Oct 17, 2014 9:30am–12:00pm, High Bay - University of ...cally investigated in this paper are the...

E&SUndergraduate and Graduate

Research SymposiumOct 17, 2014

9:30am–12:00pm, High Bay

College of Engineering & ScienceAt UDM we want GREAT things for you!

Dear Colleagues and Students,

Welcome to the Annual Undergraduate and Graduate Research Symposium in the College of Engineering and Science at the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM). We are here to highlight and celebrate the work and efforts of our talented students in research and design projects. Engaging in these activities, especially as an undergraduate, is transformational, inspirational and a major step forward in career discernment and development. Tackling tough and challenging problems sharpens critical thinking, encourages creativity and innovation. It presents students with an introduction to both challenges and rewards of discovery, invention and accomplishment on which scientists and engineers thrive.

Our College prides itself on our commitment to students and their success at UDM and in their careers. For our visiting high school students, I encourage you to spend time with our students to learn how the work that they are presenting has in!uenced them and expanded their career horizons. You will also learn of the close interaction that you will "nd at UDM between faculty and students and the value of faculty mentorship in preparing you for your life and career. We thank you for joining us at this event and, maybe, you too can envision yourself as a future UDM student presenting your work at this Symposium.

Symposiums, like research, require the dedicated efforts of hard working teams to bring to realization. The College would like to acknowledge the dedicated faculty and staff who have contributed to the success of this Symposium, with a special thanks to the faculty organizers, Dr. Mary Tracy Bee (Biology) and Dr. Klaus Friedrich (Chemistry). We also acknowledge our sponsors and the many students presenting or organizing the conference. May you have an exciting and motivating day!

College of Engineering & Science

Gary Kuleck, Ph.D.Dean, College of Engineering and Science

Research is a priority for our faculty, as well as our students. It is an integral part of our daily lives here at UDM. This symposium was organized as an opportunity to share the passion we have for involving students in our research. We hope that you will learn more about the exciting work that we explore here at UDM.

2014 Undergraduate and Graduate Research Symposium Organizational Committee:

Mary Tracy Bee, Co-ChairKlaus Friedrich, Co-Chair

Committee Members: Stokes Baker, Rachelle Belanger, Jeffrey Boats, Shuvra Das, Greg Grabowski, Jim Graves, Jacob Kagey, Mirella Mesic, Nassif Rayess, Pamela Rhoades-Todd, Alexa Rihana-Abdallah, Jeffe Stevens, Jonathon Stevens

College of Engineering and Science Mission Statement

It is our mission to serve the Detroit area, the national and world communities through the education of professional engineers, scientists and mathematicians, through the discovery, application, and dissemination of knowledge.

That education will be personally focused on the needs of each student, value centered in the tradition of the Catholic Church, affordable, and unexcelled in quality of instruction and content. It will be characterized by a hands-on nature, which includes frequent laboratory experiences and an integrated cooperative experience for all students. It will be convenient to all students, whether full-time or part-time, on-campus or off-campus. The College will discover and apply knowledge, which effectively addresses the critical opportunities and challenges of the urban and industrial communities.

It will do so in active and intimate partnerships with industry and government. We will be helpful, courteous, and professional in all internal and external interactions.


Imagine a better world…and then create it

Panel Discussions: Room 131 Engineering

Students will discuss topics related to “Life at UDM” and “Getting Involved in Research at UDM” with Dr. Shuvra Das serving as the facilitator of the event. Perspective students are invited and encouraged to ask questions pertaining to all aspects of UDM life.

Come hear a university student’s perspective!

Student Organizations

The College of Engineering and Science is proud to host many active student organizations. Read more about our different groups of students and the many activities they participate in. A few have been highlighted on the following pages.

• Alpha Epsilon (AED): Pre-Med and Pre-Dental• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) • Association for Computing Machinery• Biology Club • Chemistry Club • Chi Epsilon (EX) Civil Engineering Honorary• E & S Student Council (ESSC)• Eta Kappa NU (HKN):Electrical Engineering Honorary• Institute of Electrical/Electronic Engineers (IEEE) • National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)• Pi Mu Epsilon• Pi Tau Sigma: Mechanical Engineering Honorary• Pre-Dentistry Student Association• Pre-PA Club• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)• Society of Hispanic Professors/Engineers (SHPE)• Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)• Society of Women Engineers (SWE)• Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society• Theta Tau

Chemistry Club

Mission Statement“As student members of the American Chemical Society, UDM’s Chemistry Club exists to promote chemical education through community service in an urban setting, provide pre-professional opportunities, and engage in fellowship through social activities.”

Chemistry Club Events

• Boy and Girl Scour Merit Badge Clinics

• Trip to Haunted House

• National Chemistry Week Demonstrations (Cranbrook Institute of Science, Detroit Zoo)

• Thanksgiving Potluck

• January Retreat

• Battle of the Michigan Chem Clubs

• Detroit-Area Pre-College Engineering Program

• ACS National Meeting in New Orleans, LA

• Ethnic Food Night

• Department Seniors Commencement Breakfast

Pre-Physician Assistant Club

The Pre-Physician Assistant Club is a relatively new club that was founded in 2012 with the intention of assisting both Pre-PA and 5-Year PA students in preparing for various PA graduate programs. In order to do this, the Pre-PA Club holds seminars providing students with information regarding prerequisite coursework, volunteering, patient care, the GRE, the CASPA application process and the interview process. Additionally, we familiarize students with the PA Profession by inviting Physician Assistants coming from different backgrounds to speak at our meetings. Furthermore, the Pre-PA Club is active in the community and participates in service learning projects, fundraising for organizations, and different activities in the Detroit area.

Pre-Physician Assistant Club Events:

Service Learning Project: Hand Washing at GESU 2012 Volunteer Cheer Station at Making Strides Breast Cancer Walk 2013

• Bowling Fundraiser for the RMS Hospital in India• Service Learning Project: Hand Washing

at GESU Elementary School• Cadaver Lab Visit with Dr. Bee

• Volunteer Cheer Station at Making Strides Breast Cancer Walk

• Guest Hosting Fundraiser for Dear Jack Foundation at Lily’s Seafood Grill & Brewery

Pre-Dental Student’s Association

PDSA is a group organization that advances the efforts of pre-dental students who display serious interest in their future as a dental professional. The association is committed to informing, educating, and providing services for its members and the surrounding community.

Biology Club

The Biology Club is a science-based student organization that is open to all biology and bio-chemistry majors attending the University of Detroit Mercy. Our mission is to bring all students together, utilizing our common majors to get involved in the community. The Biology Club advocates environmental awareness, supports overseas medical efforts, and supports medical research. In addition to a science-focus, the Biology Club also has a student focus. We strive to promote collaboration amongst students by hosting campus-wide events that combine scienti"c fun and knowledge.

Biology Club Events:

• River Rouge Middle School STEM club• Safety Street

UDM Biology Club Of"cers

Thank you!

The People Choice Award and the Entrepreneurially Minded Awards are supported by the Kern Entrepreneurship Education Network (KEEN) of the Kern Family Foundation.

The People’s Choice Award will be chosen by our visiting high school students. The winner will receive a $700 award.

Entrepreneurially Minded Awards will be given in the sum of $500, $300, $200 to both product-oriented and basic science types of posters. These posters are evaluated for scienti"c quality, presentation, and bene"t to society.

The College of Engineering and Science thanks the Kern family for their signi"cant and generous contribution to this event.


THANKSSpecial thanks are given to Bruce Balconi, Mary Jackman, Nicole Oliver as well as our many students and student organizations. Our alumni and others not mentioned here have been helpful in the planning of this event. We thank those individuals for all they have done.

College of Engineering & Science College of Engineering & Science

1 2 3 4HARDWARE-BASED EXPERIMENTS FOR FLIPPING THE CLASSROOM

SIMULATION-BASED DESIGN STUDY OF AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL VEHICLE

Mechanical Engineering

Li Guan, Mechanical EngineeringRick Hill, Mechanical Engineering

This work describes the simulation-based design of a teleoperated, omnidirectional ground vehicle. The multi-body dynamic simulation employed is developed in the Simulink environment, speci"cally employing the Simscape extension of Simulink. The accuracy of the simulation is validated by comparison to data taken from one physical instantiation of the vehicle. The use of simulation allows controlled and rapid “testing” of various con"gurations of the vehicle without requiring any new construction and without endangering physical hardware. The simulation also provides estimates of quantities, like road force and inertial position, that are dif"cult to measure. The elements of the vehicle design that are speci"cally investigated in this paper are the vehicle’s physical geometry and its control system. The design of the vehicle’s control system is challenging because of nonlinearities and uncertainty in the model and because it is desired to control three tightly-coupled outputs (longitudinal, lateral, and angular velocity) via six different inputs (force generated at each of the vehicle’s six wheels).


