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OECD SERVICES EXPERTS MEETINGS TOWARDS A SERVICES TRADE

RESTRICTIVENESS INDEX (STRI)

Paris, 10-12 December 2008

REPORT

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OECD SERVICES EXPERTS MEETINGS

TOWARDS A SERVICES TRADE RESTRICTIVENESS INDEX (STRI)

Paris, 10-12 December 2008

The three OECD Services Expert meetings dedicated to the ongoing process of the development of a

Service Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) took place at the OECD headquarters on 10-12 December

2008. Between 60 and 80 persons participated each day including delegates from non-member countries

and experts from academia, BIAC, the WTO, the World Bank, and industry professionals. Jacob

Kierkegaard from the Peterson Institute for International Economics chaired the telecommunications and

construction meetings, and the technical workshop was chaired by Frank van Tongeren of the OECD. The

meeting brought together experts from the business sector, regulators, policy makers and analysts to

exchange ideas regarding the most important barriers to trade in the remaining pilot services sectors. In

addition, the meeting provided a forum for the expert judgment needed for the sector specific indices, for

one of the index elaboration methodologies [outlined in the Road Map [TAD/TC(2007)4].]

The telecommunications and construction meetings were divided into two main sessions. During the

morning sessions, presenters from the OECD Secretariat, the WTO, and leading private sector firms

provided background information relating to trade in telecommunications and construction services and the

barriers providers face. The material presented during the morning sessions addressed the following

questions:

What are the most important driving forces for trade in this service sector?

What is the preferred mode of supply to foreign markets (commercial presence/FDI, cross-border

supply or supply by natural persons)?

Does the preferred mode of supply differ between markets? If so, why?

Are modes of supply linked in a way that supply in one mode is impossible without the other?

In what sense, if any, are foreign suppliers at a disadvantage to local suppliers?

What are the most important policy barriers to providing services in foreign markets?

During the afternoon sessions, participants took part in an interactive exercise designed to gather

expertise and judgment on the trade restrictiveness of specific regulatory measures. During these group

sessions, each group was asked to rank and score possible barriers to trade in services from a list provided

by the Secretariat.

The technical workshop on trade barrier assessment methodology took place in the morning of 12

December 2008, and brought together academics and policy makers to discuss methodological issues

related to quantifying trade barriers from trade data. The workshop focused on the top down approach to

estimating trade restrictions from services trade data, inferring the existence of trade barriers from

discrepancies between observed trade performance and what would be expected in a free trade regime. The

workshop featured technical papers presented by the Secretariat and discussed by leading academics in the

field.

The agendas for the individual meetings and evaluation results can be found in the annex to this

report. Background papers and participant presentations can be downloaded from:

http://www.oecd.org/trade/stri [Towards a Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) - December

2008]. This report highlights the presentations and discussions in the four sessions. It is not intended to be

a summary record of the meeting. For further details, readers are encouraged to turn to the papers and

presentations available on the website.

http://www.oecd.org/trade/stri

http://www.oecd.org/document/44/0,3343,en_2649_36344374_42793900_1_1_1_36344374,00.html

http://www.oecd.org/document/44/0,3343,en_2649_36344374_42793900_1_1_1_36344374,00.html

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TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES

Session I: Trade in telecommunication services and barriers

Keynote Speaker: Ewan Sutherland

Mr. Ewan Sutherland provided a broad overview of market trends in the telecommunications sector

and noted several challenges to effectively portraying the impact of regulations and policies in an index

format. He described the transitions in market structure in the telecoms sector noting the progress from

natural monopoly to oligopoly or duopoly in many regions. He recognized the relevance of market

concentration but also emphasized that other factors such as timing of entry, corruption, frequently

changing policies, and geographical factors have significant impacts on market entry incentives. Mr.

Sutherland recommended care in crafting and compiling indicators to add value to the existing tools in

view of regional and industry dynamics.

Presentation of OECD background study on telecommunications services

Speaker: Margit Molnar, Senior Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate

Margit Molnar presented the OECD background study which highlights sector characteristics and

provides an empirical analysis of the relationship between trade volume and regulation. The telecoms

sector is characterized by large fixed and sunk costs and distinctive network externalities but is no longer

considered a natural monopoly. It contributes significantly to productivity growth in the economy and has

witnessed falling prices due to liberalization and technological advancements. Telecommunications

includes a broad range of related services but limited data are available on the range flows.

The empirical analysis employs both top down and bottom up strategies. The former utilizes mark ups

to measure relative competitive pressures in the market without identifying individual sources. These

indicators varying across OECD, these indicators countries these indicators incorporate input prices and

provide a more useful comparison than other indicators such as average minute prices.

The bottom up approach analyzed the impacts of different types of regulations utilizing econometric

analysis of the economy wide and sector specific Product Market Regulation indicators on outgoing fixed

line international minutes and FDI stocks. Regression results indicated that the economy wide PMR scores

had a negative and significant impact on cross border trade while the sector level PMR had a similar

impact on FDI stocks. Further analysis would benefit from the availability of improved data on both trade

flows and regulations.

Discussants: Lee Tuthill, WTO,

Tilmann Kupfer, BT, Head of Trade Policy & International Public Affairs,

Anastacio Ramos, Verizon,

Eric Loeb, AT&T, Vice President of External and Regulatory Affairs

Lee Tuthill began the discussion of restrictions to trade in the telecommunications sector with a

summary of sector specific regulatory patterns contained in the GATS schedules. She noted the distinction

between trade restrictive measures and domestic regulations in the WTO. According to data available, the

most common barriers to Market Access include restrictions on the number of suppliers, followed by

foreign equity limits or restrictions on the type of legal entity. National Treatment is most frequently

limited by nationality and residency requirements for board members. Ms. Tuthill encouraged the OECD

to keep in mind maximizing negotiator utility when elaborating the STRI index.

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Private Sector Perspectives

Tilman Kupfer from British Telecoms briefly outlined the experience of his company and the

challenges it has faced in the international expansion of telecommunications activities. Mr. Kupfer

described his firm’s operations in 165 countries and business strategy targeting corporate customers

outside of the UK home market. He highlighted the capital intensive nature of the sector and stressed the

importance of effective regulation in allowing access to incumbent networks. Heterogeneity in the

application of regulation across countries was also stressed as an area of concern. He acknowledged the

importance of regulation as a key element in creating a level playing field and urged further efforts to

address enduring bottle necks through appropriate regulatory responses.

