Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Semester I, Session 20212022

BEE12202

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Lecturer’s name: Ts. Dr. Muhammad Hazli bin MazlanLecture’s department: Department of Electronic Engineering

Lecture’s website/email: mhazli@uthm.edu.my

Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia

1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

gold miners.

Early Recognition Of Occupational

Diseases

Company should

provide a ventilation

for miners.

He recognized the dangersof

metal fumes and described

symptoms andpreventive

measures.

In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the

first known pamphlets on occupational disease from

In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola,described the

diseases of miners.

In 1713 Ramazzini,who is regarded as the father of

occupational medicine, suggested that in diagnosis

doctors should ask patients about their occupations.

A book, “The Diseases of Workmen”

described the symptoms of mercury and

lead poisoning and issues with silica.

Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System

during the Industrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century

(1700s).

Women and children worked as heavy labourers under

unsafe and unhealthy workplaces.

Emergency Of Industrial Accident

Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System duringtheIndustrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century(1700s).

In 1833 English FactoryAct was the first effective

industrial safety law.

It provide compensation for accidents rather than to

control their causes.

Insurance companies inspected work places and

suggested prevention methods

Problem:Safety became injury and insurance

oriented.

Industrial Safety Legislation

Role of HerbertW.

Heinrich (1930’s),

Developed Domino

Theory and promoted

control of workers

behaviour.

Problem:

Focused on

worker behaviour

and not

management

Caused people to

think that safety is

about policing worker

Emergency Of Safety Management

Frank Bird (1970)

developed Loss Control

Theory.

Suggested that underlying

cause of accidents are

lack of management

controls and poor

management decisions.

Problem:

Not so popular: blames

management

(responsibility and control).

In 1980’s,Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was introduced;

Based on Heinrich’s findings.

Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards

and punishment.

Problem:

Focuses on workers and not on hazard ormanagement

Reward and punishment system haveflaws

Safety Management Systems

Lord Robens,Chairman of a Royal SafetyCommission

Report noted that:

there was too many OSH legislation,

was fragmented,

limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace),

out of date and difficult to update,

inflexible,

people thought that safety was what government inspectors

enforced.

Lord Robens recommended :Self regulation

A Self-Regulation Legislation

In principle, self-regulation offers greater speed, flexibility,

sensitivity to market circumstances and efficiency than

government regulation.

Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 Bright

Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh

A Self-Regulation Legislation

Bright Sparklers Fireworks 1991

Factory caught fire in

Sg.Buloh

Huge explosion

26 died and over 100

injured

BRIGHT SPARKLER, SG BULOH 7th MAY 1991

Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for

management system

ACCIDENT

Flixborough (1974)

REGULATION/PROGRAMME

CIMAH regulations 1996

Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” /

Process safety

Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment /

Management system

A Self-Regulation Legislation

2. OSH PROGRAMME

OSHA 1994 requires to have written policy,organisation

and arrangements.

Purpose of OSH programme is to ensure:

Implementing the goals of OSH policy

Minimum compliance with national laws and regulations

Good operation of the organisation’s OSH management system

Continual improvement in OSH performance

Creating OSH Policy, Organisation &

Arrangements

Begin with:

1. Goals of the organisation written in the policy

2. Legal and other requirements

3. Identified hazard and risks

Prioritise the needs of these requirements and set

objectives and target for the organisation to achieve.

Set objectives and targets.

Create action plans with datelines and

responsibilities for completion.

Planning An OSH Programme

Overall responsibility

Provide resources to

implement the policy

Day-to-day programme

tasks and responsibilities

Ensuring that OSH is

managed within theirarea

of operations.

Responsibilities For The Implementation

of OSH Programmes

Tocooperate

Obey rules and

regulations

Reporting

Involvement in

consultations

A B C

General responsibility

AA.TopManagement

BB.Line Management and

Supervisors

CC.Employee

Information,instruction,training:

OSH promotion

Awareness programme

Training / induction and other training

Signs and labels

Tool box meeting

Communicating and consultation

OSH Programmes

A formal procedure to

minimise remaining risks:

Cleaning and maintenance

operations.

Working alone.

Breakdowns.

Emergencies.

Should have safe working

procedures @ S.O.P for

all jobs.

Safe System of Work

IMPLEMENT!!

Electrical work,especially athigher

voltages.

Entry into confined spaces e.g.vessels.

Excavation work or demolition activities.

Presence or possible release of

Radiation or flammable gases, liquid or dusts

(possible risk of ignition by hot work, electrical

or electrostatic sources).

Lone working in hazardous environments.

Safe System of Work Permit-To-Work

Required

May include the“Buddy System”:

(a) Challenge-check system.(e.g.aircraft checklists)

(b) Lifeguard system.(e.g.jobs requiring lifelines and special

protective gear)

(c) Two-person system.(e.g.in electrical substation

operations)

Safe System of Work – Lone Working

Human factors can lead to accidents:

General health and fitness.

Complacency (satisfied).

Fatigue,Boredom.

Rushing (cutting corners).

Panic in emergencies.

Over eagerness (not following procedures).

Build in fail-safe mechanism or remove the risk

The Importance Of Human Factors