Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000 Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959...
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Transcript of Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000 Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959...
Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System
Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959Buti Al Shamsi 200440143Ahmed Al Khazraji 200620066
Department of Electrical EngineeringGraduation Project II Course
Spring 2011
Outline• GPI Achievements
• Modified Block Diagram
• Design Constraints and Standards
• HOMER Cases and Comparisons
• Wind Turbine optimization
• Maximum Power Point
• Solar panel optimization
• Solar Panel Shading Distance
• Pyranometer
• Anemometer• Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)
• Expected Research Areas
• Gantt Chart
• Designed Poster
• Achievements (WETEX 2011+ISSE)
GPI Achievements (1/6)Requirements, Specifications and Constraints
• Requirements: Continuous power supply, relatively
clean energy and low operating cost
• Specifications: best installation location, backup
availability and automatic switching
• Constraints: limited financial support and area and
meeting standards and regulations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Current Load Profile
Hour of the day
Load
(KW
)GPI Achievements (2/6) Load Profile
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Preferred Load Profile
Hour of the day
Load
(KW
)
Total Load Demand = 26.1 kWh/day
GPI Achievements (3/6) Load Profile
GPI Achievements (4/6)Subsystem Sizing
1 wind turbine 24 solar panels 1 Variable Speed Diesel Generator
3 Charge Controller 1 Bi-directional Inverter 24 Batteries
GPI Achievements (5/6) HOMER Simulation
• HOMER = Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables
GPI Achievements (6/6) HOMER Simulation
• Main Inputs:– Preferred load profile– Actual Climatic Conditions in Al Ain city (Wind speed and
Solar radiation)– Equipments sizes
• Main Results:– Operation Cost (AED/Year) – Cost of Energy (AED/kWh) – CO2 Emissions (kg/year)
Modified Block Diagram
Design Constraints and StandardsBudget and Temperature
• Limited Budget: 228,000 AED
• Ambient temperature:
– Average = 28.55 o C
– Minimum = 5.3 o C ( in January )
– Maximum = 50 o C ( in June )
(From National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology in UAE )
Design Constraints and StandardsArea (1/3)
Free Area = Total area – Used area
= (25m X 38m) – (14m X 15m)
= (950 m2) – (210 m2)
= 740 m2
Design Constraints and StandardsArea (2/3)
Solar Panels Considerations:
• Maintenance spacing (dust removal)
• Panel to panel distance according to NEC (avoiding shade)
Design Constraints and StandardsArea (3/3)
Batteries Considerations:
• Installed in a cabinet or not
Battery rack Battery cabinet Battery Bank
Design Constraints and StandardsNoise
Noise:
• Threshold of pain = 130 dBA @ 10 meters
• Equipment noise < Threshold of pain
• Noise from diesel generator and wind turbine
• Power Sources: 24 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine, 1 Diesel Generator
• Load Sharing: 58% PV, 1% Wind, 41% Diesel
• Cost of Energy: 2.9 AED/kWh
• Operating Cost: 15,300 AED/yr
• Shortage: 0%
• CO2 Emissions: 6,119 kg/yr
HOMER Simulation (1/8) Case 1: Hybrid System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind, 7 kW Diesel)
HOMER Simulation (2/8) Case 1: Hybrid System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind, 7 kW Diesel)
• Power Sources: 24 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine
• Load Sharing: 98% PV and 2% Wind
• Cost of Energy: 3 AED/kWh
• Operating Cost: 9,920 AED/yr
• Shortage: 36%
• CO2 Emissions: 0 kg/yr
HOMER Simulation (3/8) Case 2: Renewable Energy System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)
HOMER Simulation (4/8) Case 2: Renewable System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)
HOMER Simulation (5/8) Case 3: Renewable Energy System: (17 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)
• Power Sources: 81 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine
• Load Sharing: 99% PV and 1% Wind
• Cost of Energy: 4.4 AED/kWh
• Operating Cost: 13,780 AED/yr
• Shortage: 0%
• CO2 Emissions: 0 kg/yr
HOMER Simulation (6/8) Case 3: Renewable Energy System: (17 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)
HOMER Simulation (7/8) Case 3: Diesel Generator: (7 kW Diesel Generator)
• Power Sources: Diesel Generator ONLY
• Load Sharing: 100% Generator
• Cost of Energy: 3.8 AED/kWh
• Shortage: 0%
• Operating Cost: 34,000 AED/yr
• CO2 Emissions: 25,433 kg/yr
HOMER Simulation (8/8)Results
PVsCost of Energy
(AED/kWh)
Operating Cost
(AED/yr)
CO2
Emissions (kg/yr)
Diesel(Liter)
Hybrid 24 2.9 15,300 6,119 2,324
Renewable(36%
Shortage)24 3 9,900 0 0
Renewable(0% Shortage)
81 4.4 13,780 0 0
Diesel Generator
0 4.12 37,000 25,433 9,658
Wind Turbine (1/2)
Wind Turbine:
• Average wind direction range = 339o to 6o
Angles measured clock-wise from North
Wind Turbine (2/2)
• Wind angle range: 27o
• Wind turbine blades should
head towards the indicated
range.