Anastacio Ramos shared the experiences and challenges of his firm, Verizon, in entering and

expanding operations in foreign markets. He identified restrictions on FDI and access to incumbent

networks as the most substantial barriers to expanding international operations. Licensing requirements in

order to access submarine cable landing stations and limitations on value added service provisions were

also mentioned as significant constraints. Mr. Ramos underscored the relevance of expanding and

harmonizing VoIP regulation in order to foster investment in infrastructure and further development of

these services.

Eric Loeb from AT&T put forth his company experience emphasizing the importance of issues

related to commercial presence in foreign markets. He identified the value of formal trade commitments in

bringing certainty to the investment climate. He also noted the importance of creating independent

regulatory authorities and increasing transparency in the regulatory environment. Mr. Loeb asserted that

joint venture (JV) requirements can be especially constraining due to the impact on the quality and

consistency of services rendered. FDI restrictions in the form of protection of national champions were

also noted as inhibitions to innovation and investment. Mr. Loeb encouraged the Secretariat to consider the

value of a hybrid qualitative and quantitative approach to STRI index elaboration due to the acknowledged

data problems.

In the ensuing discussion, participants focused on the empirical results of the OECD study which

showed that the regulatory measures found in the telecoms specific PMR did not have a significant impact

on cross border trade. The derived nature of demand in the sector may explain the lack of significance for

the sector specific PMR indicators in impacting cross-border trade. Participants also reiterated the extent of

data problems for the sector, including the difficulty in determining pricing due to bundling and wholesale

payments. Delegates also advanced potential areas for further measurement including technology

restrictions, restrictions on assigned spectrum, content restrictions and the size of activated international

transmission capacity.

Session 2- Challenges for Boosting Trade in Telecommunications

Speakers: Youlia Lozanova, ITU

Scott Markus, WI- Consult GmbH

Raul Katz, Columbia Business School

Youlia Lozanova gave a brief overview of the first and second waves of regulatory reform in the

telecommunications sector and highlighted new strategies to confront the shifting regulatory challenges.

The first wave of regulatory reform was characterized by a movement toward the establishment of

independent regulatory authorities, privatization of incumbent carriers, and the creation of a level playing

field for investment. This resulted in substantial growth in regulatory influence and corresponded with

substantial expansion of ICT services across the globe. An enhanced regulatory environment has facilitated

convergence in the sector; expanding access to innovative technologies and services.

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Ms. Lozanova asserted that competitive markets are especially critical to promoting investment,

spurring growth and expanding connectivity. As technology advances and Internet Protocol (IP) becomes

the new priority, a second wave of regulatory reform is necessary to address the changing needs in the

sector. These reforms should include technology and service neutrality in licensing and development of

converged license frameworks, increasing transparency in regulatory processes, spectrum sharing and

trading, and removing the regulatory barriers to promote movement from 2G to 3G and beyond.

One particularly noteworthy example is VoIP. Despite the successful expansion of this service, the

regulatory response has varied tremendously among countries and created substantial uncertainty and

obstacles to service providers. Regulatory responses have ranged from the illegal status of VoIP in some

countries to complete de-regulation in others.

In order to confront these challenges, the ITU recommends the expansion of infrastructure sharing

strategies in order to increase access to broadband technology. These sharing strategies are becoming

increasingly common in ITU member counties and are offering new opportunities to expand network

deployment at decreased costs.

Scott Markus elaborated on further challenges to boosting trade in telecommunications services by

addressing the topic of non-cost based pricing in national termination rates (NTRs) and roaming charges.

The inherent tendency toward inflated prices for termination and mobile roaming encourages increased

mobile penetration rates but discourages usage and decreases provider revenue. This is primarily due to the

perceived asymmetry in retail payments and influence of market power. These charges are no longer

appropriate as multiservice networks, Next Generation Networks (NGNs), are carrying more data than

voice. Mr. Markus stressed that the shift to IP is not sufficient to discourage the use of high NTRs and

requires regulatory intervention. Similarly, mobile roaming charges are non-cost based instruments

characterized by limited visibility to consumers and often in excess of predicted monopoly based prices.

Recent trends indicate initial steps have been taken to address the problem, as demonstrated by

wholesale and retail rates now being regulated across Europe.

The harmonization of regulation of VoIP services was also highlighted as influential in trade

facilitation. According to a recent EU study completed by Mr. Markus, the increased popularity of VoIP

services is being curtailed by access limitations due to regulatory disparity across Member States. This is

partially due to the distinct approaches to addressing numbering and emergency service access challenges,

and requires standardization in order to allow for full trade potential.

Raul Katz discussed the impacts of explicit and implicit FDI restrictions in telecommunications. Dr.

Katz utilized case studies for surveying how FDI restrictions limited investment in infrastructure and

decreased consumer welfare. Each of the country specific examples underscored the critical impact of FDI

restrictions in diminishing competition in the sector. Dr. Katz further investigated the ideal number of

market participants in striking a balance between ensuring access and providing incentives for

infrastructure investment. This is particularly difficult in the presence of FDI restrictions which limit the

number of market players. Due to the direct relationship between market structure and consumer welfare,

Dr. Katz concluded that FDI restrictions had a particularly strong impact. He encouraged OECD countries

to make the appropriate regulatory changes to address these trade inhibiting factors.

In the ensuing discussion, participants explored policy options to promote regulation which fosters

innovation. In addition participants discussed the relationship between NTRs and mobile penetration rates

in influencing carriers’ business models, and explored the complementary relationship between VoIP and

fixed line services.