Danqing Zhang, Mechanical EngineeringRoy Toth, Electrical and Computer EngineeringRick Hill, Mechanical Engineering

The advent of new software tools and the rapidly declining cost of hardware have changed the nature of what is required of the modern engineer. These changes require modi"cations to the curriculum, but also provide a new set of tools to help students learn. This work outlines some hardware-based activities that have been developed and piloted at the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM) with the purpose of transforming the way system dynamics and control courses are taught to make them more effective and relevant to today’s engineering students. These activities offer the promise to improve student understanding of the underlying theory, while exposing students to some practical considerations related to control system design and implementation. The activities that have been developed have been designed to be relatively inexpensive and to require minimal additional instruction for students to carry out. These goals were sought in order to allow the activities to be performed during a short class period (such as in an inverted course), or to be performed outside of class as part of a homework assignment, such that additional courses would not need to be added to an already crowded curriculum. The experiments that have been developed speci"cally rely on inexpensive Arduino hardware and MATLAB/Simulink software.


Danqing Zhang, Mechanical EngineeringRoy Toth, Electrical and Computer EngineeringRick Hill, Mechanical Engineering

The advent of new software tools and the rapidly declining cost of hardware have changed the nature of what is required of the modern engineer. These changes require modi"cations to the curriculum, but also provide a new set of tools to help students learn. This work outlines some hardware-based activities that have been developed and piloted at the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM) with the purpose of transforming the way system dynamics and control courses are taught to make them more effective and relevant to today’s engineering students. These activities offer the promise to improve student understanding of the underlying theory, while exposing students to some practical considerations related to control system design and implementation. The activities that have been developed have been designed to be relatively inexpensive and to require minimal additional instruction for students to carry out. These goals were sought in order to allow the activities to be performed during a short class period (such as in an inverted course), or to be performed outside of class as part of a homework assignment, such that additional courses would not need to be added to an already crowded curriculum. The experiments that have been developed speci"cally rely on inexpensive Arduino hardware and MATLAB/Simulink software.

MODIFIED SONOGASHIRA REACTION INVOLVING SYNTHETIC CONTROL THROUGH SILYLACETYLENE

Chemistry & Biochemistry

Alethea Fei, Chemistry & BiochemistryWitold Fuchs, Chemistry & BiochemistryTimothy Gornall, Chemistry & BiochemistryHaley Le, Chemistry & BiochemistryMatthew Mio, Chemistry & Biochemistry

Sonogashira coupling reactions have been modi"ed to include the insertion of carbon monoxide at the junction of the aryl ring and acetylene functional groups. In situ removal of the terminal silylacetylene protecting group allows for further, one-pot difunctionalization. Key to the protocol is the inclusion of a mixture of two nitrogenous bases: triethylamine and amidines, such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). Under balloon pressure of CO, the triethylamine base aids in the carbonyl insertion, while the amidine affects the in situ silylacetylene deprotection. Substoichiometric amounts of water, in addition to Pd catalyst, CuI and organic solvent are also required for these transformations to proceed.

CARBON MONOXIDE INSERTION IN A MODIFIED SONOGASHIRA COUPLING REACTION

2 41 3



Kim Utterbeck, Chemistry & BiochemistryMalcolm N. Spicer, Chemistry & BiochemistryJonathan Stevens, Chemistry & Biochemistry

PEMFCs, or Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, or simply “Fuel Cells” , are expected to continue to play a role in the ongoing development of applied alternative energy sources While the !uorinated polymer Na"on is one proposed membrane material, For reasons of cost and environmental impact, non!uorinated materials have also been proposed for polymer electrolyte membranes. Sulfonated polyether(ether) ketone, or sulfonated PEEK, or sPEEK membranes are one possible candidate for fuel cell membranes; Polyethersulfones (PSUs) can also be used to create proton-exchanging membranes. While studies suggest these materials are physically stable, questions remain over the chemical stability of such membranes, particularly in the presence of H and OH radicals. Our group’s research to implements molecular orbital and density functional calculations to study the attack of OH and of H radicals on sPEEK polymers, Due to the large number of electrons to be modeled in the complete polymer, our group studies the chemistry of small model compounds of sPEEK and PSU used in previous studies. Our density functional calculations carry this work further that H and OH radicals readily attach to the aryl rings of sPEEK and PSU polymers and that this addition weakens bonds from the ring to sulfonyl groups and to the backbone of the polymer.

COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF MECHANISMS OF FUEL CELL MEMBRANE POLYMER DEGRADATION

Mathematics & Software Engineering

Hanzhang Wang, Mathematics & Software EngineeringJuan Felipe Salazar, Mathematics & Software EngineeringKevin Daimi, Mathematics & Software Engineering

Critical Control Systems (CCS) control critical resources, such as utility management, transportation controls, communication networks, and energy resources, with the main purpose of avoiding accidents that can affects people life. It is therefore very critical to secure such systems. The vulnerability in the management of these resources is very critical because it impacts the quality of lives of the citizens in many cities. To secure these systems, there is a need to implement cryptology to ensure these systems have high availability needed for their proper and safe operations. In this project, a cryptographic protocol is proposed to secure every layer of the system to accomplish the proper functioning and enhance the quality attributes of the system. Public key encryption, digital signature and other cryptographic techniques to ensure the integrity, authentication, availability, and con"dentiality of the system are adopted.

CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL OF CRITICAL CONTROL SYSTEM

Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering

Brysen Keith, Civil, Architectural & Environmental EngineeringMary Tracy-Bee, Biology

Congenital Heart Defects or CHD’s are the most common type of birth defects. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention measures that about 1% of all newborns are affected by some type of CHD. Of every 1000 babies born, six are born with what is called Critical Aortic Valve Stenosis, or a narrowing of the aortic ori"ce and/or aortic valve. Diagnosis is usually made fairly easily by looking for heart murmurs and following up with electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and less common cardiac catheterization. Upon diagnosis, evaluation must take place to determine the extent of the stenosis and what effect it will have to a newborn. In most cases, surgery is not necessary and only monitoring is needed in the future. However, some severe cases require surgery to increase blood !ow into the aortic arch. In this case, there are three major different types of surgery that can be selected to treat the stenosis. Each method involves differing levels of evasiveness and effectiveness and must be carefully selected to ensure the success of a positive prognosis of a child.

CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS


Brysen Keith, Civil, Architectural & Environmental EngineeringAlan Hoback, Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering

Trichloroethylene is an environmental contaminant that has found its way into many water aquifers in the US. One such place of contamination is located in Mancelona MI where concentrations of TCE rand from 10 to 150ppb in some locations covering roughly six miles. In an attempt to remediate the TCE back down to acceptable levels many different remediation techniques were looked at including bioremediation.

IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE 6 85 7


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Farag Khouja, Mechanical EngineeringShuvra Das, Mechanical EngineeringNassif Rayess, Mechanical Engineering

Functionally graded materials (FGM’s) are advanced composites consisting of two or more materials whose composition and structure changes gradually over the volume, leading to gradual change in its property. Typically one component is a ceramic, while the other is metal or metal alloy. In common embodiments, the composition can change gradually from all ceramic on one side to all metal on the other side, the ceramic contributing high resistance to temperature with the metal contributing high ductility. It’s a way to incorporate favorable properties of two materials into different locations of a single structure. In ideal cases the composition changes gradually but for manufacturing reasons, the changes occurs in homogeneous layers. The boundaries between the layers cause thermal residual stresses to arise, especially during material processing and in cases of cyclic loading. These thermal residual stresses are a result of differences in the thermal expansion coef"cient of the varying compositions of materials. Thermal residual stresses may lead to cracking and ultimate failure of FGM’s. This study investigates the formation of thermal residual stresses for a Nickel-Alumina Ni-Al2O3 FGM. The Ni-Al2O3 system is chosen because it is one of the most common systems used in practice. This work explores the formation, impact and minimization of thermal residual stresses for a number of practical conditions that may arise

THERMAL RESIDUAL STRESSES IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS (FGM’S)


Jacob VanAssche, Mathematics & Software EngineeringDaniel Webster, Mathematics & Software EngineeringKevin Daimi, Mathematics & Software Engineering

E-visit systems are a way for patients to receive medical advice about minor issues. Many hospitals have been using these types of systems as a complementary way to interact with patients about their medical history and any conditions they may currently have. There have been standards set by the government, mainly the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). We will discuss general security concerns for E-visit systems and derive various security requirements from the concerns originating in the design of the system. We will also use both the systems already in place for hospitals and the standards set by the HIPAA to elicit our security requirements for E-visit systems. Then, we devise protocols to meet various security requirements. These protocols, if followed properly, will ensure that the E-visit system remains secure and that all of the information passed during the running of the system will be protected as well. We will explain the importance of protocols and how cryptographic protocols will ensure the security of the system.

APPLYING CRYPTOLOGY TO E-VISIT SYSTEMS

latter prevented contraction of sphincters during the perfusion process. The GI tract was removed from its crop to the anus, freed of its connective tissue, and an 18 G needle was inserted and secured with suture into the anterior aperture of the crop. Hansson’s media was loaded into a 3 ml syringe, secured onto the needle and run through the entire length of the GI tract for 5 minutes. This was followed sequentially in similar manner by Sorensen’s phosphate buffer (pH 8) for 2 minutes, 2% ammonium sul"de for 2 minutes, and Sorensen’s phosphate buffer (pH 5) for 2 minutes. The tissue was quickly "xed in situ with Bouin’s "xative and dehydrated for embedding in paraf"n. Acetazolamide (1 mM, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) was perfused through the GI tract prior to Hansson’s media as a negative control. Cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase was localized in the ceca and hindgut, with little to none in the crop and midgut of the roaches. Membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase was absent. Neuroendocrine cells where visualized in comparable sections with PAS-orange G technique, however, correlation with these cells is yet to be determined. The Hansson’s technique modi"ed for perfusion has the potential for use in ducts effected by cystic "brous, where defective chloride transport affects bicarbonate secretion and digestive function. Carbonic anhydrase’s localization also has potential for investigating its role in bacterial colonization in roaches. Transgenic E. coli using the Green Fluorescence kit (Carolina Biological), where preliminarily fed to roaches and their GI tracts exposed to a UV source after one week. Bacteria colonized the roach’s GI tract and demonstrate a possible source for food contamination.

