое (Uzlovoje) Вузлове (Vuzlove)

3 Beregardó Чопивка (Chopivka) Чопівка (Czopivka)

Beregszász Берегово (Berehovo) Берегове (Berehove)

4 Beregújfalu Новое Село (Novoje Selo) Нове Село (Nove Selo)

5 Botfalva Прикордонное (Prikordonoje) Прикордонне (Prikordone)

6 Bökényből Бобовое (Bobovoje) Бобове (Bobove)

7 Déda Дедово (Dedovo) Дідове (Didove)

8 Eszeny Яворово (Javorovo) Яворове (Javorove)

9 Fornos Лісковое (Liskovoje) Ліскове (Liskove)

10 Gút Гараздовка (Harazdovka) Гараздівка (Harazdivka)

11 Kőrösmező – Ясиня (Jaszina) Ясиня (Jaszina) Ясіня (Jaszina)

12 Nagyszőlős Виноградов (Vinohradov) Виноградів (Vinohradiv)

13 Ökörmező – Воловое (Volovoje) Межгорье (Mezsgorje) Міжгір’я (Mizshirja)

14 Szürte Струмковка (Strumkovka) Струмківка (Strumkivka)

Source: József Botlik, György Dupka: This is our homeland… Mandátum-Universum Publisher, Budapest-Seged, 1991. /

Forrás: Botlik J. Dupka Gy.: Ez hát a hon… Mandátum – Universum Kiadó, Budapest – Szeged, 1991.

RESULTS OF THE FOURTH OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA (SOME EXAMPLES)

Source: László Sebők: Hungarian name? Dictionary of place-names beyond the border. Budapest, 1990 /

Forrás: Sebők László: Magyar neve? Határokon túli magyar helységnévszótár. Budapest, 1990.

The territory of present-day Transcarpathia in Soviet era from 1945/46-to 1991

In the era of the Soviet Union (1989–1991) and the independent Ukraine

(1991–2000)

- It differed from earlier regularizations of place-names because the local

Hungarian minority initiated to restore the traditional, historical Hungarian

names of settlements lived by them based on updated international and

Ukrainian contracts and laws relating to the rights of national minorities.

Two organisations began deal with the case of the place-names of the

Hungarian-populated towns and villages:

A) Transcarpathian Hungarian Cultural Association (THCA), founded on 26th of

February 1989:

•The main initiator of holding referendums to change place-names of Hungarian

settlements

B) The Hungarian Studies Centre of the Soviet Union (later Uzhgorod/ Ungvári

Institute of Hungarian Studies, established in 1988:

•The Linguistic Institute of Uzhgorod State University that was asked by the

authorities to check and form an opinion of the results of the referendum as a

scientific body

THE FIFTH OFFICIAL REGULARIZATIONS OF SETTLEMENT NAMESIN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA

The way of initiating, forming opinion of and official approving the fifth place-name changes in Transcarpathia

Holding referendums in villages

(initiated by Transcarpathian Hungarian Cultural Association, from 1990)

Councils of districts approve results of referendums

holding in villages and forward them to upper authority

Council of Transcarpathian region

makes a decision

about results of referendums

The Hungarian Studies Centre

of the Soviet Union

(linguistic scientific body

that checks and forms an opinion

on results of the referendum)

Supreme Council of Ukraine finalizes

the results of place name changes

forwarded from the council of Transcarpathian region

No. Date District Pieces Place-name changes

1 22nd February 1991Uzhgorod(Ungvári)

2Javorove–Eszeny , Mineralne–Tiszaásvány.

221st September

1991Berehovo

(Beregszászi)6

Hrabariv–Halábor, Zasztavne–Zápszony,Bodoliv–Badalovo stb.

3 2nd March 1995

Berehovo(Beregszászi)Vynohradiv

(Nagyszőlősi)Mukachevo(Munkácsi)Uzhgorod(Ungvári)

23

Vuzlove – Batyovó, Harazgyivka – Gútstb.Julivci – Gyula.Driszina – Dercen, Liszkove – Fornos stb.Cehlivka – Téglás, Sztrumkivka – Szürtestb.

4 19th October 2000Vynohradiv

(Nagyszőlősi)8

Bobove – Tiszabökény, Petrovo –Péterfalva stb.

Total 39

RESULTS OF THE FIFTH PLACE-NAME CHANGES IN THE TERRITORYOF PRESENT-DAY TRANSCARPATHIA

BASED ON THE RELATING DECREES OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF UKRAINE(SOME EXAMPLES)

The decrees of the Supreme Council of Ukraine relating to the changes of names of Hungarian-populated settlements

The territory of present-day Transcarpathia in the era of Independent Ukraine from 1991 to 2000



Place-names were regularized nearly five times in the territory of present-day

Transcarpathia in connection with governmental changes.

No. Period Name of the country Place-name changes

1) 1901–1904–1907 Austro-Hungarian

MonarchyUngvár Tiszaásvány

2) 1919–1938 Czechoslovakia Užhorod Ašvan

3) 1938(39)–1944 Hungary Ungvár Tiszaásvány

4) 1944(45)–1988 Soviet UnionУжгород

(Uzshorod)

Минеральное

(Mineralnoje);

Мінеральне

(Mineralne)

5)

1989–1991

1991–2000

Soviet Union,

Independent Ukraine

Ужгород

(Uzshorod)

Мінеральне

(Mineralne);

↓

Тисаашвань

(Tiszaasvany)

Summary

By 2000 less than half-hundred Hungarian-populated villages got back their original

historical Hungarian place-names!

Köszönöm a figyelmet!

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Ďakujem za pozornosť!

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