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Session III: Group Sessions- Ranking the restrictiveness of regulatory measures

During the afternoon session, 64 experts were divided into 8 groups and invited to come to a group

consensus on the relative restrictiveness of regulatory measures set out in a questionnaire prepared by the

Secretariat. The participants were asked to place themselves in the context of a mobile operator looking to

enter an OECD market by acquiring an existing carrier and evaluate various regulatory measures. The

participants were asked to score individual regulatory measures and then rank the broader categories. The

regulations were grouped in the following categories:

Discriminatory measures related to ownership limits or restrictions on operations of foreign firms

Public ownership, size and scope of public enterprise

Price control

Regulatory transparency in licensing and permit systems

Barriers to competition

Session IV: Plenary session

Upon completion of the group exercises, the participants came together for a final plenary session

during which the results of the group ranking and scoring activities were compared. The groups also

presented their experiences during the exercise and the group dynamics in the discussions. The ranking

results are summarized in the following table:

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8

Discriminatory measures related to ownership limits or restrictions on

operations of foreign firms5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Public ownership, size and scope of public enterprises 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2

Price control 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1

Regulatory transparency in licensing and permit systems 2 4 3 4 3 4 4 3

Barriers to competition 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4

As indicated, there was consensus among the telecommunications experts that ‘Discriminatory

measures related to ownership limits or restrictions on operations of foreign firms’ is the most trade

restrictive category. This was followed by ‘Barriers to competition’ and ‘Regulatory transparency in

licensing and permit systems’ which were perceived to be moderately restrictive in relative terms. The

‘Price Control’ and ‘Public Ownership, size and scope of public enterprises’ categories were found to be

relatively less restrictive to trade in the sector.

Measures relating to legal limits of company shares that are allowed to be owned by foreign investors

and exclusions of publicly owned companies from competition law received consistently restrictive scores

among the eight groups. Regulations pertaining to the allocation of scarce resources such as frequencies,

and roaming tariff rate regulation were also consistently ranked as relatively restrictive.

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Consensus across groups was less apparent on the relevance of public ownership and the presence of

special rights for public firms, or government influence over competition authority decisions. This may be

due to the infrequent presence of these measures. Participants noted that golden shares are not commonly

observed across OECD countries, except in Turkey and Portugal, and do not play a significant role

affecting trade in the sector.

In addition to the measures included in the telecoms questionnaire, experts suggested the inclusion of

other measures which were regarded as influential in restricting trade. These measures included restrictions

on the number or spectrum capacity for foreign firms, and as well as restrictions on spectrum trading.

Participants also highlighted the importance of including indicators portraying the rule of law or degree of

corruption within the target market, as these impact perceptions of the trade restrictive nature of other

regulatory measures.

Overall, the afternoon exercise was successful in providing a consensus on the trade restrictive nature

of regulations. It facilitated dialogue amongst sectoral experts, policy makers, and business representatives

in order to pool knowledge and experience to better understand the impact of diverse regulations in the

telecoms sector. Meeting participants provided positive feedback for the participatory session, as well as

advice for future improvements. (Please see Annex for summary of participant evaluation results.)

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CONSTRUCTION SERVICES

Session I: Construction Services

Keynote Speaker: Dr. Victor Chuan Chen, University of Melbourne

Victor Chuan Chen presented a broad overview of construction market characteristics and factors

which influence construction contractor behaviour in their choice of markets and entry modes. According

to recent data, the top regional markets include North America, the Middle East, and South East Asia. In

examining contractor motivation to engage in international construction activities, Dr. Chen highlighted

diversification of risk as one of the main motivating factors. He cast doubt on the effectiveness of this

strategy due to the strong ties to the business cycle which often lead to recessions in the domestic and

foreign markets simultaneously.

The discussion of construction contractor behaviour was centered on decisions regarding choice of

market and mode of entry into these markets. The business engagement time frame and entry model

decisions are influenced by a host of internal and external factors. These include market attractiveness, the

presence of a trade link, cultural distance, legal and administrative entry restrictions, and company size and

experience. Dr. Chen highlighted some of the findings of his study on how these variables impacted

international contractor behaviour and asserted that regulatory and administrative factors are one of the key

variables impacting entry mode selection. He found that contractors are more likely to use permanent

modes of entry for markets with fewer regulatory entry restrictions.

Presentation of OECD study on construction services

Speaker: Massimo Geloso Grosso, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate

Massimo Geloso Grosso presented the OECD background study which provided information

regarding the construction sector characteristics, trade patterns, types of regulations governing the sector,

and an analysis of how regulation influences trade.

Construction activity in OECD countries accounts for approximately 4-6% of GDP and 6-9% of

employment. The share of traded construction services in OECD countries, ranging between 1.4-1.8%, is

small relative to the economic importance of the sector. This limited tradability may be due to the

predominantly local nature of activities in the sector, and the necessity for establishment of commercial

presence abroad for international activities. Demand for these services is driven largely by infrastructure,

as financed through government procurement or through innovations in financing through public private

partnerships (PPPs). The sector is also prone to corruption, due to the complexity and size of projects and

the large number of actors involved in many construction projects.

Trade data for the sector were captured through Balance of Payments (BOP) and Foreign Affiliates

Trade in Services (FATS) statistics. Short term trade flows found in the BOP data reflect the cyclical

nature of the industry. Among OECD members, Japan and Germany are leaders in both exports and

imports for short term construction projects. Longer term trade is dominated by Germany and the US for

outward foreign affiliate flows, and the US and UK for inward foreign affiliate flows.

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The construction sector is subject to a variety of regulations due to the public good nature of the

output. These regulations include health, safety and environmental planning measures, restrictions on

commercial presence and the movement of people, government procurement stipulations, among others.

Econometric analysis of the relationship between trade and regulation utilizing PMR data for member

countries show that regulations have a greater impact on longer term trade. Short term presence seems to

be mostly affected by inward oriented policies. The study also found that regulatory heterogeneity,

measured by differences in bilateral PMR indicators, had a negative impact on FDI.

Discussants: Juan Marchetti and Claudia Locatelli, Trade in Services Division, WTO

Nicolas Bernier-Abad, European Commission, DG Trade

Michel Démarre, President, European International Contractors (EIC)

Mark Casso, Construction Industry Round Table (CIRT)

Claudia Locatelli provided feedback on the OECD study complimenting its coverage of the sector

but also proposed a few additional factors to bear in mind. In particular, Ms. Locatelli urged the Secretariat

to consider the adoption of GATS classification for regulations and mode of supply, as well as noting the

challenge of including the implementation and not only the letter of the law into the index. Questions about

the potential impact of market concentration on the statistical sample were also raised.

Juan Marchetti commented on the relevance of the regulatory content of the background study and

on the econometric analysis. He confirmed the relevance of the barriers mentioned in the OECD study but

also suggested looking at regulations relevant to consortia, due to evolving firm structures of large

international contractors. In reference to methodology, Mr. Marchetti suggested the elaboration of separate

foreign and domestic indices as has been done in early work by the Australian Productivity Commission.

Nicolas Bernier Abad echoed the WTO Secretariat concerns about the lack of GATS classifications

and urged further attention to GATS consolidation of commitments for the construction sector. With the

degree of liberalization of services in the sector, he found GATS commitments to be lacking in scope and

number. He emphasized the relevance of market access regulations.