Biology

Gregory Grabowski, BiologyJaramys Mosley, BiologyTyler Peters, BiologyBrie Wilcox, BiologyAshraf Zaitouna, BiologyAnnie Zhang, Biology

As a primitive insect species roaches can serve as a model system for investigation into general physiologic studies. The Madagascar roach, Gromphaorhina portentosa, was selected for gastro-intestinal (GI) carbonic anhydrase localization because of its large size and relatively simple anatomy when compared to mammals. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the following reaction, CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> H+ + HCO3-, and is responsible for bicarbonate secretion within the digestive system. Hansson’s technique is an enzyme histochemical method whereby Hansson’s media (1.86 Mm CoSO4, 3.73 mM KH2PO4, 158 mM NaHCO3, 55.9 mM H2SO4) forms a cobalt phosphate precipitate around the high pH micro-environment around carbonic anhydrase which is visualized with ammonium sul"de, turning the precipitate black. Typically this technique is performed with cryostat sections !oated on the media, because of its limited penetration into tissue. The Madagascar roach was used to test the feasibility of adapting the Hansson’s technique for perfusion of its thin walled GI tract, and for its possible application in other similar structures. Roaches were euthanized with chloroform and injected with 10-3 mM of nicotine to relax the striated muscle of their muscularis. The

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE LOCALIZATION IN THE GASTRO-INTESTINE TRACT OF THE MADAGASCAR ROACH, GROMPHAORHINA PORTENTOSA 119 10


1 2 13


Kaitlyn Durham-Wacasey, Chemistry & BiochemistryBhakti Patil, BiologyDawn Archey, Mathematics & Software Engineering

Using functions, similar triangles, and function composition the researchers observed that between 16.2% and 38.3% of the Maldives will have disappeared under water by 2100. However, the consequences of global warming and sea level rise cannot be measured purely numerically. For example, one important consequence for people living on low-lying islands such as the Maldives is the loss of their ancestral homelands. As their homelands disappear beneath the waves, people are forced to relocate, often losing their community and their traditions.

LOSS OF ANCESTRAL HOMELANDS IN LOW-LYING ISLAND NATIONS DUE TO SEA-LEVEL

and P. putida attained ODs over 150. With byproduct made by transesteri"cation, P. aeruginosa, and P. putida produced ODs near 100 and P. !uorescens showed an OD near 50. Viable cell counts in medium with byproduct attained 108 colony forming units (CFU)/ml. When tested in a microplate redox-based array (Biolog, Inc.) the bacteria demonstrated ability for oxidation of glycerol and tweens. Biodiesel glycerol byproduct could serve as a possible carbon source for Pseudomonas species.

Biology

James Graves, BiologyChristopher Fronczak, BiologyKezia S. Mathew, BiologySeon Gyeong Park, Biology

In manufacture of biodiesel a byproduct is made that contains glycerol. Pseudomonas species are used to synthesize biochemicals and in bioremediation. Because some isolates of Pseudomonas utilize glycerol the growth of selected species with biodiesel glycerol byproduct was investigated. When assessed by a rapid solid phase lysochrome diazo dye assay (Precision Labs, Inc.), glycerol, byproduct made by transesteri"cation or catalyst column, and soap failed to test positive for lipid in contrast to vegetable oil, biodiesel and tween 20. On spirit blue agar Pseudomonas species exhibited a halo around areas of bacterial growth which was indicative of the presence of lipase. Ability to grow at 14°C or 42°C differentiated several species. Antibiograms made by disk diffusion showed all the bacteria exhibited sensitivity to cipro!oxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline, but some grew up to disks of chloramphenicol and erythromycin. On minimal agar, containing only essential nutrients, with glucose, glycerol or byproduct made by transesteri"cation or catalyst column as carbon sources, P. aeruginosa, P. cepacia, P. !uorescens and P. putida showed fair to excellent growth. In minimal broth, when glucose, glycerol or byproduct from catalyst column served as carbon source, measurement of optical density (OD) by a Klett – Summerson colorimeter showed P. aeruginosa, P. !uorescens

during processing. All relevant properties are calculated using the rule of mixture equations. Abaqus, a non-linear FEA solver, is used for all the simulation work. In addition, the study includes both elastic and elasto-plastic analyses to demonstrate the difference.

BIODIESEL GLYCEROL BY-PRODUCT AS FEEDSTOCK FOR PSEUDOMONADS OF INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE IN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH12


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Dominic Rinna, Mathematics & Software EngineeringMauricio Zamora, Mechanical EngineeringDawn Archey, Mathematics & Software Engineering

After the almost complete disappearance of the gray wolf in the State of Michigan several efforts to ensure the survival of a very small and vulnerable population were put into action. Today, the population of gray wolves in the Upper Peninsula has grown signi"cantly; consequently, the biological and social concerns are very different. Understanding of wolf biology has improved signi"cantly and mathematical models are more important than ever to predict the consequences of management decisions in order to establish predator control programs and regulations accordingly. In this paper we present a mathematical model for the change through time of the population of wolves and their primary prey item, white tailed deer, in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. A Lotka-Volterra model is proposed in order to describe the dynamics of this biological system in which wolves and deer interact, the former as predator and the latter as prey. Results show that in the years to come the wolf population will stabilize at a certain value, whereas the deer population will continue to decrease until possibly reaching dangerously low numbers.

WOLF-DEER INTERACTIONS IN MICHIGAN: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL


Nicholas Garippa, BusinessMichael Purdy-Sachs, BiologyLuke Stempien, BiologyDayton Yingling, Mathematics & Software EngineeringDawn Archey, Mathematics & Software Engineering

As sea-level rises due to global warming, there will be many consequences for poor people around the world, especially those living on low-lying islands. The authors used a prism model of the Maldives along with function composition to study how quickly the islands are being covered by the rising seas. However, long before the islands disappear completely they will become uninhabitable, due to increased coastal !ooding among other factors. Unfortunately, although climate change is mostly caused by wealthier industrial societies, poor people will be impacted by global climate change "rst and worst. One example of this is the dramatic impact sea level rise is expected to have on subsistence "sher folk living on low lying islands.

15 COASTAL FLOODING IN LOW-LYING ISLAND NATIONS DUE TO SEA-LEVEL RISE


Claudia Bernasconi, School of ArchitectureXiaohui Zhong, Mathematics & Software EngineeringLeo Hani"n, Mechanical EngineeringLinda Slowik, PsychologyKrysia Bussiere, School of ArchitectureHeifai Cheng, Mathematics & Software EngineeringAlanna Conner, School of Architecture

This study investigated public knowledge, opinions and attitudes towards transit in Southeastern Michigan, with focus on the understanding differences in perceptions and beliefs of diverse population groups in the region. Supported by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers Program under Grant Number DTRT12-G-UTC21, a grant was awarded to the University of Detroit Mercy through the Mineta National Transit Research Coalition. The funding was matched by a grant from the Hands Foundation through Transportation Riders United (TRU) and by support from the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM). The team assembled for this study included investigators from diverse backgrounds on transit research and advocacy. The study included the design, administration, and analysis of a comprehensive public opinion survey (a pilot with 300 respondents and a full survey 800 respondents) including automated call and online surveys. Public opinion was measured in relation to travel behavior and transportation priorities, to willingness to support transit and improve its sustainability, and to perceived bene"ts and negatives of transit initiatives. Findings highlight the

14 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC, POLITICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF PUBLIC OPINION ON TRANSIT

political nature of transit issues, as well as the impact of ethnicity, educational levels, and urban contexts on perceptions and priorities. Results led to increased understanding of key issues connected to public opinion of transit and to the development of a set of recommendations for effective educational efforts in the transit "eld. Findings also bene"t policy makers, planners, community designers, transit agencies, and transit advocacy groups.


Electrical and Computer Engineering

Jiyong Gao, Electrical and Computer EngineeringChaomin Luo, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Path planning is an essential issue for intelligent vehicles and many other robotic applications. Real-time path planning is desirable for ef"cient performance in many applications. In this project, a novel fuzzy-logic-based model integrated with an ef"cient smoother is proposed for real-time path planning of autonomous vehicles in unknown environments. The proposed model is compared with several existing path planning methodologies. The proposed method does not need any templates, even in unknown environments. Environmental information of the real-world gathered by IR and ultrasonic sensors is transmitted to the fuzzy logic based coordination system. Simulation results validate how a fuzzy logic system directs an intelligent mobile robot to perform point-to-point navigation with obstacle avoidance. Comparison studies of the proposed approach with the navigation models by neural networks and genetic algorithms show that the proposed method is capable of planning more reasonable, shorter and smooth collision-free trajectory.

