Φαινόμενο no reflow στην αγγειοπλαστική ......reduce CV death, MI, shock...

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Φαινόμενο no reflow στην αγγειοπλαστική Αντιμετώπιση ΘΩΜΑΣ ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, MD, PHD ΕΠΕΜΒΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΡΔΙΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΙΑΤΡΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΒΑΛΚΑΝΙΚΟ ΚΕΝΤΡΟ

Transcript of Φαινόμενο no reflow στην αγγειοπλαστική ......reduce CV death, MI, shock...

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Φαινόμενο no reflow στην αγγειοπλαστική Αντιμετώπιση

ΘΩΜΑΣ ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, MD, PHD

ΕΠΕΜΒΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΡΔΙΟΛΟΓΟΣ

ΙΑΤΡΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΒΑΛΚΑΝΙΚΟ ΚΕΝΤΡΟ

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Δεν έχω να δηλώσω κάποια αντίθεση συμφερόντων σχετικά με την παρούσα ομιλία

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Ασθενής 82 ετών, με κατώτερο έμφραγμα, με καθυστερημένη προσέλευση, μη θρομβολυθέν

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Μετά την τοποθέτηση του stent, διάνοιξη του αγγείου,ΤΙΜΙ 2, χωρίς μυοκαρδιακό blushing

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Φαινόμενο μη επαναροής(No Reflow phenomenon)

Μια δραματική εξέλιξη της επαναγγείωσης ενός στεφανιαίου αγγείου

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Ορισμός

Αποτελεί το φαινόμενο κατά το οποίο υπάρχει υποαιμάτωση τμήματος του μυοκαρδίου, παρόλη την παρουσία βατών επικαρδιακών αρτηριών

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No-reflow phenomenon

Επικαρδιακή επαναγγείωση= μυοκαρδιακή επαναιμάτωση;

The No-reflow is a dissociation between epicardialartery patency and myocardial perfusion

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Αγγειογραφικός ορισμός του φαινομένου

Αποτελεί την παρουσία ενδοστεφανιαίας ροής TIMI ≤2 σεαπουσία στένωσης, θρόμβωσης, διαχωρισμού ήαγγειόσπασμου του επικαρδιακού αγγείου.

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MYOCARDIAL BLUSH GRADES DEFINED

Myocardial Blush Grades

Grade 0(MBG-0

Failure of dye to enter the microvasculature. Either minimal or no ground glass appearance (“blush”) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit artery indicating lack of tissue-level perfusion.

Grade 1(MBG-1)

Dye slowly enters but fails to exit the microvasculature. There is the ground glass appearance (“blush”) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit lesion that fails to clear from the microvasculature, and dye staining is present on the next injection (approximately 30 seconds between injections).

Grade 2(MBG-2)

Delayed entry and exit of dye from the microvasculature. There is the ground glass appearance (“blush”) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit lesion that is strongly persistent at the end of the washout phase (i.e., dye is strongly persistent after three cardiac cycles of the washout phase and either does not or only minimally diminishes in intensity during washout).

Grade 3(MBG-3)

Normal entry and exit of dye from the microvasculature. There is the ground glass appearance (“blush”) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit lesion that clears normally and is either gone or only mildly/moderately persistent at the end of the washout phase (i.e., dye is gone or is mildly/moderately persistent after three cardiac cycles of the washout phase and noticeably diminishes in intensity during the washout phase), similar to that in an uninvolved artery. Blush that is of only mild intensity throughout the washout phase but fades minimally is also classified as grade 3.

van 't Hof AW, Liem A, Suryapranata H, et al. Circulation 1998;97:2302-6. PMID: 9639373.

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Επίπτωση

INCIDENCE OF ANGIOGRAPHIC NO-REFLOW IN VARIOUS PCI SETTINGS

All PCI 0.6%–2%

Primary PCI 8.8%–11.5%

SVG PCI 8%–40%

Rotational atherectomy Upto 16%

Jaffe et al. MVO and Mechanisms. Circualtion 2008.Jaffe et al. Prevention and treatment of no reflow. JACC 2010.