Michel Démarre shared the European International Contractors perspective on the types of barriers

they have encountered in their international business activities. Major barriers included lack of

transparency on market opportunities, burdensome prequalification procedures, and worker mobility

barriers. Mr. Demarre highlighted some of the dynamics of the international construction market

explaining the fragmented nature of the regulatory environment. He commented that the barriers were

relatively uniform in OECD countries, but differed substantially in developing contexts. He highlighted the

particular importance of transparent and non-discriminatory procurement systems in providing access to

large international projects.

Mark Casso shared the results of a survey administered to the 97 CEOs of US construction and

design firms. The results summarized the types of barriers the private sector representatives found to be

most relevant to international construction activities. The Construction Industry Round Table members

identified tax policy and contract enforcement to be the most significant barriers that US companies face in

their international operations. For international contractors doing business in the US, liability and

professional licensing requirements were delineated as most burdensome. The survey also evaluated local

subcontracting requirements, labor costs, business and professional licensing requirements and financing

availability. These measures were found to be influential but moderately restrictive in their impacts.

In the ensuing discussion, meeting participants explored developments in the construction sector

market structure and innovations in financing and procurement activity. The relevance of structure and

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appropriate classification of the STRI for trade negotiation purposes was also noted. Participants further

commented on the importance of factoring in the actual implementation of regulations, beyond the de jure

aspects. Consideration might also be given to the rent-generating or cost escalating impacts of specific

regulations.

Session II: Group Sessions: Ranking the restrictiveness of regulatory measures

During the afternoon session, 50 experts were divided into 6 groups and invited to come to a group

consensus on the restrictive nature of 70 regulatory measures presented in a questionnaire prepared by the

Secretariat. The participants were asked to place themselves in the context of an international construction

contractor bidding for a school building project in an OECD country. The participants were asked to score

individual regulatory measures and then rank broader categories in an effort to build consensus and provide

the expert judgment to be used for on approach for determining the weights for the STRI index for the

sector. The regulations were grouped into the following categories:

Restrictions to commercial establishment

Restrictions to the movement of people

Government procurement, subsidies, and tax measures

Public ownership, size, and scope of public enterprises

Barriers to competition

Regulatory transparency in licensing

Red tape on start ups and administrative burdens

Session III: Plenary session

The groups came together for a final plenary session during which the results of the group ranking and

scoring activities were compared. The group moderators also commented on the exercise and group

dynamics in the discussions. The ranking results, by category, are summarized in the following table:

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6

Restrictions to commercial establishment 6 7 6 7 7 7

Restrictions to the movement of people 7 4 2 3 6 4

Government procurement, subsidies and tax measures 3 5 7 6 5 3

Public ownership, size and scope of public enterprises 2 1 3 1 2 1

Barriers to competition 5 6 4 5 3 5

Regulatory transparency in licensing 4 3 5 4 4 2

Red tape on start ups and administrative burdens 1 2 1 2 1 6

Participants held similar views on the most restrictive and least restrictive categories but, but there

was less convergence on the categories in between. The groups agreed for the most part that the category

of ‘Restrictions on commercial establishment’ was the most trade restrictive. Participants also agreed on

the less trade restrictive nature of the ‘Red tape on start ups and administrative burdens’ and Public

ownership, subsidies and tax measures’ categories.

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The scoring exercise showed a strong level of agreement on the restrictive nature of foreign equity

limits, corruption, discrimination in public procurement processes, and binding quotas limiting the number

of foreign suppliers.

In light of the lack of clear expert consensus for this sector, the Secretariat noted that other expert

judgment exercises may be carried out to get a clearer sense of relative restrictiveness in the sector. In any

case, for all of the pilot sectors, the expert judgment approach will be complemented by an equal weights

approach as well as the ‘top-down’ econometric approach as discussed in the technical workshop on 12

December.

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TECHNICAL WORKSHOP ON TRADE BARRIER ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås began the technical workshop with a brief explanation of the bottom up

and top down methodologies that are being utilized to elaborate the STRI. The bottom up strategy consists

of collecting relevant policies and then assigning scores and weights to give them appropriate values in a

final composite index. The top down approach approach utilizes econometric techniques to analyze

discrepancies between observed and free trade estimates of trade flows or prices. These approaches will

complement one another by aggregating information from trade data and on existing regulations for a more

holistic picture.

Session I. Mark ups and openness to trade

Speakers- Margit Molnar, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate

Novella Bottini, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate

Margit Molnar and Novella Bottini presented the methodology utilized in mark up estimation and

the trends in competitive pressures across service sectors in OECD countries. The estimations were

conducted utilizing firm level data from the Amadeus database. The study presented the ranges of mark

ups for 20 service sectors in all OECD countries. The analysis results showed that higher mark ups were

associated with service sectors which were less traded, had network features, or human capital as a major

input. Lower mark ups were found in sectors, or which involved whole sale trading, computer services, and

construction. Analysis also revealed correlations between higher mark ups and a higher FDI

Restrictiveness index and lower (less open) PMR scores.

Discussant- Laszlo Halpern, Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Laszlo Halpern complimented the study for its novelty and scope of data presentation and provided

suggestions on issues that could be explored further. He noted a possible selection bias resulting from the

exclusion of smaller firms from the sample. Other recommendations for furthering the analysis included a

deeper examination of how the service production function may vary from its manufacturing counterpart

and consideration of other variables such as value added instead of turnover. Mr. Halpern also suggested

looking at the sources of competition to better understand why Central and Eastern European countries,

Italy, Spain and Portugal had consistently higher mark ups across sectors.

Session II. The extensive margin and fixed trade costs in services

Speakers- Hildegunn Nordås,

Sébastien Miroudout

Rainer Lanz

Sébastien Miroudot and Rainer Lanz presented the recent OECD paper for top down trade cost

analysis utilizing two approaches. The first approach estimated the probit equation developed by Helpman,

Melitz, Rubenstein (2008, HMR) and regressed importer fixed effects on incomes and price levels. This

analysis produced rankings of importer fixed trade costs for goods and services. Furthermore, authors also

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utilized the Novy (2008) method for calculating bilateral trade costs. Through economic regression

analysis, they decomposed calculated trade costs and identified country specific effects. The resulting

rankings by country specific trade costs appeared plausible as they were generally consistent with the PMR

rankings.

