Ocean and Tidal Powers
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Transcript of Ocean and Tidal Powers
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1
Oceanic Energy
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Tidal Power
Lesson Plan for
EXPLORING THE EARTH, SUN and STARS
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What Are TIDES?
Tides are enerall! "no#n as the
rise and fall of #ater le$els%
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Where TIDES
O&&'r? Tides &an o&&'r an!#here,fro( inside Earth)s &r'st to
lare la"es to the at(os*here%
Ho#e$er, #e noti&e tides the(ost at the seashore%
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What +a'ses
Tides? Tides are &reated ! thera$itational *'ll of the s'nand the (oon%
The (ore i(*ortant for&eehind tides is the *'ll fro(
the (oon%
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What Ha**ens is%%% The #ater on the side of the
Earth &losest to the (oon is
*'lled ! the (oons ra$itationalfor&e, (ore stronl! than the 'l"of the Earth
the #ater on the side f'rthestfro( the -oon is *'lled lessstronl! than the Earth%
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The E.e&t is%%%
/'les in the #ater on o**osite sides of the Earth, #hi&h #e &an no# &all%%%
TIDES TIDES
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Ho# Often? Sin&e t#o 'les e0ist 1one &loser to
the -oon2the stroner one, and onef'rther a#a! fro( the -oon2the #ea"er
one3 the rise and fall of the o&eanso&&'rs a**ro0i(atel! t#i&e dail!%
This o&&'rs e&a'se of the rotation of
the Earth%
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Di.erent T!*es of
TIDES Se(i2di'rnal4 Tidesthat o&&'r t#i&e a da!
a od! of #ater #ith
se(i2di'rnal tides#ill ha$e t#o hihtides and t#o lo#tides in one da!%
Di'rnal4 Tides thato&&'r on&e a da!
a od! of #ater #ith
di'rnal tides #illha$e one hih tideand one lo# tide ina 562ho'r *eriod%
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Di.eren&e et#een
Hih and Lo# Tides S*rin Tides
lare di.eren&eet#een hihand lo# tides%
Nea* Tides
$er! littledi.eren&eet#een hihand lo# tides%
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SPRING TIDES
7or a S*rin Tideto o&&'r, Earth,
the (oon and thes'n ('st e in astraiht line%
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NEAP TIDES
7or Nea* Tides too&&'r, the Earth,
the (oon and theS'n for( a rihtanle%
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/! (eas'rin the di.eren&e et#een
the hih and lo# tides, #e &an 8nd the
Tidal ranes &an e (eas'red inin&hes or feet%
The reatest tidal rane "no#n hasrea&hed 9: feet 1THE /A; O7 7UND;3
Tidal Rane Tidal Rane
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Ocean at low Tide
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O&ean at Hih Tide
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Ho*e !o' en
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17
Course Outline
Renewable Hydro Power Wind Energy
Oceanic Energy Solar Power Geothermal
Biomass
Sustainable Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Nuclear Fossil Fuel nno!ation E"otic #echnologies ntegration
$istributed Generation
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18
Oceanic Energy Outline
%!er!iew
#idal Power #echnologies En!ironmental
macts Economics
Future Promise
Wa!e Energy #echnologies En!ironmental
macts Economics Future Promise
'ssessment
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19
Overview of OceanicEnergy
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20
Sources of New Energy
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21
Gloal !ri"ary EnergySources 2002
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22
#enewale Energy $se %2001
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2&
Tidal !ower
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2'
Tidal (otions
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2)
Tidal *orces
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2+
Natural Tidal ,ottlenec-s
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27
Tidal EnergyTec.nologies
01 #idal #urbine Farms
,1 #idal Barrages +dams/
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Tidal Turines (CT Seagen
23- 4W 5 013 6W
03 5 ,- m rotors
7 m monoile
0- 5 ,- RP6 $eloyed in multi8unit
)arms or arrays
9i4e a wind )arm( but Water :--" denser than air Smaller rotors 6ore closely saced
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&0
Tidal TurinesSwanturines
$irect dri!e to generator No gearbo"es
Gra!ity base
=ersus a bored )oundation Fi"ed itch turbine blades
mro!ed reliability But trades o)) e))iciency
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&1
ee3er 4ater CurrentTurine
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&2
Oscillating Tidal Turine
%scillates u and down
03- 4W rototyeoerational +,--7/
Plans )or 7 5 3 6Wrototyes
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&&
!olo Tidal Turine
=ertical turbine blades
Rotates under atethered ring
3- m in diameter ,- m dee
>-- tonnes
6a" ower 0, 6W
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
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&'