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Επίπτωση στο STEMI

▪ Ποικίλει μεταξύ 5-50% των περιπτώσεων PPCI, ανάλογα με τη μέθοδο εκτίμησης

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Επιπτώσεις ενδοστεφανιαίου Θρόμβου και φαινομένου μη επαναρροής (no reflow)

Η παρουσία θρόμβου και/η no reflow κατά τη διάρκεια της Αγγειοπλαστικής, συνοδεύεται από δυσμενή αποτελέσματα που περιλαμβάνουν:

• Ελάττωση του ποσοστού επιτυχούς αποτελέσματος

• Αυξημένα ποσοστά οξείας απόφραξης του αγγείου

• Δυσμενή κοιλιακή αναδιαμόρφωση

• Μείζονες επιπλοκές [death-MI-emergent CABG]

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Επιπτώσεις μειωμένης ροής κατά TIMI

Κλινικές μελέτες έδειξαν ότι ροή TIMI ≤2 συνοδεύεται απόχειρότερη πρόγνωση, όταν τη συγκρίνουμε με ροή TIMI 3στο πέρας της αγγειοπλαστικής.

Μάλιστα ροή η TIMI 2 δεν είναι ευνοϊκότερη από την ροήTIMI 1 ή 0 σχετικά με το αποτέλεσμα

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Πιθανότητα επιβίωσης με no reflow

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Eπιβίωση με no reflow

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Τύποι φαινομένου μη επαναρροής

ΜΟΝΙΜΟ

• Result of anatomical irreversiblechanges of coronary microcirculation

• Undergo unfavorable LV remodeling

ΠΑΡΟΔΙΚΟ

• Result of functional & thus reversiblechanges of microcirculation

• Maintain their left ventricle volumesunchanged over time

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Τύποι φαινομένου μη επαναρροής

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION REPERFUSION NO-REFOW

Definition no-reflow in the setting of pharmacological and/or mechanical revascularization for acute myocardial infarction

INTERVENTIONAL NO REFLOW

Definition no-reflow during percutaneous coronary interventions especially rotational atherectomy, vein graft interventions

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Κλινική εικόνα

➢Θωρακικό άλγος

➢ΗΚΓικές αλλοιώσεις

➢Δυσλειτουργία αριστερής κοιλίας

➢Αιμοδυναμική επιβάρυνση

➢Αρρυθμίες

➢Ασυμπτωματική;

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Διάγνωση της μη επαναρροής

Niccoli, EHJ, 2010

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Παθοφυσιολογία

In humans, no-reflow is caused bythe variable combination of 4pathogenetic components:

1. Distal Atherothrombotic Embolization

2. Ischemic Injury

3. Reperfusion Injury

4. Susceptibility Of CoronaryMicrocirculation To Injury

Distal embolization

Ischemic injury

Individual susceptibility

Reperfusioninjury

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(4):281-292.

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Where is the problem???

• TIMI 3 FLOW ≠ Myocardial perfusion

• 16% of TIMI 3 flow post pPCI have no-reflow as shown by cardiac MRI (infarct extension) *Ito et al. Circulation 2007.

• NO REFLOW = MICROVASCULAR OBSTRUCTION (MVO)

• Microvasculature <200µm

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Μαζική διήθηση της στεφανιαίας μικροκυκλοφορίας, από λευκοκύτταρα και αιμοπετάλια, κατά την επαναιμάτωση

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Παθοφυσιολογία και προγνωστικοί παράγοντες του

φαινομένου μη επαναρροής

• Thrombus burdenDistal

embolization

Ischemia• Ischemia duration

• Ischemia extent

• Neutrophil count

• ET-1 levels

• TXA2 levels

• Mean platelet volume or reactivity

Reperfusion

• Diabetes

• Acute hyperglycemia

• Hypercholesterolemia

• Lack of pre-conditioning

Individual susceptibility

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Initial low density lipoprotein serum level as a

predictor of no-reflow after primary percutaneous

coronary intervention

Abdallah Almaghraby, Yehia Saleh, Basma Hammad, Mahmoud Abdelnaby, Haitham Badran