19 AN EFFICIENT SMOOTH-DRIVEN FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH TO REAL-TIME VEHICLE NAVIGATION


Dominic Rinna, Mathematics & Software EngineeringJeffe Boats, Mathematics & Software Engineering

A graph is group magic for abelian group G if non-zero labels from G can be assigned to the graph’s edges in such a way that each vertex has the same vertex-sum, the sum of the labels on its incident edges. We wish to categorize which graphs or classes of graphs have the group-magic property for various abelian groups. This leads to systems of equations over a group rather than a "eld, which is a signi"cant complication. We are developing a modi"ed Gaussian elimination technique, which we hope will be applicable to this and many other problems. To help in analyzing this problem, several pieces of software have also been under development, including a tool for creating and collecting data for connected graphs and a program for analyzing the group magic properties of these connected graphs. This research has applications in topics concerning communication networks and development of cryptology involving identi"cation numbers.

18 GROUP MAGIC FOR ABELIAN GROUPS


David Brush, Chemistry & BiochemistryMarek Danilczuk, Chemistry & BiochemistryShulamith Schlick, Chemistry & Biochemistry

We present experiments on the effect of water content and degree of sulfonation (DS) on phase separation in the SPEEK ionomer via the implementation of nitroxide spin probing electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. SPEEK samples with different degrees of sulfonation (DS) were obtained by varying the reaction time of PEEK with sulfuric acid at 60oC. Membranes were prepared by standard solvent casting method using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. The nitroxide radical 4-oxo-TEMPO (TEMPONE) was used as a spin probe.

Temperature variations in the range 110 - 350 K of the ESR spectra were recorded to obtain information on the dynamical properties of the membranes as a function of water content and DS. SPEEK membranes with DS = 38, 58, and 70 were analyzed. For each DS, two different sets of spectra were obtained: 1.

17 THE EFFECT OF WATER CONTENT AND DEGREE OF SULFONATION ON THE PHASE SEPARATION OF SULFONATED POLY(ETHER ETHER KETONE) (SPEEK) IONOMER STUDIED BY ESR NITROXIDE SPIN PROBING

Membranes were soaked in the TEMPONE solution at ambient temperature, and 2. Membranes were soaked in the TEMPONE solution at 60oC for one hour prior to ESR measurements. Two components were detected in the spectra of all three SPEEK samples, and in both ambient and 60oC soaked membranes. At 350 K, SPEEK with DS = 38 soaked at ambient temperature was the most rigid medium and SPEEK with DS = 70 soaked at 60oC was the least rigid. The mobility of the spin probe increased with higher DS and at the higher hydration temperature.


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Biology

Negar Mehrabi, BiologySamantha Michalak, Wayne State University, School of MedicineSoham Trivedi, College of Health ProfessionsMark Ottenbreit, BiologyMary Tracy-Bee, Biology

The semispinalis capitis muscle is found in the posterior neck of humans. This muscle allows us to extend our head and neck. The semispinalis capitis muscle is also known as the biventer cervicis muscle. The majority of anatomy textbooks and atlases depict this muscle as containing two bellies of muscle with a linear intervening white tendonous band that neatly separates the muscle into upper and lower parts. We dissected the posterior neck and upper back of thirty-seven cadavers with a total of seventy-two individual muscles in order to isolate this muscle and gain better clari"cation of this muscle’s appearance. We found that this muscle does not appear as commonly depicted in most anatomy books. Instead we found that its intervening tendon is not linearly horizontal. Its tendon consists of multiple different parts that are commonly disconnected and lie either superior or inferior to each other in three different categories. The three main classi"cations include two uniform vertical bands, one vertical with one curved band, and an other group. We found that 54.2 percent falls in the two uniform vertical band classi"cation, 26.4 percent falls in the one vertical one curved band classi"cation, and 19.4 percent falls in the other classi"cation. Our discovery will change the

MORPHOLOGY OF THE SEMIPSPINALIS CAPITIS MUSCLE IN THE NECK21


Linda Kalfayan, Chemistry & BiochemistryDaniella Kawamba, Chemistry & BiochemistryKlaus Friedrich, Chemistry & Biochemistry

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are involved in numerous cellular mechanisms ranging from neural development to the processing of cognitive, sensory and motor information. Several neurological and psychiatric disorders like Parkinson’s Disease, Fragile-X syndrome, depression, schizophrenia and addiction have been linked to derailed signaling pathways associated with mGluRs. Due to the therapeutic bene"ts of targeting allosteric binding sites of these receptors, a synthetic pathway to new mGluR5 NAM chemotypes is being investigated. A new scaffold has been designed that through simple chemical modi"cation can yield a plethora of ligands. Careful spatial arrangement of substituents, a balance of physicochemical properties required to penetrate the CNS and metabolic innocuousness are considered in the design. A group of key intermediates that can be obtained via a short synthetic pathway has been identi"ed. Modi"cations of these key intermediates are underway to introduce substituents known to interact strongly with the allosteric binding sites of this receptor. A convergent synthetic methodology is sought that yields products for testing in cell and animal models.

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF BIASED LIGANDS FOR GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS


Jiyong Gao, Electrical and Computer EngineeringChaomin Luo, Electrical and Computer Engineering

A novel biologically-inspired neural dynamics (BIND) approach associated with developed smooth-curve-driven autonomous vehicle navigation and mapping is proposed in this research project. The BIND algorithm is utilized to navigate an autonomous vehicle to reach goal with obstacle avoidance motivated by a biological neural system. As the vehicle plans its trajectory toward the goal, unreasonable path will be inevitably planned. A smooth-curve-driven guidance paradigm is developed for guidance of the vehicle locally so as to plan more reasonable and smoother trajectories. The biologically-inspired neural dynamics based scheme demonstrates that the algorithms avoid the issue of local minima in path planning. Both simulation and comparison studies of autonomous vehicle navigation demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of planning more reasonable, shorter and smoother collision-free paths in non-stationary and unstructured environments compared with other approaches.

20 MANAGING NEURAL DYNAMICS OF AN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NAVIGATION

way in which this muscle is drawn in anatomical textbooks. Future studies planned involve quantifying the tendon and its relationship to the muscle belly in comparison to the C7 cervical vertebrae.


Biology

Frank Adamini, BiologyShannon Moore, BiologyJordan Stewart, BiologyJacob D. Kagey, Biology

Many developmental pathways are altered during human cancer development. A substantial number of these pathways are evolutionarily conserved in Drosophila melanogaster, such as the Hedgehog signaling pathway. The Hedgehog pathway is commonly altered in basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Using controlled crosses we can create tissue that has both homozygous mutant and homozygous wild type cells (denoted by the presence of GFP). Using this technique we have assayed the tumor phenotypes of two different Hedgehog mutants, patched (ptc) and costal 2 (cos). These experiments were conducted in different genetic backgrounds that either allowed or prevented cellular apoptosis. Despite these mutations occurring in the same molecular pathway, we have observed distinct overgrowth phenotypes. Differences in autonomy were seen in the eye where ptc-/- displayed an overgrown eye with more wild type than mutant tissue. This is contrasted with cos-/- overgrown eyes, which were comprised of equal proportions of mutant and wild type tissue. Comparing the autonomy of the two mutants in the wings there was negligible difference. Although the autonomy of both mutants was similar in the wing, ptc-/- wing discs were larger. When cell death was reintroduced into the genetic background of the wing, cos-/- larvae were able to survive to adulthood

25 DIFFERENT DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER OVERGROWTH PHENOTYPES THAT ARISE FROM MUTATIONS IN THE HEDGEHOG PATHWAY

Biology

Ashley Cosenza, BiologyPaige Dykema, BiologyJacob D Kagey, Biology

The objective of our research is to annotate new parts of the Drosophila biamarpes genome sequenced by the Genomics Education Partnership in Washington University. To annotate the small portion of genome known as a contig that was given to us, we use a genomic browser to measure the evolutionary relativity to other known orthologs of each exon in our region, contig38. The genomic browser shows us a Genescan prediction of genes in contig38 based upon start and stop codons and open reading frames. The browser also shows us the level of RNA transcription in Drosophila biamarpes contig38. As a reference sequence, we used known genes from Drosophila melanogaster to align exons in contig38. A BLAST between contig38 and the Drosophila melanogaster genome was used to determine any potential ortholog. To complete the process, we enter the exact bases into a gene model checker program which assesses the splice sites, start codons, and stop codons of each exon in our predicted contig. In contig38, four genes were predicted by Genescan but after going through the steps above, we found that one gene met the criteria of high RNA sequencing data, Genescan prediction, and a known ortholog on Drosophila melanogaster. The common ortholog in Drosophila melanogaster for this gene was found to be Oct-TyrR. This entire process shows the evolutionary relationships between the various Drosophila species that are annotated by "nding similarities and differences in the genomes.