!ower fro" 5and Tides 6
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&)
dvantages of Tidal Turines
9ow =isual mact 6ainly( i) not totally submerged1
9ow Noise Pollution Sound le!els transmitted are !ery low
High Predictability #ides redicted years in ad!ance( unli4e wind
High Power $ensity 6uch smaller turbines than wind turbines )or the
same ower
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&+
isadvantages of TidalTurines High maintenance costs
High ower distribution costs
Somewhat limited uside caacity
ntermittent ower generation
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&7
2/ Tidal ,arrageSc.e"es
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&8
enitions
Barrage 'n arti)icial dam to increase the deth o) water )or
use in irrigation or na!igation( or in this case(
generating electricity1 Flood
#he rise o) the tide toward land +rising tide/
Ebb #he return o) the tide to the sea +)alling tide/
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&9
!otential Tidal ,arrage Sites
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
%nly about ,- sites in the world ha!e been identi)ied as ossible tidal barrage stations
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Sc.e"atic of Tidal ,arrage
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'1
Cross Section of a Tidal,arrage
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'2
Tidal ,arrage ,ul Turine
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'&
Tidal ,arrage #i" Generator
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''
Tidal ,arrage TuularTurine
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')
5a #ance Tidal !ower,arrage
Rance Ri!er estuary( Brittany +France/ 9argest in world
Comleted in 0A>>
,.0- 6W bulb turbines +,.- 6W/ 31. meter diameter
Caacity )actor o) .-D
6a"imum annual energy; ,10 #Wh Realied annual energy; :.- GWh
Electric cost; 712
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'+
5a #ance Tidal !ower,arrage
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'7
5a #ance #iver Saint (alo
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Cross Section of 5a #ance,arrage
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)0
5a #ance Turine E:.iit
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)1
Tidal ,arrage EnergyCalculations
A R E
gR ARmgR E
21397
2/)(2/
η
ρ η η
=
==
R = range (height) of tide (in m)
A = area of tidal pool (in km2)m = mass of water
g = 9.81 m/s2 = gravitational constant
ρ = 1025 kg/m3 = density of seawater
η ≅ !33 = capacity factor (2"3#$)
k%h per tidal cycle
Ass&ming 7' tidal cycles per year (12 hrs 2 min per cycle)
A R E yr
2'1997! η ×=
#ester et al., Sustainable Energy, 6# Press( ,--3
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)2
5a #ance ,arrage E:a"3le
η = 33$ R = !# m
A = 22 km2
#17
)22)(#!)(33!(1997!
1997!
2'
2'
=
×=
×=
yr
yr
yr
E
E
A R E η
*%h/yr
#ester et al., Sustainable Energy, 6# Press( ,--3
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)&
!ro3osed Severn ,arrage1989
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
Ne!er constructed( but instructi!e
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)'
!ro3osed Severn ,arrage1989 Se!ern Ri!er estuary
Border between Wales and England
,0> .- 6W turbine generators +A1-m dia/
:(>.- 6W total caacity
02 #Wh a!erage energy outut
Ebb generation with )low uming
0> 4m +A1> mi/ total barrage length
:1, +03/ billion estimated cost +0A::/
Severn ,arrage
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))
Severn ,arrage
5ayout
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
S , ! l
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)+
Severn ,arrage !ro3osal
E;ect on Tide 5evels
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
S , ! l
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)7
Severn ,arrage !ro3osal
!ower Generation over Ti"e
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
Se ern ,arrage !ro3osal
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)8
Severn ,arrage !ro3osal
Ca3ital Costs
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
03 billion+0A:: costs/
#ester et al., Sustainable Energy, 6# Press( ,--3
Severn ,arrage !ro3osal
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)9
Severn ,arrage !ro3osal
Energy Costs
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+0
Severn ,arrage !ro3osal
Ca3ital Costs versus Energy
Costs
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0 ≅ ,
O; . Tid l 5
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+1
O;s.ore Tidal 5agoon
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Tid l *
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+2
Tidal *ence
'rray o) !ertical a"is tidalturbines
No e))ect on tide le!els
9ess en!ironmental imactthan a barrage
0--- 6W ea4 +>-- 6Wa!erage/ )ences soon
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
! i i Tid l E Sit
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+&
!ro"ising Tidal Energy Sites
Country Location TWh/yr GW
Canada Fundy Bay 02 .17
Cumberland . 010
USA 'las4a >13 ,17
PassamaIuody ,10 0
Argentina San Jose Gul) A13 3
Russia %r4hots4 Sea 0,3 ..