Atherosclerosis

Volume 263, Pages e163-e164 (August 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.520

Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

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Θεραπεία φαινομένου επαναρροής

▪ Δεν υπάρχουν μεγάλες τυχαιοποιημένες μελέτες

▪ Από τις υπάρχοντες μελέτες δεν προέκυψαν ασφαλή συμπεράσματα

▪ Επομένως, η θεραπεία δεν υπόκεινται σε σαφείς κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες

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Θεραπεία ή Πρόληψη;

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Πρόληψη του φαινομένου μη επαναρροής

•Πριν την έναρξη του ισχαιμικού πόνου

•Πριν την επαναιμάτωση

•Εντός του αιμοδυναμικού εργαστηρίου

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Διαχείριση της ιδιαιτερότητας του ασθενούς για μικροκυκλοφοριακή βλάβη

• The DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-Glucose Infusion in AcuteMyocardial Infarction) study demonstrated that periprocedural reduction ofblood glucose was associated with a reduction of infarct size

• Iwakura et al. have demonstrated that chronic statin therapy in patientswith or without hypercholesterolemia is associated with lower prevalence ofno-reflow and better functional recovery.

• Induction of ischemic pre-conditioning by drugs or nonpharmacologic stimulisuch as remote ischemia of the arms

• Avoidance of substances potentially blocking pre-conditioning likesulfonylureas and high doses of alcohol

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Διαχείριση της ισχαιμικής βλάβης

➢Μειώνοντας το χρόνο από την έναρξη του συμπτώματος έως τηδιάνοιξη του αγγείου.

(↓ συνολικού ισχαιμικού χρόνου)

➢Μειώνοντας την έκταση της ισχαιμίας, με φάρμακα που βελτιώνουντην μυοκαρδιακή αιμάτωση και περιορίζοντας την ανάγκη τουμυοκαρδίου για οξυγόνο.

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Θρομβοαναρρόφηση

• Αντικρουόμενα συμπεράσματα από τις μελέτες

DEAR MI, REMEDIA, TAPAS vs TASTE, TOTAL

• Σύσταση για αναρρόφηση θρόμβου, σε επίπεδο PPCI, σε επιλεγμένους ασθενείς, με μεγάλο φορτίο θρόμβου, (Class iib, level of evidence A)

( 2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization)

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Burzotta, ESC 2009; Eur Heart J 2009 30(18):2193-2203

X-AMINE STX-SIZER

AntoniucciANGIOJET

NO

N-M

AN

UA

L TH

RO

MB

ECTO

MY

TVAC VAMPIRE

RESCUE Kaltoft

MA

NU

AL

ASP

IRAT

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REMEDIADIVER CE PIHRATEDe Luca

PRONTO DEAR-MI

EXPORT TAPASEXPORT EXPIRA

2,686 Patients

Median Follow-Up: 365 Days (significantly extended compared to published FU

of included trials: 135 days)

ATTEMPT: 11 Included Trials

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Burzotta, ESC 2009; Eur Heart J 2009 30(18):2193-2203

MANUAL ASPIRATION TRIALSNON-MANUAL THROMBECTOMY TRIALS

Estimated NNT: 34

300 600 900 1200

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

300 600 900 1200

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

p = 0.482

p = 0.011

Time to Death (days) Time to Death (days)

Standard PCI

ThrombectomyStandard PCI

Thrombectomy

Cumulative Survival Cumulative Survival

ATTEMPT: Impact of Type of Thrombectomy Device on Mortality

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Randomized trial of manual aspiration Thrombectomy + PCI vs. PCI Alone in

STEMI (TOTAL)