24 ANNOTATION OF CONTIG38 IN DROSOPHILA BIAMARPES23

Biology Department

Marlene Louise Heberling, Vanderbilt University - Department of NeuroscienceTyler James Peters, BiologySteven Chang, Biology

Organisms gain information from their environment by detection of chemical signals via smell and taste through a process called chemoreception. Sea lampreys are vertebrates of the class Agnatha that appeared about 560 million years ago (Gess et al. 2006) and so lie near the base of the vertebrate lineage. The genome of the sea lamprey was recently sequenced (Smith et al. 2013) and its unique phylogenetic position allows for comparative analyses with more recently evolved vertebrates to study the evolutionary history of vertebrates. Taste receptor genes (TAS) have not been well studied in sea lamprey and the sea lamprey genome is not well annotated with respect to TAS genes. Taste receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors expressed in taste buds and are designated with the TAS pre"x. Known TAS sequences include TAS 1R1-TAS1R3 and TAS2R1-TAS2R50. Given the evolutionary age of the sea lamprey and given the comparative size of other gene families in sea lamprey as compared to other vertebrates (Libants et al. 2009, Chang et al. 2013), we hypothesized that sea lamprey possess taste receptor genes but the complement is reduced in comparison to other vertebrates. In this preliminary study, we found a total of 37 genes, 29 of which were of full length and intact.

THE SEARCH FOR TASTE RECEPTORS IN THE SEA LAMPREY GENOME

while most ptc-/- died in the pupal stage. These differences may be instrumental in our understanding of human tumors with altered Hedgehog signaling.



Mohamed Eghfaier, Mechanical EngineeringNassif Rayess, Mechanical Engineering

Cellular materials in general and metal foams in particular are becoming more accessible to the automotive industry as technologies get further developed and the supply chain expands. Among the salient properties of metal foams are high plastic deformation energy and light weight, which is a combination that brings advantages in impact and crash applications. For the purposes of this study, these advantages are embodied in the form of cylindrical shells with aluminum foam cores loaded to failure in the longitudinal direction. Such embodiments can be considered as adequate approximations to those found in vehicle crumple zones and roof pillars. In this study, the aluminum foam is of the open cell variety with the trade name Duocel® manufactured by ERG Materials and Aerospace Corporation. It is made of 6101 T6 aluminum and has a 10 % relative density (90% of the volume is air). The average cell size is denoted by average linear pore density with a unit of pores per inch PPI. In this case, 20 PPI aluminum foams are used. Two different materials are chosen for the cylindrical shell: aluminum and a carbon "ber composite. This paper presents the methodology of adhesively coupling the aluminum foam cores to the cylindrical shells. Centrifugal forces resulting from spinning the aluminum foam/cylindrical shell assembly are used to locate epoxy adhesive on the outer region of the aluminum foam core which is in contact with the inner surface of the tube. The epoxy adhesive is cured

28 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A COMPOSITE CYLINDRICAL COLUMN WITH AN ALUMINUM FOAM CORE


Matthew Ackley, Mechanical EngineeringJustin Collins, Mechanical EngineeringChristopher VanOverbeke, Mechanical EngineeringRyan Welsh, Electrical and Computer EngineeringNassif Rayess, Mechanical Engineering

Infections are responsible for countless deaths and exert a signi"cant burden, both economically and in terms of pain and suffering. The traditional methods of disinfecting surfaces using chemicals is generally effective but requires signi"cant manual labor. One major failure mode involves operator error, where either a surface is missed, either by accident or because a surface proves hard to reach. Corners, grooves and areas beyond arm’s reach tend to be missed during disinfection. The proposed system relies on ultraviolet light to kill germs. It employs a unique drive system and algorithm that allows it to navigate autonomously while disinfecting surfaces. The basic design and control strategy is presented along with the business case for this technology.

27 DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC ULTRAVIOLET STERILIZATION SYSTEM26


Nicholas A. Calebs, Mechanical EngineeringTeresa Miranda-Chavez, Mechanical EngineeringBrendan C. O’Neill, Mechanical EngineeringIsaac Trevino, Mechanical EngineeringNassif Rayess, Mechanical Engineering

The mobility aids for the visually impaired range from the common “white cane” to the very sophisticated guide dogs. The white cane is light and easy to use, but offers very limited bene"ts in terms of navigation. The guide dog is fairly intelligent and can help the visually impaired navigate dif"cult surroundings, but requires extensive training and care. The proposed intelligent cane builds on the concept of the traditional cane but includes the latest technology advances in mobility, sensors and algorithms. The proposed cane includes a robotic ball at the end contacting the ground. That ball guides the user by providing tactile cues to turn left or right, speed up or slow down. The robotic ball gets its command wirelessly from a smart phone app, which executes navigation algorithms. The smart phone app interfaces with a GPS system as well as a suite of sensors that identi"es obstacles. The project is presented both in terms of a technology roadmap as well as a potential technology venture.

A NEXT-GENERATION CANE FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED

under the presence of these centrifugal forces, which result in a fairly even distribution of adhesive. The structural makeup of this embodiment consists of four layers: the aluminum foam inner layer; an epoxy "lled aluminum foam layer; a very thin adhesive-only layer; and the outer shell layer. This paper presents the results of compressive testing conducted using a servo-hydraulic machine at the rate of 10mm per minuets. The paper presents the resulting stress-strain curves for the various components as well as the complete assemblies and draws conclusions regarding the added bene"ts of the aluminum foam as well as the thickness of the epoxy "lled aluminum foam layer. A visual presentation of the various failure modes is presented and discussed.



Amy Murdock, BiologySandra Alias, Chemistry & BiochemistryKlaus Friedrich, Chemistry & Biochemistry

5(4H)-Oxazolones substituted in 4-position with an exocyclic double bond can easily be obtained through the reaction of aldehydes and N-acylglycines under dehydrating conditions. This project investigates the utility of these oxazolones and ring-opened derivatives as substrates for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, pericyclic reactions between 1,3-dipols and dipolarophiles. Dependent upon the electronic nature of the substituents on the double bond, a suf"cient overlap of the respective HOMOs and LUMOs of the reaction partners can be obtained. Careful selection of suitable dipoles opens up a synthetic pathway to numerous heterocyclic compounds.

32 REACTION OF 1,3-DIPOLES WITH 4-METHYLENE-5(4H)-OXAZOLONES


Ashlee Washington, Chemistry & BiochemistryJewels Sheena, Chemistry & BiochemistryKlaus Friedrich, Chemistry & Biochemistry

Nucleosides, consisting of a nucleobase and a sugar moiety, are the essential carriers of information in organisms and like other components in cells undergo chemical modi"cations. Cancer and other diseases accompanied by metabolic disorders have characteristic and detectable effects on cell turnover rates, the activity of modifying enzymes and ultimately RNA and DNA modi"cations. This in turn causes cancer patients, who might otherwise still be symptom-free, to excrete elevated amounts of modi"ed nucleosides. Consequently, the detection of these biomarkers in biological !uids is becoming an important diagnostic tool for the early detection of malignant tumors. This project strives to establish a general synthetic route to modi"ed C-nucleosides. A model compound is pseudouridine (^), which is the most abundant of the over one hundred different modi"ed nucleosides found in RNA to date. Its urinary excretion is increased in cancerous patients and therefore serves as a cancer biomarker. Our synthetic approach starts with protected riboses and substituted uracils; a key step is the stereocontrolled establishment of the C-glycosidic bond. While procedures for the synthesis of nucleosides are available, few are useful for the introduction of a structurally diverse pool of nucleobases, hence for the preparation of evermore complex biomarkers in useful quantities.

31 A GENERAL ROUTE TO C-NUCLEOSIDES


Dingwang Wang, Electrical and Computer EngineeringAmeer Kambod, Electrical and Computer EngineeringJonathon Kreska, Electrical and Computer EngineeringChaomin Luo, Electrical and Computer EngineeringMark Paulik, Electrical and Computer EngineeringMohan Krishnan, Electrical and Computer Engineering

In this project, fuzzy-logic-based line-following and maze solving algorithms were developed for a mobile robot. Line-following associated with a motor control technique is an essential issue for intelligent mobile robots and many other robotic applications. Real-time line-following and maze solver are desirable for ef"cient performance in military, transportation, medical, and other non-manufacturing robotics applications. This project addresses, the construction, programming, and testing of a small intelligent mobile robot. The hardware design includes motor control using encoders, a sensor interface, and sensor con"guration based on Pololu 3pi robot platform. The algorithm development includes line-following and maze solving algorithms, drive motor control, and data processing. This maze solving algorithm, using fuzzy logic line following, that explores an unknown maze and determines the shortest path to the exit based on recurring patterns has been implemented and improved. A simple yet ef"cient pattern recognition algorithm is developed to assist in maze solving effectively. These algorithms have been successfully implemented on an actual Pololu 3pi robot.

30 AN EFFICIENT FUZZY-LOGIC-BASED LINE-FOLLOWING ALGORITHM FOR MAZE SOLVER IMPLEMENTED ON A LOW-COST MOBILE ROBOT


Elizabeth Arroyo, Mechanical EngineeringNassif Rayess, Mechanical EngineeringJonathan Weaver, Mechanical Engineering

The sound absorption properties of open cell aluminum foams are understood to be signi"cant (Ashby, et.al. Metal Foams: A Design Guide. 2000) with theoretical models presented in the literature (J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 1697–1709, 2000). The pores that exist in metal foams, as artifacts of the manufacturing process, are left un"lled in the vast majority of cases. Work done by the US Navy (US Patent 5895726 A) involved "lling the voids with phthalonitrile prepolymer, resulting in a marked increase in sound absorption and vibration damping. The work presented here involves adding small amounts of elastomeric rubbers to the metal foam, thereby coating the ligaments of the foam with a thin layer of rubber. The goal is to achieve an increase in sound absorption without the addition of cost and weight. The work involves testing aluminum foam samples of various thicknesses and pore sizes in an impedance tube, with and without the added rubber. A design of experiment model was employed to gauge the effect of the various manufacturing parameters on the sound absorption and to set the stage for a physics-based predictive model.