Solar panel (1/11)Installation site coordinates
Latitude: 24.2 N
Longitude: 55.7 E
Maximum Power Point (1/4)Definition
The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a solar module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum (Pmax, measured in watts).
Maximum Power Point (2/4)Circuit and Equation Model
Maximum Power Point (3/4)Matlab Simulation
Maximum Power Point (4/4)I-V characteristic and PV Power
I-V characteristic PV Power
Maximum Power Point (1/7)Definition
The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a solar module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum (Pmax, measured in watts).
Maximum Power Point (2/7)Ideal Model
Maximum Power Point (3/7)Matlab Simulation for Ideal Model
Maximum Power Point (4/7)Real Model
Maximum Power Point (5/7) Matlab Simulation for Real Model
Maximum Power Point (6/7)I-V characteristic
Ideal Model Real Model
Maximum Power Point (7/7)PV Power
Ideal Model Real Model
Solar panel (2/11)Seasons and sun’s locations
• 1st day of spring/autumn = 90 – 24.2 = 65.8o above southern horizon
• 1st day of winter = 65.8 – 23.5 = 42.3o above southern horizon
• 1st day of summer = 65.8 + 23.5 = 89.3o above southern horizon
Solar panel (3/11)Seasons and sun’s locations
• Summer (21 June - 23 September) = 89.3o to 65.8o
• Autumn (23 September – 22 December) = 65.8o to 42.3o
• Winter (22 December – 21 March) = 42.3o to 65.8o
• Spring (21 March – 21 June) = 65.8o to 89.3o
Solar panel (4/11)Expected solar panel tilt angles
Solar panel tilt (heading south) = 90 – sun location
• Summer (21 June - 23 September) = 0.7o to 24.2o
• Winter (22 December – 21 March) = 47.7o to 24.2o
• Yearly yield = 24.2o
Solar panel (5/11)Solar panel tilt angles using PVSYST Software
• Summer optimum tilt = 0o to 6o
Solar panel (6/11)Solar panel tilt angles using PVSYST Software
• Winter optimum tilt = 43o to 46o
Solar panel (7/11)Solar panel tilt angles using PVSYST Software
• Yearly yield optimum tilt = 21o to 24o
Solar panel (8/11)Solar panel tilt angles using case study
Solar radiation Vs months of the year for different angles in Al Ain
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Solar panel (9/11)Solar panel tilt angles using case study
Solar variation (10o) = 0.76 – 0.54 = 0.22 kW/m2
Solar variation (20o) = 0.77 – 0.6 = 0.17 kW/m2
Solar variation (30o) = 0.76 – 0.55 = 0.21 kW/m2
Optimum angle: around 20o (maximum and stable solar radiation)
Solar panel (10/11)Factors affecting solar radiation
1) Angle of solar incident:• Best when perpendicular on the tilted plane• Maximum in 1st day of Spring and Autumn
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Maximum points
Solar panel (11/11)Factors affecting solar radiation
2) Length of the day:
• In polar regions, 6 months of daylight.
• Highest solar radiation in the first day of summer (24 hours daylight)
Drop during summer ?