SS JOLLY, JA CAIRNS, S YUSUF, B MEEKS, J POGUE, MJ ROKOSS, S KEDEV, L THABANE, G STANKOVIC, R MORENO, A GERSHLICK, S CHOWDHARY, S LAVI, K NIEMELÄ, PG STEG,

I BERNAT, Y XU, WJ CANTOR, C OVERGAARD, C NABER, AN CHEEMA, RC WELSH, OF BERTRAND, A AVEZUM, R BHINDI, S PANCHOLY, SV RAO, MK NATARAJAN,

JM TEN BERG, O SHESTAKOVSKA, P GAO, P WIDIMSKY, V DŽAVÍK

ON BEHALF OF THE TOTAL INVESTIGATORS

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Conclusions

• Routine thrombectomy compared to PCI alone with only bailout thrombectomy did not reduce CV death, MI, shock or heart failure within 180 days

• Routine thrombectomy was associated with increased risk of stroke within 30 days

• TOTAL and TASTE emphasize the need to conduct large randomized trials of common interventions even when small trials appear positive

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Φαρμακευτική αντιμετώπιση (1)

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Φαρμακευτική αντιμετώπιση (2)

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ABCIXIMAB

• RELAX-AMI study 2007 Upstream beneficial in reducing infarct size, no reflow incidence

• Thiele et al (CIRCULATION 2008)Intracoronary administration prior to PTCA beneficial

• CADILLAC 2002 No superior benefit to placebo in absence of thienopyridineloading

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Tirofiban

• ONTIME 2 STUDY 2008 Infusion of tirofiban upstream beneficial

• Reduces no reflow incidence, infarct size on follow up

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IC infusion of Gp IIb-IIIa via dedicated perfusion catheter?

• May reduce thrombus burden at site of lesion in a most efficient manner

• May reduce no reflow phenomenon

• May address residual thrombus to prevent SAT

• May reduce cost with only bolus strategy

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INFUSE-AMI Conclusions

In patients presenting early within the course of

large anterior STEMI undergoing primary PCI with

bivalirudin:

1. Bolus IC abciximab delivered via ClearWay Rx

catheter resulted in significant but modest reduction

in infarct size at 30 days

2. Manual aspiracion with 6F Export catheter did not

reduce MI size

3. The utility of combined aspiration + local delivery of

IC abciximab deserves further studies

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ΑδενοσίνηAMISTAD II Infarct Size

57% reduction in median infarct size with 70 μg/kg/min x 3hrs, relative to placebo

p=0.122

26%

23%

11%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Placebo 50 μg 70 μg

Median LV Infarct Size (%)

p=0.028

0%

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Adenosine as an Adjunct to Reperfusion in the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction post hoc study (n=2118)

(AMISTAD-2 et al. EHJ 2006)

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Αδενοσίνη & Νιτροπρωσικό νάτριο

• REFLO-STEMI study, comparing the benefits in terms of MVO and infarct size of intracoronary adenosine, sodium nitroprusside and standard therapy; primary endpoint of the trial is CMRI measured infarct size at 48 and 72 h after pPCI

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Conclusions:

High-dose intracoronary adenosine and SNP during PPCI did not reduce infarct size or MVO measured by CMR imaging. Furthermore, adenosine may adversely affect mid-term clinical outcome and should not be used during PPCI to prevent reperfusion injury

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BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018; 18: 3.Published online 2018 Jan 10. doi: 10.1186/s12872-017-0722-zPMCID: PMC5763527

Effect of intracoronary agents on the no-reflow phenomenon during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a network meta-analysisXiaowei Niu,1 Jingjing Zhang,2 Ming Bai,3 Yu Peng,3 Shaobo Sun,4 and Zheng Zhangcorresponding author3

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The very early benefit of ticagrelor in STEMI is co-mediated by adenosine cardioprotectionmaintaining/ improving myocardial microcirculatory function, as well as via platelet inhibition or possibly other pleiotropic effects.