29 ENHANCED SOUND ABSORPTION OF ALUMINUM FOAM BY THE DIFFUSE ADDITION OF ELASTOMERIC RUBBERS


Biology

Tyler Peters, BiologyGita Sabhapathy, BiologySana Khan, School of DentistryNoor Abraham, BiologyRachelle Belanger, Biology

The presence of agricultural contaminants has been shown to disrupt olfactory-mediated behaviors in aquatic animals. Previous research demonstrates that exposure to the herbicides atrazine and metolachlor adversely affects foraging behavior, social signaling and appropriate responses involved in eluding predation. Cray"sh play an integral role in energy transfer between benthic and terrestrial food webs; therefore, healthy cray"sh populations are essential to the overall viability of the ecosystems they inhabit. Expanding upon prior investigations we assessed the effects of atrazine and metolachlor on the ability of reproductively active, male cray"sh (O. rusticus) to identify and respond to chemical signals involved in mating. Male cray"sh depend on chemosensory setae to detect odors, released from reproductively active females. In this study, we exposed form I (reproductive) male cray"sh to ecologically relevant, sublethal concentrations of atrazine (80 ppb), metolachlor (80 ppb), an atrazine and metolachlor mixture (80 ppb of each) and water only (control) for 96 hours. We analyzed the behavioral reactions of herbicide-treated and control male cray"sh to two different odor sources: reproductive female-

36 ATRAZINE EXPOSURE DISRUPTS CHEMOSENSORYRESPONSES OF MALE CRAYFISH

(ORCONECTES RUSTICUS) TO REPRODUCTIVE FEMALE ODORS35


Yangyijun Gao, Civil, Architectural & Environmental EngineeringAlexa Rihana, Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering

Due to improper use and exploitation, groundwater has become heavily polluted in recent years. Groundwater pollution is a slow process which is often undetectable and dif"cult to control. The widespread contamination of groundwater causes great concern because of the health threat that it poses to humans and animals. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is among the primary contaminants found in groundwater. This thesis uses MATLAB to model the plume of TCE-contaminated groundwater emanating from the Boomsnub Corporation manufacturing facility in Hazel Dell, Washington. Concentrations versus time and concentrations versus distance were plotted and modeled using data from the 2010 Annual Status Report for the Boomsnub/Airco Superfund Site. When plotted against the actual concentrations, the MATLAB models "t well the data. Modeling TCE concentrations in sampling wells is important because it helps predict the fate of TCE over time in these locations as well as helps extrapolate TCE concentrations in different areas of the plume.

MODELING TCE CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATER USING MATLAB34


Zhe Li, Civil, Architectural & Environmental EngineeringAlexa Rihana, Civil, Architectural & Environmental EngineeringKatherine Lanigan, Chemistry & Biochemistry

High concentrations of iron in aging water pipeline system may pose potential health concern. In this research, a simple, low cost method based on cloud point extraction (CPE), used for the separation and preconcentration of iron is described. After the iron – 2,6–diamino-4-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine(DPT) complex is formed, iron ions are extracted by surfactant-rich phases in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114. The surfactant phase is diluted with 1M HNO3 in methanol prior to its analysis by !ame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The experimental factors optimized include pH, concentrations of DPT and Triton X-114, and equilibrium temperature. A brief analysis of low reproducibility and stability on recovery, as well as ways of method improvement for this experiment are also discussed.

IRON CONCENTRATIONS IN AGING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS


Rawa Adla, Electrical and Computer EngineeringNizar Al-Holou, Electrical and Computer EngineeringYoussef Bazzi, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Motor vehicles collisions are the leading cause of death among peoples. Approximately 1.6 million number of rear-end crashes in the U.S. each year. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the number of vehicle collisions and save passengers lives. The government, industry, and academia have put intensive efforts in the research to enhance the safety in the transportation system. This research will propose a new methodology that has a contingency to be used in the autonomous driving. This research proposes a new methodology that applies Bayes’ probabilistic reasoning technique to multi sensor data fusion system in order to enhance the vehicle collision avoidance system in a real time. The new method will have an impact on the safety systems and it has a contingency to be used in the autonomous driving. The proposed methodology integrates multiple data sources, such as speedometer of the host vehicle and other sensors mounted on the vehicle to measure the velocity of the leading vehicle. This methodology was simulated using MATLAB and proved to produce a more reliable and certain decision for the host vehicle to react in order to avoid any potential collision.

33 BAYESIAN NETWORK BASED VEHICLE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM


conditioned water or water (control) delivered from the proximal end of a test arena. We quanti"ed odor localization and locomotory behaviors of male cray"sh in response to female odors and water (control) from all treatments. Control cray"sh, those not exposed to the herbicides, spent more time in the proximal region of the test arena, whereas cray"sh exposed to atrazine, metolachlor and an atrazine-metolachlor mixture showed no preference for the proximal region of the test arena when female odor was delivered. Demarcation of a 10 cm zone around the odor source con"rmed these results with increased sensitivity; however, this analysis showed that male cray"sh exposed to metolachlor also spent an increased amount of time at the odor source. Lastly, no signi"cant difference between the overall time spent moving and not moving was detected in all cray"sh treatment groups.


Shantelle Anderson, Chemistry & BiochemistryAntoinette Mordi, Chemistry & BiochemistryMark Benvenuto, Chemistry & Biochemistry

A series of multi-functional ligands has been synthesized, all incorporating 4,4’-diamino-dicyclohexyl-methane, in the belief that these can be used to form coordination complexes with unique architectures and complexing abilities. The synthesis of the ligands and "rst attempts at metal coordination and complex formation will be presented.

39 PRODUCTION OF A SERIES OF LIGANDS UTILIZING 4,4’-DIAMINO-DICYCLOHEXYL-METHANE


Candice Kashat, Chemistry & BiochemistryJenna Payne, Chemistry & BiochemistryShelby Maurice, Chemistry & BiochemistryMark Benvenuto, Chemistry & Biochemistry

A series of twenty four coins from various periods of history were analyzed via energy dispersive X-ray !uorescence spectrometry to determine their composition. In each case, the coin is thought to be counterfeit, often a contemporary counterfeit; and the analysis of each gives an indication of whether the metal composition is consistent with that of authentic coins of that time and culture.

38 ANALYSES OF A SERIES OF POSSIBLY COUNTERFEIT COINS VIA ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY37


Candice Kashat, Chemistry & BiochemistryMark Benvenuto, Chemistry & Biochemistry

The synthesis of a series of multi-dentate podand ligands is described, each incorporating multi-ethylene-amine chains, and biphenyl end groups. The ligands are being studied for their ability to increase the solubility of Lewis acids in non-polar, non-aqueous media. These compounds function as ligands in coordination complexes, and may hold potential as a low energy means of removing pollutants from waste water streams.

SYNTHESIS OF A SERIES OF MULTI-DENTATE PODAND LIGANDS


42

Biology

Madison Kirby, Lakeview High School/Macomb Mathematics Science Technology CenterNoor Abraham, BiologyTyler Peters, BiologyMaria Kana, BiologyLauren Mooney, BiologyRachelle Belanger, Biology

Cray"sh are a keystone species and thus play a prominent part in the aquatic habitat due to their ability to transfer energy within the benthic food web and between the benthic and terrestrial food chains. Environmental contaminants, such as the commonly used herbicide atrazine, are known to have a negative impact on olfactory-mediated behaviors in aquatic animals. Because cray"sh rely heavily on their chemosensory abilities to acquire food and mates and because they live in turbid environments, negative impacts on chemoreception could affect population size. Previous research in our lab has shown that an acute atrazine exposure has harmful effects on olfactory-mediated behavioral responses to both food and mate odors in the cray"sh O. rusticus. What is not currently known is if cray"sh can recover any of their chemosensory abilities after this initial exposure or if the effects are long-term. In this study, we determined if recovery of chemosensory abilities after exposure to sub-lethal, environmentally-relevant concentrations of atrazine was possible. Atrazine-treated cray"sh (O. virilis) were exposed to 80 ppb (µg/L) atrazine for 96 hours. Control cray"sh were exposed to water only for 96 hours. We then analyzed the ability of the cray"sh to locate

EXAMINING CHEMOSENSORY RECOVERY POST-ATRAZINE EXPOSURE IN THE CRAYFISH (ORCONECTES VIRILIS)41

U of D Jesuit High School

Kiernan Bloye, U of D Jesuit High SchoolJacob Kagey, Biology

Cables-1 is a gene frequently mutated in human ovarian cancer. To understand how these mutations can contribute to ovarian cancer, we are utilizing a Drosophila melanogaster model to test the affects of mutating the fruit !y version of Cables-1, a gene we have named Mary Shelley (MS). To study these affects, we have setup controlled genetic crosses that result in fruit !ies that have altered levels of MS expression only in the posterior compartment of the wing. In this particular experimental system, the consistency of temperature was determined to be essential for consistency of results. Given this "nding, we conducted all experiments in temperature-controlled incubators. Experiments were conducted at 18°, 25°, and 28°C. The genetic changing of MS levels directly correlated to temperature, with the largest changes occurring at 28°C. We "nd that as temperature increases, the wings of the adults become smaller and demonstrate a greater leave of developmental abnormalities, suggest MS has a role in normal wing development. Future experimentation will test if these wing changes are related to alterations in MS levels leading to cell death.