India Camby 03 21>
Kutch 01> -1>Korea 0-
Australia 312 01A
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+'
Tidal ,arrage Environ"ental*actors Changes in estuary ecosystems
9ess !ariation in tidal range Fewer mud )lats
9ess turbidity 5 clearer water 6ore light( more li)e
'ccumulation o) silt
Concentration o) ollution in silt =isual clutter
d t f Tid l ,
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+)
dvantages of Tidal ,arrages
High redictability #ides redicted years in ad!ance( unli4e wind
Similar to low8head dams Known technology
Protection against )loods
Bene)its )or transortation +bridge/
Some en!ironmental bene)its
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++
isadvantages of TidalTurines High caital costs Few attracti!e tidal ower sites worldwide
ntermittent ower generation
Silt accumulation behind barrage 'ccumulation o) ollutants in mud
Changes to estuary ecosystem
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4 St t
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+8
4ave Structure
Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./
4a e *re< enc and
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+9
4ave *re
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70
4ave !atterns over Ti"e
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4ave !ower Calculations
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4ave !ower Calculations
2
2
e s T H
P =
H s2 = +ignificant wave height , - rms water elevation (m)
T e = avg time .etween &pward movements across mean (s)
P = ower in k% per meter of wave crest length
0-ample H s2 = 3m and T e = 1s
mkW T H P e s #
213
2
22=
×==
Gloal 4ave Energy
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Gloal 4ave Energy verages
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7&
4ave Energy !otential
Potential o) 0(3-- 5 2(3-- #Wh #Wh
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7'
4ave EnergyTec.nologies
4ave Concentration E;ects
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7)
4ave Concentration E;ects
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Ta3ered C.annel Ta3c.an
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7+
Ta3ered C.annel Ta3c.an
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Oscillating 4ater Colu"n
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Oscillating Colu"n Cross=Section
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?(ig.ty 4.ale@ esign
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(ig.ty 4.ale esign % Aa3an
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(ig.t 4.ale esign
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Turines for 4ave Energy
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Turines for 4ave Energy
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4ave Conversion Syste" in
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8'
4ave Conversion Syste" in ction
4ave ragon
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8)
4ave ragon
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8+
4ave ragon Energy Out3ut
in a ,.4W
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eclining 4ave Energy Costs
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4ave Energy !ower
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88
4ave Energy !oweristriution
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4ave Energy Su33ly vs Electric
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89
4ave Energy Su33ly vs/ Electrice"and
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4ave EnergyEnviron"ental
>"3acts
4ave Energy Environ"ental
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4ave Energy Environ"ental>"3act 9ittle chemical ollution 9ittle !isual imact
Some haard to shiing
No roblem )or migrating )ish( marine li)e
E"tract small )raction o) o!erall wa!e energy 9ittle imact on coastlines
Release little C%,( S%,( and N%" 00g( -1-7g( and -1-3g < 4Wh resecti!ely
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4ave EnergySu""ary
4ave !ower dvantages
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9&
4ave !ower dvantages
%nshore wa!e energy systems can be incororatedinto harbor walls and coastal rotection Reduce
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9'
4ave !ower isadvantages
High caital costs )or initial construction High maintenance costs Wa!e energy is an intermittent resource ReIuires )a!orable wa!e climate1 n!estment o) ower transmission cables to shore $egradation o) scenic ocean )ront !iews nter)erence with other uses o) coastal and o))shore
areas
na!igation( )ishing( and recreation i) not roerly sited Reduced wa!e heights may a))ect beach rocesses
in the littoral one
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9)
4ave Energy Su""ary
Potential as signi)icant ower suly +0 #W/ ntermittence roblems mitigated by
integration with general energy suly
system 6any di))erent alternati!e designs
Comlimentary to other renewable and
con!entional energy technologies
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9+
*uture !ro"ise
4orld Oceanic Energy
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4orld Oceanic Energy!otentials G4
Source #ides
Wa!es
Currents %#EC0
Salinity
World electric,
World hydro
!otential +est/ ,(3-- GW
,(2--7
3(--- ,--(---
0(---(---
.(---
!ractical +est/ ,- GW
3--
3- .-
NP'.
,(:--
33-
0 #emerature gradients 7 'long coastlines . Not resently a!ailable