Discussant- Peter Neary, University of Oxford

Peter Neary assessed the study as a useful application of up-to-date theory to an important empirical

problem. He reviewed the advantages and challenges that correspond to each of the methods utilized for

inferring trade costs. Prof. Neary critiqued the methods employed due to problems with the distribution of

the error term in the Novy method and the implausible variations in bilateral trade flows in the HMR

method. He furthermore suggested a strategy on how to estimate an STRI incorporating the intensive and

the extensive margins of services trade.

Session III. Regulation and trade: an econometric assessment

Speaker- Margit Molnar, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate

Margit Molnar presented the OECD study analysing the indirect channel impacts of domestic

regulation on trade. This was done by utilizing an error correction model in which trade flows, demand,

and competitiveness were cointegrated. This model was augmented with regulatory variables to determine

their impacts on demand, price elasticities and speed of adjustment. The analysis revealed that domestic

regulation, in general, increases the demand elasticity of imports. Economy wide regulation also increases

the speed at which imports adjust to changes in demand or competitiveness. On the export side, results

showed that sectoral regulation in export markets increases the demand elasticity of exports.

Discussant- Joe Francois, University of Linz

Joe Francois commended the authors for taking a novel approach but highlighted a few empirical

issues to keep in mind. He questioned leaving FDI out of the analysis and the presence of structural

stability. He recommended repeating the exercise for goods data to check for robustness and using

extrapolation to stretch data.

Session IV. Panel Discussion

Speakers- Joe Francois, University of Linz

Peter Neary, University of Oxford

Peter Egger, LMU and IFO

Chiara Criscuolo, CEP and LSE

Chiara Criscuolo presented her analysis of market structure and characteristics of firms engaged in

services trade using firm level data from the UK. Firm level evidence indicates that liberalization affects

different firms in different ways, making these impacts relevant for policy discussions. Ms. Cricuolo

summarized the characteristics common among firms engaged in services trade. Compared to goods trade,

trade in services is concentrated among a relatively small number of firms, trading with fewer countries

and in a limited number of services types. Ms. Criscuolo also noted that firms trading in both goods and

services have the highest export premia (apart from skills and TFP), and that pure services traders are

smaller, but more productive and more skill-intensive than firms trading only in goods.

Peter Neary underscored the challenge of index elaboration in view of the difficulties of relating

empirical data to unobservable phenomenon. He also noted the importance of satisfying negotiators and

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academics at the same time. Mr. Neary advised caution in the interpretation of residuals and pointed out

that the Solow residuals are sometimes called the ‘coefficients of ignorance’, due to the difficulties in

assuming precisely what they may be measuring.

Joe Francois discussed some of the practical issues related to the elaboration and use of the Services

Trade Restrictiveness Index. Among challenges to the process of elaboration, Mr. Francois highlighted the

possible interaction of market structure and impact of openness as well as joint delivery and cross-mode

effects. Mr. Francois also suggested crafting the index in a manner which could be useful for negotiating

purposes, and keeping the end use in mind during the creation process.

Peter Egger presented a new project estimating general equilibrium effects of trade frictions on trade

flows. Employing a multi-sector gravity type model for merchandise and services trade sectors, he is able

to survey the effects of trade frictions on GDP and welfare. In addition, Mr. Egger also commented on the

difficulties associated with fixed costs in trade equations, and the limitations of what the indicator may

represent in terms of providing thresholds at which marginal firms export.

In the ensuing discussion, participants highlighted the major challenges in elaborating a Services

Trade Restrictiveness Index utilising the top down methodology, and emphasized the need to continue

improving the data. Participants acknowledged the difficult nature of the undertaking but also expressed

gratitude that the OECD was undertaking such a valuable task.

15

ANNEX: EVALUATION FORMS AND MEETING AGENDAS

Feedback from Participant Evaluation Forms for Telecommunications Services

The evaluation forms compiled feedback on the content, structure, and comments regarding the most

and least useful aspects of the meeting. The level of satisfaction participants recorded (on a scale of 1-7)

for the quality of documentation, the presentations, and participatory exercise.

Summary of Results

1 to 36%

4 or 544%

6 or 750%

Overall Quality of Background Information

1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

1 to 30%

4 or 535%

6 or 765%

Overall Quality of Presentations

1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

1 to 36%

4 or 533%

6 or 761%

Usefullness of Ranking and Scoring Exercise

1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

The content of the meeting met with general approval from the participants with over 90% of participants

reporting the presentations, materials, and afternoon group activities to be of good or excellent quality (a

score of 4 or higher on a scale of 7). Comments regard useful aspects of the meeting highlighted the

participatory session and the presentations by private sector representatives. Some participants found the

technical discussions on index elaboration methodology less useful. All participants noted they would

participate in further OECD meetings based on their experience at this meeting.

16

Feedback from Participant Evaluation Forms for Construction Services

The evaluation forms asked for feedback on the content and structure, and comments regarding the

most and least useful aspects of the meeting. Results from the evaluation forms are set out in the charts

below.

Summary of Results

1 to 30%

4 or 548%

6 or 752%


1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

1 to 317%

4 or 541%

6 or 742%


1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

1 to 328%

4 or 548%

6 or 724%

Usefullness of Ranking and Scoring Exercise

1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

Over 80% of participants were moderately to very satisfied with the content and structure of the

morning presentations (as indicated by a scoring of 4 out of 7 or higher). Similarly, over 70% of

participants expressed their satisfaction with the afternoon participatory sessions. In the supplementary

comments, the majority of participants regarded the afternoon group exercise as the most useful aspect of

the meeting. Further clarifications on the setting of the private contractors’ envisaged mission and some of

the regulatory measures were recommended for the future. Several participants also noted the need for

more time for discussion, particularly for the afternoon participatory exercise. All of the respondents

asserted they would consider attending future OECD service meetings based on their experience at this

meeting.

17

Feedback from Participant Evaluation Forms for the Technical Workshop

Participants were generally positive about their meeting experiences. The evaluation forms compiled

feedback on the content, structure, and commentary regarding the most and least useful aspects of the

meeting. The figures below illustrate the level of satisfaction participants recorded on a scale of 1-7 on a)

the quality of documentation and b) on the expert presentations.