WING PHENOTYPES RESULTING FROM A DECREASE IN THE GENE MARY SHELLEY IS DEPENDENT ON TEMPERATURE


Sarah Tinawi, Chemistry & BiochemistryMark Benvenuto, Chemistry & Biochemistry

Three ligands that bear strong structural similarities and the potential to bind multiple metal ions, have been produced at ambient temperature. The central portion of the ligands is either 2,6-diaminotoluene, 2,6-diaminopyridine, or 1,3-diaminobenzene. The synthetic conditions and results will be presented.

40 SYNTHESIS OF THREE MULTI-DENTATE AROMATIC LIGANDS FOR COORDINATION COMPLEX FORMATION

a food source using a Y-maze and "sh !avored gelatin in one arm of the maze. We used video tracking software to examine and compare time spent within 10 cm of the food source, time in correct arm of the maze, velocity and time spent moving and not moving. We also examined total food consumed and total distance travelled in the tank. Following this, we allowed the cray"sh to recover for 24, 48 and 72 hours in fresh water. Every 24 hours, we re-ran the behavioral trials to determine if there were any differences in chemosensory-mediated behavior. Preliminary data (N=5) suggests that cray"sh may be able to recover some chemosensory ability post-atrazine exposure. Information obtained from this study is important for assessing effects of atrazine on non-target species.



Kaylah Berndt, Electrical and Computer EngineeringAngela Tuscany, Electrical and Computer Engineering

A multi-stage image processing algorithm is introduced to assist with automatic identi"cation of road lanes and obstacles. This task is critical for the development of safe and effective self-driving or autonomous vehicles. Monocular color images captured with a video camera provide system input. These are initially processed to improve contrast and illumination characteristics. Next, color-aware edge and region enhancement algorithms prepare the raw frames for subsequent segmentation. Local and global methods utilizing spatial derivatives, adaptive thresholding and binary morphology are combined with knowledge-based heuristics to segment and score image features to facilitate classi"cation. Algorithm performance is demonstrated on representative image sets.

45 ALTERNATE APPROACH 2: IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR LANE AND OBSTACLE IDENTIFICATION IN OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS


Eva Berndt, Electrical and Computer EngineeringHerta Llusho, Electrical and Computer Engineering



Biology

Noor Abraham, BiologySana Khan, School of DentistryGita Sabhapathy, BiologyTyler Peters, BiologyRachelle Belanger, Biology

Environmental pollutants, found in the aquatic ecosystem, have been shown to have an effect on behaviors mediated by the olfactory system, including feeding, mate attraction and other important social behaviors. We have previously found that high concentrations of atrazine interfere with the ability of male cray"sh to receive and/or respond to reproductive female odors. Cray"sh are polytrophic meaning that they feed on and become prey for all levels of the aquatic food web, as well as being important for the transfer of energy between benthic and terrestrial food webs. Because cray"sh are a keystone species, it is important to investigate any factors that may affect their population size. Cray"sh are active at night and rely heavily on their sensory appendages (e.g. antennulues, maxillipeds and pereopods) in order to localize food sources. In this experiment, we investigated the effects of atrazine exposure on the chemosensory responses of male and female cray"sh to food odors. We exposed cray"sh to environmentally relevant, sublethal levels of atrazine (80 ppb) for 96 hours and then examined the behavioral responses of both atrazine-treated and control cray"sh to food odor delivered from one end of a test arena. We used Noldus Ethovision to measure odor localization

43 ATRAZINE EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE ABILITY OF CRAYFISH (ORCONECTES RUSTICUS) TO LOCALIZE A FOOD ODOR SOURCE

and locomotory behaviors of cray"sh in response to food ("sh) odor. We found that control cray"sh spent more time in the proximal region of the test arena and at the odor source when compared to atrazine-treated cray"sh. There was no difference in the walking speed (cm/s), time spent moving and not moving and total distance travelled in the tank. This indicates that the chemosensory abilities of cray"sh are impaired after acute atrazine exposure. In the future, we will examine if cray"sh are able to recover from the effects of atrazine and how long this recovery takes.


47


Jose Gomez, Electrical and Computer EngineeringBin Zhang, Electrical and Computer Engineering


ALTERNATE APPROACH 4: IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR LANE AND OBSTACLE IDENTIFICATION IN OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

Biology

Veronica Gjolaj, BiologyNavkiran Munday, BiologyIan Young, Biology

With increasing concern over pollution in the environment, methods that allow for rapid monitoring of pollution can be used in developing mitigation strategies. Experiments have been initiated to determine if Spirodella polyrhiza (greater duckweed) gene expression patterns can be used to monitor the concentration of phosphorus, the limiting factor of algae growth in most aquatic ecosystems. High levels of phosphate cause excess algae growth, which can produce toxic metabolite and lead to hypoxic conditions. The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) goal for the majority of the Great Lakes is to have phosphate levels below 1 parts per billion (ppb) and below 5 ppb for Lake Huron. Sterile cultures of S. polyrhiza were grown under standard laboratory conditions (40,385 ppb), under phosphorous starvation (0 ppb), oligotrophic levels (7.5 ppb) and eutrophic levels (75 ppb). To assess growth response to phosphate limitation, the surface chlorophyll !uorescence and plant growth was measured. There was no statistically signi"cant correlation between leaf !uorescence and growth. Next generation sequencing experiments (i.e., RNAseq) will be used to identify candidate genes that response to ecologically relevant variation in environmental phosphate levels. RNAs have been isolated from the plants growing at the condition describe above. Denaturing gel electrophoresis was used to con"rm that intact RNA was isolated. The RNA molecular have

48 MONITORING OF AQUATIC PHOSPHATE LEVELS WITH DUCKWEED (SPIRODELA POLYRHIZA)


Jianfan LIn, Electrical and Computer EngineeringJoseph Casillo, Electrical and Computer Engineering



been sent to the Indiana University Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics (Bloomington, IN, USA) for sequencing. All authors contributed equally to this project.



Caleb J. Conrad, Chemistry & BiochemistryPatrick M. Dine, Chemistry & BiochemistryZachary A. Atwood, Chemistry & BiochemistryDanita M. Dreffs, Chemistry & BiochemistryBrysen H. Keith, Chemistry & BiochemistryCasey E. Rhines, Chemistry & BiochemistryShahad Zoma, Chemistry & Biochemistry Tatum Y. Zurawski, Chemistry & BiochemistryRiaa Dutta, Chemistry & BiochemistryElizabeth S. Roberts-Kirchhoff, Chemistry & BiochemistryKendra R. Evans, Chemistry & Biochemistry

The purpose of this research is to analyze pesticides in Southeast Michigan lake and river water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Many pesticides have been identi"ed as endocrine disrupting compounds. One such pesticide, atrazine, is one of the most widely used pesticides in the United States. Nine pesticides (alachlor, aldrin, atrazine, cyanazine, endosulfan I, endrin, metolachlor, methoxychlor, and pendimethalin) were dissolved in HPLC-grade acetone and analyzed by GC-MS to determine the retention time and the mass spectrum for each. Different concentrations of atrazine were used to spike various water samples including distilled, tap, and river water to determine if the method is feasible. The atrazine in the water samples was concentrated by "ltering the samples with a C18 solid-phase extraction disk in a glass-"ltration apparatus. The contaminants on the disk were released using a mixture of acetone and

51 PESTICIDE ANALYSIS IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN WATERS BY GC-MS


Jinghan Fu, Mechanical EngineeringRahul Kulgude, Mechanical EngineeringKhalid Sangakle, Mechanical EngineeringSri Rahul Sundaraneedi, Mechanical EngineeringDarrell Kleinke, Mechanical Engineering

Physical "tness for juveniles in middle schools requires equipment that is different in size and characteristic from adult workout equipment. This work involves design and optimization of a piece of juvenile workout equipment with the principal aim of ensuring safety and transportability. The importance of transportability stems from the need to move this equipment from school to school, owing to a business model that allows schools to satisfy the physical education requirements without the need for permanent facilities. Balancing the requirements for lightweight and storability against the needs for sturdiness and safety is a major engineering challenge that this team has attempted to satisfy. The design, analysis and manufacturing plans are presented in this poster.