Ticagrelor vs. Placebo/ Clopidogrel With Aspirin in Anterior STEMI Patients Treated With Primary PCI

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SUGGESTED INTRACORONARY DRUG ADMINISTRATION REGIMENS FOR PREVENTION/TREATMENT OF NO-REFLOW

Verapamil Boluses of 100–200 µg up to four doses upto 1000µg

Nicardipine 200µg bolus intracoronary

Adenosine Boluses of 24 µg up to four doses or 70µg/kg/mt infusion for 3 hours

Sodium nitroprusside

Boluses of 100 µg up to total of 1,000 µg

Nitroglycerin Boluses of 100–200 µg up to four doses

Nicorandil Bolus of 2 mg intracoronary

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Current guidelines suggested approach for no-reflow prevention

ESC guidelines, EHJ, 2014

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Σας ευχαριστώ πολύ για την προσοχή σας

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Διάταξη τίτλου και περιεχομένου με λίστα

• Προσθέστε την πρώτη κουκκίδα εδώ

• Προσθέστε τη δεύτερη κουκκίδα εδώ

• Προσθέστε την τρίτη κουκκίδα εδώ

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Διάταξη τίτλου και περιεχομένου με γράφημα

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5

6

Κατηγορία 1 Κατηγορία 2 Κατηγορία 3 Κατηγορία 4

Σειρά 1 Σειρά 2 Σειρά 3

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Διάταξη δύο περιεχομένων με πίνακα

• Πρώτη κουκκίδα εδώ

• Δεύτερη κουκκίδα εδώ

• Τρίτη κουκκίδα εδώ

Ομάδα 1 Ομάδα 2

Κλάση 1 82 95

Κλάση 2 76 88

Κλάση 3 84 90

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Διάταξη τίτλου και περιεχομένου με SmartArt

Τίτλος βήματος 1

Τίτλος βήματος 2

Τίτλος βήματος 3

Τίτλος βήματος 4

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Κάντε κλικ για τίτλοΠΡΟΣΘΕΣΤΕ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ

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Κάντε κλικ για τίτλο

ΠΡΟΣΘΕΣΤΕ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ

• Προσθέστε κείμενο

ΠΡΟΣΘΕΣΤΕ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ

• Προσθέστε κείμενο

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Κάντε κλικ για τίτλο

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Κάντε κλικ για τίτλο

• Προσθέστε κείμενο

Προσθέστε κείμενο

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Κάντε κλικ για τίτλοΠροσθέστε κείμενο

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Περιφερικός Θρομβοεμβολισμός (1)• Distal embolization Emboli of different sizes

can originate from epicardial coronarythrombus and fissured atheroscleroticplaques, in particular during PPCI.

• Experimental observations have shown, thatmyocardial blood flow decreases irreversibly,when microspheres obstruct more than 50 %of coronary capillaries.

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Περιφερικός Θρομβοεμβολισμός (2)• Also occurs during elective PCI,

especially in Vein Grafts Angioplasties.

• Strict correlation between microemboliand Troponin I elevation.

• Contributes in Inflammatory Reaction andContractile Dysfunction.

• Induces Vasoconstriction, as confirmedby high serotonin levels.

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Ισχαιμική Βλάβη

• No-Reflow area gets swollen. Certain morphological changes are seen that results to no reflow phenomenon

• The capillary endothelium damaged

• Areas of regional swelling with intraluminal protrusions, thatin some plug the capillary lumen.

• Cellular edema compressing the capillaries

• Cell contracture in the ischemic zone also may contribute tothe microvascular compression.