Summary of Results

1 to 30%

4 or 546%

6 or 754%


1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

1 to 30%

4 or 538%

6 or 762%


1 to 3

4 or 5

6 or 7

The quality of background information and content of the meeting met with approval from the participants

with 100% of participants reporting the presentations and materials to be of good or excellent quality (a

score of 4 or higher on a scale of 7). In the commentary of the most and least useful aspects of the meeting,

participants were particularly positive about the panel discussion of leading economists. Several

participants noted the need for more time for discussion following the presentations and a few found the

subject matter too technically advanced. Nonetheless, all of the respondents asserted they would consider

attending future OECD service meetings based on their experience at this meeting.

18

AGENDAS FOR OECD SERVICES EXPERTS MEETINGS 10-12 DECEMBER 2008

WEDNESDAY 10 DECEMBER 2008

9.00-9.30 Introduction

Welcome Remarks by the Chair Setting the scene Presentation by the OECD Secretariat Keynote speech: Ewan Sutherland

9.30-11.15 Session I: Trade in telecommunication services and barriers to it

Presentation of OECD study on telecommunication services Margit Molnar, Senior Economist, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Other speakers:

Lee Tuthill, WTO Tilmann Kupfer, BT, Head of Trade Policy & International Public Affairs Anastacio Ramos, Verizon Eric Loeb, AT&T, Vice President of External and Regulatory Affairs

Discussion

11.15-11.30 Coffee break

11.30-12.30 Session II: Challenges for boosting trade in telecommunication services

Presentation by Youlia Lozanova, ITU Other speakers:

Scott Marcus, WIK-Consult GmbH, Department Manager Raul Katz, Columbia Business School

Discussion

12.30-14.00 Lunch

14.00-16.45 Session III: Group Sessions

Ranking the trade restrictiveness of regulatory measures

— Horizontal measures

— Sector-specific measures (telecommunication services)


17.00-18.00 Session IV: Plenary session

The groups will report their results

Summary

18.00 Close of the meeting

19

THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER 2008

10.00-10.30 Introduction

Welcome Remarks by the Chair Setting the scene Presentation by the OECD Secretariat

10.30-11.45 Session I: Construction services

Keynote speech Dr. Chuan Chen, University of Melbourne Presentation of OECD study on construction services Massimo Geloso Grosso, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate Discussants

Juan Marchetti and Claudia Locatelli, Trade in Services Division, WTO Nicolas Bernier-Abad, European Commission, DG Trade Michel Démarre, President, European International Contractors (EIC) Mark Casso, Construction Industry Round Table (CIRT)

Discussion


12.00-13.00 Session II: Group session



— Sector-specific measures (construction services)

13.00-15.00 Lunch

15.00- 16.45 Session III: Continuation of Group Sessions



— Sector-specific measures (construction services)


17.00-18.00 Session IV: Plenary session

The groups will report their results

Summary


20

FRIDAY 12 DECEMBER 2008

9.30-9.40 Welcome

Welcome Remarks by the Chair Introduction: Top down versus bottom up Hildegunn Nordas, Senior Economist, OECD, Trade and Agriculture Directorate

9.40-10.30 Session I: Mark ups and openness to trade

Margit Molnar, Senior Economist, OECD Discussant

Laszlo Halpern, Deputy Director and Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

10.30-11.15 Session II: The extensive margin and fixed trade costs in services

Hildegunn Nordas, Senior Economist, OECD Sébastien Miroudot, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD Rainer Lanz, Trade Policy Analyst, OECD

Discussant

Peter Neary, University of Oxford

11.15-11.30 Coffee Break

11.30- 12.00 Session III: Regulation and trade an econometric assessment How regulation affects trade in construction, telecommunications and business services Margit Molnar, Senior Economist, OECD

Discussant Joe Francois

12.00-13.00 Session IV: Panel Discussion

Peter Neary, University of Oxford Joe Francois, Johannes Kepler University-Linz Peter Egger, University of Munich Chiara Criscuolo, London School of Economics


21

Participants list for Meeting of Experts on Telecoms Services

10/12/2008 - 10/12/2008

Chairperson/Président(e)

Mr. Jacob Funk KIRKEGAARD Research Fellow

Peterson Institute for International Economics

Australia/Australie

Mr. Graham ANDREWS First Secretary

Permanent Delegation

Mr. Edward SULIKOWSKI Director, Services Trade and Negotiations Section

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Belgium/Belgique

Mrs. Catherine RUTTEN Membre du Conseil

IBPT

Mrs. Hilde VERDICKT Premier Conseiller

IBPT

Canada/Canada

Mr. Robert MCDOUGALL Counsellor


Mr. Steve WILLIAMSON Senior Advisor, Regulatory Affairs

Telecommunications Policy

22

Ms. Christine ROY Senior Trade Policy Analyst

Services Trade Policy Division

Department of Foreign Affairs and International

Trade (DFAIT)

Ms. Emily YU Policy Research Analyst

Office of the Chief Economist (BPE)

Czech Republic/République Tchèque

Mr. František HESOUN Senior Advisor

Electronic Communications Department

Ministry of Industry and Trade

France/France

Mme Carole LIEGOIS Chargée de Mission OCDE, OMC, UIT

Ministère de l'Économie, de l'Industrie et de

l'Emploi

Mme Nadia TRAINAR ARCEP

M. Joël VOISIN-RATELLE Chef du Bureau International

Autorité de Régulation des Communications

électroniqes et des Postes (ARCEP)

Germany/Allemagne

Dr. Alexander RAUBOLD Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology

(BMWi)

Greece/Grèce

Ms. Tilda KYRIAKOU Architect

Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning

and Public Works

23

Hungary/Hongrie

Klara BARONFEIND Expert

Trade Policy Department

Ministry for National Development and Economy

Japan/Japon

Mr. Atsushi KUWABARA First Secretary


Mr. Masayasu NAKANO Director

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Korea/Corée

Ms. Soungin PARK Deputy Director

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Dr. Hankyoung SUNG Associate Research Fellow, Ph.D

Korea Institute for International Economic Policy

(KIEP)

Mr. Hyunsoo YUN First Secretary


Mexico/Mexique

Mr. Guillermo MALPICA SOTO Director-General for Negotiation of Services

Ministry of the Economy

Mr. Edgar OLVERA JIMÉNEZ Director General Adjunto Normativo de Sanciones

Ministry of Communications and Transports

24

Mr. Mario ALANIS Minister for Economic Affairs

Ministry of Economy


Ms. Flavia FARINETTI Counselor for Economic Affairs, Trade and Industry


Mr. José POBLANO Attaché Commerciale

Mexican Embassy in France

Netherlands/Pays-Bas

Mr. Arnold VAN RHIJN Ministry of Economic Affairs

Mr. Wieger WIERSEMA Economic Counsellor


New Zealand/Nouvelle-Zélande

Mr. Andrew JENKS Deputy Permanent Representative


Ms. Jan BAILEY First Secretary

New Zealand Permanent Mission, Geneva

Poland/Pologne

Mrs. Anna ZAK-GÓRSKA Ministry of Economy

25

Ms. Ewa PAWLOWSKA Second Secretary


Spain/Espagne

Mrs. Alicia PINDADO GARCIA Chef de Service

Deputy Direction International Trade in Services

Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade

Mr. Eduardo LANZA SAIZ Telefónica Internacional S.A.