50 DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF JUVENILE WORKOUT EQUIPMENT

Biology

Sabrina R. Baghaie, BiologyMichelle Wu, Chemistry & BiochemistryElizabeth S. Roberts-Kirchhoff, Chemistry & BiochemistryKatherine C. Lanigan, Chemistry & BiochemistryNeena A. Baghaie, Biology

Protein powders are easily acquired in today’s market. Cloud point extraction was used to concentrate lead in solution using Triton X-114 and 1-phenylthiosemicarbazide (1-PTSC). The conditions for formation and isolation of the lead-containing micelles included adjusting the pH to 9.0 prior to addition of the detergent and 1-PTSC, and heating the samples. The metal-rich phase was isolated by centrifugation and then cooling. The phase containing the concentrated metals was suspended in nitric acid/methanol mixture prior to analysis. This method was used "rst with a series of lead standards and then later with digested protein powder samples. All samples were analyzed on a Perkin-Elmer 400 AAnalyst atomic absorption spectrometer.

49 PRECONCENTRATION OF LEAD IN DIGESTED PROTEIN POWDERS FOR ANALYSIS BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

n-hexane. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sulfate, concentrated with a rotary evaporator and "nally evaporated to dryness with a dry-bath incubator with nitrogen gas. The sample was dissolved in acetone and then analyzed by GC-MS.



Mustafa Saed, Electrical and Computer EngineeringNizar Al-Holou, Electrical and Computer EngineeringKevin Daimi, Mathematics & Software Engineering

The Traditional Power utilities are gradually moving towards the Smart Grids. These Grids deploy a very large number of smart meters at the consumers’ sites using bi-directional communication networks based on Internet protocols. With the reliance on these protocols, the Smart Grids become vulnerable to various cyber-attacks. Smart meters collect consumption data and allow customers other useful functions. Consumers are worried about the privacy, integrity, availability, and con"dentiality when managing their future power consumption. In an attempt to contribute to the protection of these smart meters from attacks, two approaches based on cryptographic protocols are proposed for securing the direct connection of smart meters to collectors.

54 COMMUNICATION SECURITY FOR CENTRALIZED SMART METER-TO-COLLECTOR


Mustafa Saed, Electrical and Computer EngineeringNizar Al-Holou, Electrical and Computer EngineeringKevin Daimi, Mathematics & Software Engineering

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of battery powered devices, are attracting a tremendous attention owing to their wide range of applications. Recently, their use in the smart grid to respond to several communication needs was stressed. A Smart Grid is an innovative paradigm to enhance the power grid system with communication capabilities in order to perform several tasks of monitoring and surveillance. Despite their advantages, there are several challenges facing WSN applications in the Smart Grid. Security is one of the most critical challenges. In this paper, the application of WSNs in smart grid is reviewed, and the security issues accompanying their use are discussed.

53 WSN-BASED SMART GRIDS AND THE SECURITY CONSIDERATION


Dominick J. Alton, Chemistry & BiochemistrySabina A. Kurtovic, Chemistry & BiochemistryKayla C. Lapworth, Chemistry & BiochemistryMelanie M. Smalley, Chemistry & BiochemistryBraydon L. Dymm, Chemistry & BiochemistryKendra R. Evans, Chemistry & Biochemistry

We have developed an automated method for sampling and injection of compounds for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection. The automated system can be coupled to cell chambers or reaction vessels to allow a diverse array of applications. The system has been used to quantitate intact proteins such as insulin, demonstrating the potential of the system for continuous monitoring of biological processes with important dynamics, such as cellular protein or metabolite secretions. Additionally, the system has been applied to continuous reaction monitoring studies. Speci"cally, the system was used to monitor the forced degradation of pharmaceutical compounds. This is an important application since the process by which a drug breaks down and the rate at which it does so must be thoroughly understood in order to assure its safety and ef"cacy before it is released for use by human patients. Reliable, automated methods for reaction monitoring are advantageous for monitoring forced degradation reactions of pharmaceutical compounds because some degradation reactions proceed for many hours and would otherwise require laborious manual sampling or complex robotic systems. The automated method

52 AUTOMATED REACTION MONITORING USING LC-MS

was applied to monitor the pH- and temperature-dependent degradation of a germicidal compound, chlorhexidine, for 24 h. The method allows continuous reaction monitoring for 24 h or longer with 15-min temporal resolution.


School of Dentistry

Ana Barajas, School of DentistryPahreesa Rashidi, School of DentistryMichelle Wheater, School of Dentistry

Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional survey study was to assess dental patient’s awareness, knowledge, and understanding of the oral health bene"ts of green tea. Methods: This research was approved as exempt by the University of Detroit Mercy Institutional Review Board (IRB Protocol Approval #1314-81). A ten question hard copy survey was given to volunteers at the UDM School of Dentistry. The volunteers who completed the survey represented a convenience sample of patients in the Detroit Metro population. Surveys were then analyzed using descriptive statistics for trends, and responses were correlated to age and gender. Results: 330 surveys were analyzed. 116 respondents (35%) were males and 214 respondents (65%) were females. The age groups were as follow: 53 (16%) 18 – 25, 49 (15%) 26 – 35, 58 (18%) 36 – 45, 60 (18%) 46 – 55, 110 (33%) over 56. 194 respondents (59%) were aware that tea is the most popular drink besides water in the world and 201 respondents (61%) knew that green tea is good for oral health. 265 respondents (80%) knew that green tea contains antioxidants, 116 respondents (35%) agreed that green tea contains polyphenols, and 76 respondents (23%) knew that EGCG was the major polyphenol in green tea. 152 respondents stated that they drink tea often. Of this group 133 knew that green tea had antioxidants, 58 knew about polyphenols, and 36 knew EGCG was a component of green tea. Of the 137 people

57 ORAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF GREEN TEA


Joshua Carolin, Mathematics & Software Engineering

In recent years, email spam "ltering is an extremely useful and practical problem because email has become a mainstream form of communication. In this work, we formulate the spam "ltering problem as a classi"cation task. We study the use of three machine learning techniques namely Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, and Random Forest to classify each email as spam or non-spam. The experimental results show that the Random Forest approach outperforms both Naïve Bayes and Decision Tree in terms of the F-score.

56 EMAIL SPAM FILTERING USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES


Joseph Giacchina, Mechanical EngineeringDrake Mushall, Mechanical EngineeringKevin Smith, Mechanical EngineeringNassif Rayess, Mechanical Engineering

There is often a need for visual inspection of pipes as well as vehicle undercarriage. Pipe inspection is a reliability requirement due to breakage and corrosion. Vehicle undercarriage inspection is a security requirement, especially in military applications. The team is equipping a robotic ball known as Sphero 2 with a camera that transmits wirelessly to a control station. In that embodiment, the operator can “drive” the robotic ball inside pipes or under vehicles while conducting visual inspections. The safety bene"ts to soldiers and security of"cers cannot be overstated as the system allows for inspecting dangerous situation from faraway, safe distances.

55 DEVELOPMENT OF A ROBOTIC VISUAL INSPECTION SYSTEM

who drink tea rarely, 111 knew green tea had antioxidants, 49 knew about polyphenol, and 35 knew EGCG was a component in green tea. Of the 40 people who never drink tea 21 knew about antioxidants, 9 knew about polyphenols, and 5 knew EGCG was the major component in green tea. For people who drink green tea often 76 (50%) agreed that green tea prevents dental caries, 84 (55%) agreed that green tea can prevent bad breath (halitosis), and 77 (51%) agreed that it can protect tooth enamel. Conclusions: Patients in an urban dental school show some knowledge of green tea and understand words like antioxidants, but when asked about polyphenols and EGCG, their knowledge decreased. Although patients have some knowledge, they did not know EGCG was the molecule that was bene"cial. All age groups agreed that oral health bene"tted from green tea. Results show that people who rarely drink tea were less aware of the speci"c oral health bene"ts than the people who drink green tea often. This survey suggests that the public could bene"t from more information regarding the components of tea that have health bene"ts.


59

Jonathon Kreska, Electrical and Computer EngineeringDingwang Wang, Electrical and Computer EngineeringJianfan Lin, Electrical and Computer Engineering

VFH* is a reactive local navigation algorithm that avoids obstacles using a combination of VFH+ and A*. VFH* uses two-dimensional map to estimate future positions of the vehicle and choose the best heading commands over multiple navigation steps. This research attempts to use one-dimensional LIDAR data format to predict the best navigation commands over a series of one dimensional array in order to reduce time of computation.

ONE DIMENSIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF VFH*

Ashraf Edwila, Electrical and Computer EngineeringIbaa Alhayek, Electrical and Computer EngineeringMohammad Utayba, Electrical and Computer EngineeringNizar Al-Holou, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Many inter-vehicle communication applications rely on multi-hop data dissemination, such as traf"c accidents, traf"c jams, and road conditions. Due to the large amount of different information, their different levels of urgency, and the high mobility of communicating vehicles traditional dissemination protocols fail to scale in multi-hop situations. However, clustering algorithms form clusters to facilitate resource reuse and increase system capacity, allowing thereby, for faster connection and better routing and topology management in vehicular ad-hoc networks. In this research, a new algorithm is proposed to cluster vehicles based on position, mobility, and type of exchanged data. The proposed algorithm intends to improve the clustering stability, reduce re-clustering overhead, prolong the lifetime of clusters, and shorten the average distance between cluster heads and their cluster members.

58 A CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR INTER-VEHICLE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

University of Detroit MercyCollege of Engineering & Science

4001 West McNicholsDetroit Michigan 48221-3038

http://eng-sci.udmercy.edu/

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