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Βλάβη Επαναιμάτωσης

Massive infiltration of coronary microcirculation by neutrophils and platelets at the time of reperfusion

Release of oxygen free radicals, proteolytic enzymes and pro-inflammatory mediators

Subsequent adhesion at the endothelial surface and migration in the surrounding tissue

Tissue and endothelial damage

Sustained vasoconstriction of coronary microcirculation. Neutrophilsalso form aggregates with platelets, that plug capillaries thus

mechanically blocking flow

Finally vasoconstrictors released by damaged endothelial cells, neutrophils and platelets

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%age of optimal reperfusion, CADILLAC TRIAL

100 patients with STEMI treated by PPCI

93 patients with TIMI 3

49 patients with TIMI 3and MBG 2 or 3

35 patients with TIMI 3and MBG 2 or 3 and

STR>70 %

1 pt with TIMI 0-16 pts with TIMI 2

44 pts with MBG 0/1

14 pts with STR < 70%

Evaluation of post procedural

TIMI flow

Evaluation of post procedural

MBG

Evaluation of post procedural STR>

70%

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Reffelmannand Kloner. Heart 2002;87:162-168

Page 71: Φαινόμενο no reflow στην αγγειοπλαστική ......reduce CV death, MI, shock or heart failure within 180 days • Routine thrombectomy was associated with increased

From: No-reflow: again prevention is better than treatmentEur Heart J. 2010;31(20):2449-2455. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq299

Eur Heart J | Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2010. For permissions

please email: [email protected]

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Reperfusion therapy—What’s with the

obstructed, leaky and broken capillaries?

D. Neil Granger, Peter R. Kvietys

Pathophysiology

Volume 24, Issue 4, Pages 213-228 (December 2017)

DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.003

Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

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THROMBOLYSIS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION FLOW GRADING SYSTEM DEFINED

Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Flow Grading System

Grade 0

Complete occlusion of the infarct-related artery

Grade 1

Some penetration of contrast material beyond the point of obstruction but without perfusion of the distal coronary bed

Grade 2

Perfusion of the entire infarct vessel into the distal bed but with delayed flow when compared with a normal artery

Grade 3

Full perfusion of the infarct vessel with normal flow

Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, et al. Circulation 1987;76:142-54. PMID: 3109764.

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Inci

de

nce

(%)

In-Hospital Clinical Outcomes

Adjusted Odds Ratio for Mortality= 2.21, 95% CI 1.97-2.47, p<0.001

P<0.0001 for each outcome

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Fig. 2

Pathophysiology 2017 24, 213-228DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.003)

Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

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Effects of Duration of Preceeding Ischemia on No Reflow

>20% Primary PCI

<2% Elective PCI

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ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΔΡΟΜΗ

The first clinical observation of coronary no-reflow was reported by Schofer etal.in 1985.

In 1989, Wilson et al. observed persistent angina with ST elevation in associationwith a slow angiographic antegrade flow despite a widely patent angioplasty site infive patients immediately after PTCA of a thrombus containing lesion.

In 1991,Pomerantz et al. reported five more cases of no- reflow successfullytreated by intracoronary verapamil.

The first clinical case of no-reflow during PTCA for acute myocardial infarction wasreported by Feld et al. in 1992.

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Παθοφυσιολογία no Reflow

▪ No reflow results from obstruction of the myocardial

microcirculation, defined as vessels 200 μm in diameter.

▪ Preexisting microvascular dysfunction may exacerbate

the degree of microvascular obstruction that develops

after both elective and infarct-related PCI.

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TIMI GRADING FOR THROMBUS

JACC vol.50,2007

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Forrest plot of weighted mean difference of the long‐term left ventricular ejection fraction in

deferred‐ vs immediate‐stenting groups.

Jianzhong Qiao et al. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:e004838

© 2017 Jianzhong Qiao et al.

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Individual susceptibility to No-reflow Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροή

Timmer et al, AJC, 2005 Iwakura et al, JACC, 2003

Diabetes and acute hyper-glycaemia

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Golino et al, Circulation, 1987 Iwakura et al, EHJ, 2006

Individual susceptibility to No-reflow

Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροή

Hypercholesterolemia

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Atherosclerosis 2017 263, e163-e164DOI: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.520)

Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

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Individual susceptibility to No-reflow Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροήPrior drug therapy

Niccoli et al, AJC, 2010

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Karila-Cohen et al, EHJ, 1999

Individual susceptibility to No-reflow

Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροή

Pre-infarction angina