Mr. Diego MOLANO VEGA Sous-Directeur Général

Telefónica Internacional S.A.

Mrs. María Angeles ASENJO Director

Confederación Nacional de la Construcción (CNC)

Sweden/Suède

Ms. Irene MARTINSSON Programme Manager

Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation

Systems (Vinnova)

Mr. Jonas MATTHING PhD, Programme Manager


Systems (Vinnova)

Switzerland/Suisse

M. Blaise SANGLARD Conseiller

Délégation Permanente

26

Mr. Steve KUMMER Département fédéral de l'économie

Turkey/Turquie

Ayse ISILAK Expert

General Directorate of Banking and Exchange

Undersecretariat of Treasury

Mr. Erkan TEK Expert Assistant

General Directorate of State Owned Enterprises


Ms. Sibel KAPLAN Chief Commercial Counsellor


United Kingdom/Royaume-Uni

Mr. Keith BROOK Head of Service Sector Statistics

Strategic Policy and Analysis, V615

Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory

Reform (BERR)

United States/États-Unis

Mr. Charles HOOKER Deputy Director

Office of Multilateral Affairs

US Department of Commerce

Ms. Amanda HORAN Director for Services and Investment

US Office of the United States Trade Representative

Ms. Diane STEINOUR National Telecom and Information Administration

U.S. Department of Commerce/NTIA

27

Ms. Emily TALAGA Regional Specialist for the Americas

Federal Communications Commission

Ms. Meg HAWLEY-YOUNG Advisor for Trade Policy and Agriculture


EC/CE

Mr. Brian JENKINSON European Commission

Ms. Maria STAFILIDOU Telecoms Expert

European Commission

Chile/Chili

Mr. Felipe LOPEANDIA Counsellor

Permanent Mission of Chile to the WTO

Slovenia/Slovénie

Ms. Alenka TEPINA Undersecretary

Directorate for Electronic Communications


Mr. Bojan VALANCIC Undersecretary

Electronic Communications Directorate

Ministry of the Economy (ECO)

28

Brazil/Brésil

Mr. Ricardo GUERRA DE ARAÚJO Minister-Counsellor

Embassy of Brazil in France

Mr. Felipe BANDEIRA DE MELLO Secretary

Embassy of Brazil

Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)/Comité consultatif économique et industriel

(BIAC)

Mr. Dirk MANSKE Senior Policy Manager

BIAC

Mr. Jeremy BEALE Vice Chairman of the BIAC Committee on

Information, Computer and Communications

Policies - Head, Knowledge Economy Group

Confederation of British Industry (CBI)

Mr. Frederick DE BACKER Manager, Regulatory Affairs

Telefónica S.A.

Mr. Karim LESINA Executive Director, European Affairs

AT&T

Ms. Vicki MACLEOD Consultant

Telstra Corporation

Mme Serena ROMANO Manager, International Public Affairs

Telecom Italia

29

Mr. Jörn SICKMANN Senior Expert

Deutsche Telekom AG

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)/Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT)

Ms. Youlia LOZANOVA International Telecommunication Union

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)/Conférence des Nations Unies pour le

commerce et le développement (CNUCED)

Ms. Mina MASHAYEKHI Head, Trade Negotiations and Commercial

Diplomacy Branch

Division on Trade in Goods in Services &

Commodities

UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/Commission

économique pour l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (CEPAL)

Mr. Nanno MULDER Economic Affairs Officer

International Trade and Integration Division

World Bank/Banque mondiale

Mr. Ingo BORCHERT Development Research Group

The World Bank

World Trade Organization (WTO)/Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)

Ms. Lee TUTHILL Counsellor - Trade in Services Division

Trade in Services Division

World Trade Organization

30

Experts

Mr. Julian ARKELL International Trade and Services Policy

Mr. Chuan CHEN The University of Melbourne

Mr. Patrick JOMINI Visiting Professor

Sciences Po

Mr. Raul KATZ Director, Business Strategy Research

Columbia Business School

Mr. Tilmann KUPFER Head of EU Public Affairs

BT European Affairs

Mr. Eric LOEB Vice President External & Regulatory Affairs

AT&T

Mr. Ewan SUTHERLAND Independent Telecoms Consultant

SPD

International Telecommunication Union

Mr. Ben SHEPHERD Niehaus Center for Globalization & Governance

Princeton University

31

Ofcom/Ofcom

Ms. Reka HORVATH Comeptition Group

Ofcom

Verizon/Verizon

Mr. Anastacio RAMOS Verizon

WIK-Consult GmbH/WIK-Consult GmbH

Mr. J. Scott MARCUS Department Manager

WIK-Consult GmbH

32

Participants list for Meeting of Services Experts: Construction services

11/12/2008 - 11/12/2008




Australia/Australie





Belgium/Belgique

Mr. Yves HOUSSONLOGE Juriste attaché en staff de la direction générale

Qualité et Sécurité

SPF Economie

Canada/Canada





Trade (DFAIT)



33


Mr. Radek VANICEK Official


Germany/Allemagne

Dr. Alexander RAUBOLD Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology

(BMWi)

Greece/Grèce



and Public Works

Hungary/Hongrie




Japan/Japon

Ms. Setsuko SAYA Deputy Director of Urban Policy Division

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

(MLIT)



Korea/Corée



34



(KIEP)

Mexico/Mexique






Poland/Pologne


Spain/Espagne

Ms. María Angeles ASENJO DORADO Director

International Relations Department

Confederación Nacional de la Construcción (CNC)