Solar Panel Shading distance (1/10)
Solar Panel Shading distance (2/10)
Solar Panel Shading distance (3/10)
Solar Panel Dimensions
Length = 1.652 m
Width = 0.994 m
mm
mm
Solar Panel Shading distance (4/10)
Sun path in Al Ain
Solar Panel Shading distance (5/10)
Useful solar radiation hours = 6 hours (9 AM to 3 PM)
Longest shade:
– Season: first day of winter
– Time: just after sunrise
just before sunset
Shortest shade:
– Season: first day of summer
– Time: noon (12 PM)
Solar Panel Shading distance (6/10)
Longest shade (portrait scheme H= 1.652 m)
– Season: first day of winter
– Time: just after sunrise
just before sunset
@7 AM
@9 AM
Solar Panel Shading distance (7/10)
Shortest shade (portrait scheme H= 1.652 m)
– Season: first day of summer
– Time: noon (12 PM)
@12 PM
@9 AM
Solar Panel Shading distance (8/10)
Longest shade (landscape scheme H= 0.994 m)
– Season: first day of winter
– Time: just after sunrise
just before sunset
@7 AM
@9 AM
Solar Panel Shading distance (9/10)
Shortest shade (landscape scheme H= 0.994 m)
– Season: first day of summer
– Time: noon (12 PM)
@12 PM
@9 AM
Solar Panel Shading distance(10/10)
Summary @9 AM
Shortest: 2.073 m Longest: 2.950 m
Area for 24 panels: 70.37 m2
Usage: limited field width
Shortest: 1.247 m Longest: 1.775 m
Area for 24 panels: 70.37 m2
Usage: limited field length
Pyranometer (1/4)
• Pyranometer: is an instrument used to measure the solar radiation (in watts per
meter square) from a field of view of 180 degrees
• Types:
– Thermopile: is an electronic device that converts thermal energy into either
voltage or current.
– Photodiode (silicon): is an electronic device that converts light into either
voltage or current.
Pyranometer (2/4)
Thermopile
• Spectral range: 285 – 2,800 nm
• Response time: 5 sec
• Expensive (9,500 AED)
Photodiode
• Spectral range: 400 – 1,100 nm
• Response time: 0.5 micro sec
• Cheap (1,500 AED)
Pyranometer (3/4)
Polycrystalline PV cell spectral response: 400 to 1,200 nm
Pyranometer (4/4)
Solar Radiation: 300 to 2,800 nm
PV Cell: 400 to 1,300 nm
Thermopile Pyranometer: 300 - 3,000
Photodiode Pyranometer: 400 - 1,100
Anemometer (1/4)
• Anemometer: is a device for measuring wind speed
• Speed range: 1 to 100 m/s
Cup type Windmill type Ultrasonic type
Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)
• CompactRIO: Compact Reconfigurable Input / Output
• It is a programmable automation controller
Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)
• It consists of:
Chassis
Main Controller
AnalogOutput
AnalogInput
AnalogInput
DigitalInput
DigitalOutput
LabVIEW
• LabVIEW: Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench
• A graphical programming environment
• Develop control systems
• Using graphical blocks and wires
CompactRIO (I/O)
• CompactRIO: Compact Reconfigurable Input / Output
• It is a programmable automation controller
CompactRIO (I/O)
• It consists of:
Chassis
Main Controller
AnalogOutput
AnalogInput
AnalogInput
DigitalInput
DigitalOutput
CompactRIO (I/O)Calibrate Analog Input Value
• Input Engineering Unit: Calibrated value
• Binary Value: returned un-calibrated value from Analog Input Module
• LSB Weight: Typical Input Range / 2ADC Resolution
• DC Offset: vertical shift
OffsetWeightLSBValueBinaryUnitsEngInput )(.
CompactRIO (I/O)Block Diagram
OffsetWeightLSBValueBinaryUnitsEngInput )(.
CompactRIO (I/O)Front Panel
Binary Number
Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)
• Problem: Measurements were always in integer format (NOT Floating
Point)
• Solution: NI was contacted and the problem was solved.
• A program was developed to export the obtained measurements to
excel sheet.
Expetced Research Areas
• Solar Panels:
– Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
– Dust effect on the efficiency
– Temperature effect on the efficiency
– Meteorological data for Al Ain (solar radiation)
Expetced Research Areas
• Wind Turbine:
– Dust effect on the turbine
– Wind speed variation with elevation
– Effect of the surrounding obstacles on the performance
– Threshold speed (mechanical)
Expetced Research Areas
• Diesel Generator:
– CO2 emissions
– Fuel consumption
– Vibration
– Power quality
– Synchronization with other power sources
Expetced Research Areas
• Battery Bank:
– Temperature effect
– Life time
– Overcharging and depth of discharge effect
GPII Gantt Chart
Designed Poster
WETEX 2011
Water, Energy Technology and Environment Exhibitions (WETEX)
8th – 10th March 2011
Dubai Convention and Exhibition Centre
Organized by:
ISSE (1/4)
The International Conference on Sustainable Systems and the Environment
23rd – 24th March 2011
ISSE(2/4)
Graduation Project group members
ISSE (3/4)
Explaining to one of the judging panel’s member
ISSE (4/4)
3rd place in the Conference’s Student Poster Competition
3
Thank you for listening!Any questions?