Mrs. Alicia PINDADO GARCIA Chef de Service

Deputy Direction International Trade in Services

Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade

Sweden/Suède



Systems (Vinnova)

35

Switzerland/Suisse



Turkey/Turquie

Mr. Davut AKGUL Head of Construction Projects Department

General Directorate of Constructive Affairs

The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement

Ms. Ayse ISILAK Expert

General Directorate of Banking and Exchange


Mr. Onur Andac SEVER Computer Programmer

General Directorate of Technical Research and

Implementation

Ministry of Public Works and Settlement




Reform (BERR)

Mr. Keith FOLWELL Strategic Policy and Analysis

Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory

Reform





36





EC/CE

Mr. Nicolas BERNIER-ABAD DG TRADE

European Commission

Mr. Jan-Willem VERHEIJDEN European Commission

Chile/Chili



Brazil/Brésil


Embassy of Brazil

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)/Conférence des Nations Unies pour le

commerce et le développement (CNUCED)

Ms. Mina MASHAYEKHI Head, Trade Negotiations and Commercial

Diplomacy Branch

Division on Trade in Goods in Services &

Commodities

37







The World Bank

Mr. Charles KENNY SDN

The World Bank


Mr. Alexander KECK Counsellor

Economic Research and Statistics Division

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Ms. Claudia LOCATELLI World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Mr. Juan MARCHETTI Counsellor

Trade in Services Division

World Trade Organization

38

Experts


Mr. Wim BAKENS Secretary General

CIB

Mr. Mark CASSO President

Construction Industry Round Table

Mr. Chuan CHEN Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning

The University of Melbourne

Mr. Hans-Peter CONRATHS STRABAG International GmbH

M. Michel DEMARRE President

European International Contractors (EIC)


Sciences Po

Mr. Pascal KERNEIS Managing Director

European Services Forum (ESF)

Ms. Debra RUBIN Editor-at-large/Business, Management and

Workforce

Engineering News-Record

39

Mr. Bernard HUVELIN President of the Economic and Legal Commission

The European Construction Industry Federation

(FIEC)

Miss Novella BOTTINI University Carlo Cattaneo -LIUC-



40

Participants list for STRI Technical Workshop

12/12/2008 - 12/12/2008


Mr. Frank VAN TONGEREN Senior Agricultural Policy Analyst

TAD/PTA

OECD

Australia/Australie





Austria/Autriche

Mr. Peter SCHOBER Counsellor for Energy, Trade and Industry


Belgium/Belgique

Mme Florence BURTON Attaché

SPF Economie, PME, Classes Moyennes et Energie

Canada/Canada



Trade (DFAIT)

41






Mr. Radek VANICEK Official


Finland/Finlande

Ms. Kristiina KAUPPINEN Commercial Secretary

Ministry for Foreign Affairs

Germany/Allemagne

Mr. Matthias AHNE Stagiaire

Greece/Grèce



and Public Works

Hungary/Hongrie




42

Italy/Italie

Mr. Natalino LOFFREDO Head of Unit

Ministry of Foreign Trade

Dr. Tiziana ZUGLIANO Italian Ministry for Economic Development

Japan/Japon

Ms. Setsuko SAYA Deputy Director of Urban Policy Division

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

(MLIT)



Korea/Corée





(KIEP)

Mr. Hyunsoo YUN First Secretary


Mexico/Mexique



43

Netherlands/Pays-Bas

Mr. Henk KOX Senior Economist, Department of International

Economics

CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy

Analysis




Poland/Pologne


Portugal/Portugal

Mme Alzira CABRITA Conseiller


Spain/Espagne

Mr. Enrique GODINEZ CALONGE Sous-Directeur Général Adjoint

Ministère de l'Industrie, du Tourisme et du

Commerce

Sweden/Suède



Systems (Vinnova)

Mr. Patrick RABE Counsellor


44

Switzerland/Suisse



Turkey/Turquie

Ms. Ayse ISILAK Expert


Mr. Erkan TEK Expert Assistant





Reform (BERR)

Mr. William NORRIS Counsellor for Business and Industry Affairs

UK Delegation to the OECD









45

EC/CE

Mr. Wolfgang IGLER Official

DG TRADE

European Commission

Mr. Kay PARPLIES Chief Economist Unit

European Commission

Mr. Jan-Willem VERHEIJDEN European Commission

Chile/Chili



Slovenia/Slovénie

Mr. Jure PLANINSEK Adviser

Department for Multilateral Economic Relations


Brazil/Brésil

Mr. Ricardo GUERRA DE ARAÚJO Minister-Counsellor

Embassy of Brazil in France


Embassy of Brazil

46

Hong Kong, China/Hong Kong, Chine

Mr. Donald NG Deputy Representative

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China

to the WTO





Economic Commission for Latin America and the

Caribbean (ECLAC)



The World Bank


Mr. Alexander KECK Counsellor

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Experts

Mr. Chuan CHEN The University of Melbourne

Mr. Peter EGGER Ifo Institute for Economic Research

Mr. Laszlo HALPERN Deputy Director

Insitute of Economics of Hungarian Academy of

Sciences

47


Sciences Po

Mr. Peter NEARY Professor of Economics and Fellow of Merton

College

University of Oxford

M. Mathieu PARENTI


Miss Novella BOTTINI University Carlo Cattaneo -LIUC-



International Financial Services (IFSL)/International Financial Services (IFSL)

Mr. John COOKE Chairman, Liberalisation of Trade in Services

(LOTIS) Committee

International Financial Services (IFSL)

International Financial Services London (IFSL)/International Financial Services London (IFSL)

Ms. Emma CARSWELL-ENGLE Trade Policy Officer

International Financial Services London (IFSL)

48

Johannes Kepler University of Linz/Johannes Kepler University of Linz

Professor Joseph FRANCOIS Economics

Johannes Kepler University of Linz

London School of Economics (LSE)/London School of Economics (LSE)

Mr. Holger BREINLICH Research Associate - Globalisation

Centre for Economic Performance

London School of Economics (LSE)

Ms. Chiara CRISCUOLO Research Fellow

Centre for Economic Performance

London School of Economics (LSE)

Peterson Institute for International Economics/Peterson Institute for International Economics



The Vienna Institute for International Economic Stucies (wiiw)/The Vienna Institute for

International Economic Stucies (wiiw)

Ms. Olga PINDYUK The Vienna Institute for International Economic

Stucies (wiiw)

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