Observation and Analysis Method of Human Bones (Page31-41)

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Ribs The ribs, together with the sternum form the rib cage, which protects the vital organs and serves as attachment sites for muscles. There are usually twelve pairs of ribs. The ribs are crescent-shaped blades with a flattened end and a rounded end. The rounded ends articulate with the thoracic vertebras and the flattened ends are the sternal ends. At birth, the ribs are easy to recognize. The first 7 pairs of ribs articulate with the sternum via cartilage and are known as true ribs. The 8 th , 9 th and 10 th ribs have cartilage that ventrally connects with the cartilage of the ribs above. The last two ribs, 11 th and 12 th , are known as free ribs because they do not have cartilaginous connection with the other ribs or to the sternum and hangs free. Ribs increase in length from the first to the seventh, and then decreases in length till the twelfth rib. The first rib is the flattest, broadest and most curved rib and it is also the shortest. Figure 24: First rib (from Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body) Observation and Analysis Method for Human Bones Chap. 4 Postcranial Skeleton / Ribs 31 / 73

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Observation and Analysis Method of Human Bones (Page31-41)

Transcript of Observation and Analysis Method of Human Bones (Page31-41)

  • Ribs The ribs, together with the sternum form the rib cage, which protects the vital organs and serves as attachment sites for muscles. There are usually twelve pairs of ribs. The ribs are crescent-shaped blades with a flattened end and a rounded end. The rounded ends articulate with the thoracic vertebras and the flattened ends are the sternal ends. At birth, the ribs are easy to recognize. The first 7 pairs of ribs articulate with the sternum via cartilage and are known as true ribs. The 8th, 9th and 10th ribs have cartilage that ventrally connects with the cartilage of the ribs above. The last two ribs, 11th and 12th, are known as free ribs because they do not have cartilaginous connection with the other ribs or to the sternum and hangs free. Ribs increase in length from the first to the seventh, and then decreases in length till the twelfth rib. The first rib is the flattest, broadest and most curved rib and it is also the shortest.

    Figure 24: First rib (from Grays Anatomy of the Human Body)

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  • Figure 25: Central rib, left side (from Grays Anatomy of the Human Body)

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  • Figure 26: Anterior surface of the sternum and costal cartilages (from Grays Anatomy of the Human Body)

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  • Figure 27: Posterior view of the thorax (from Grays Anatomy of the Human Body)

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  • Humerus The humerus is the major bone of the arm and is the largest and longest bone of the upper extremity. It is a paired long bone. It is smaller than the femur and tibia but larger than the radius and ulna and the fibula. It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna. It is divided into a shaft, a proximal extremity (head, neck and two tubercles) and a distal extremity (two epicondyles and articular surfaces for the ulna (trochlea) and radius (capitulum)). At birth, the humerus is represented by the shaft and is distinguishable from the femur and tibia by the deep depression of the olecranon fossa (posterior, distal end). The head is nearly hemispherical in form and is directed upwards, medially and articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity. The body of the shaft is almost cylindrical in the upper half and prismatic and flattened at the distal end. The nutrient foramen is located on the medial side of the bone and is directed distally. The distal end consists of the lateral and medial epicondyles, the capitulum and trochlea and the olecranon fossa. The lateral epicondyle is a small, tuberculated eminence and the medial epicondyle is larger and more prominent. The capitulum (lateral) is a smooth, rounded eminence. The trochlea is located medially. The olecranon fossa is a deep, triangular fossa. In standard anatomical position, the distal end points down with the olecranon fossa facing you, and the proximal end projects medially. At the distal end, the bone is curved more medially, while the lateral side is relatively straight.

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  • Figure 28: Left humerus, anterior view (from Grays Anatomy of the Human Body)

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  • Figure 29: Left humerus, posterior view (from Grays Anatomy of the Human Body)

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  • Radius The radius is one of the two bones located in the lower arm. It is a paired long bone. It lies on the lateral side in standard anatomical position. It articulates with the ulna and humerus proximally and distally with the ulna and the scaphoid and lunate (carpal bones or hand bones). At birth, the radius is represented by the shaft and is easily distinguishable by the radial tuberosity. The upper end of the radius is small. The head is cylindrical in shape and the upper surface has a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum. On the medial surface, there is an eminence called the radial tuberosity. The body or shaft is prismoid in form, narrower above and is slightly curved. The nutrient foramen is found on the anterior surface and is directed proximally. The distal end is large and flares bilaterally (thin, wedge-shaped). It is also concave for articulation with the lunate and the styloid process articulates with the navicular bone. The medial surface contains the ulnar notch. For siding identification, firstly, take note of the radial tuberosity, which signifies the proximal end. The nutrient foramina signifies the anterior surface and the anterior surface is smooth and is fairly flat to slightly concave. In standard anatomical position with the head towards you, the nutrient foramen anterior and the distal end away from you, the styloid process is always on the lateral side and on the side the bone is from. The radial tuberosity and the interosseous crest are medial and on the opposite site the bone comes from. Ulnar notch is also medial.

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  • Ulna The ulna is the medial bone in the lower arm in standard anatomical position. It is a paired long bone. It articulates with the humerus and radius proximally, and distally, directly with the radius. At birth, the ulna is represented by the shaft. The proximal end is irregular in shape and is the thickest and strongest part of the bone. The olecranon process fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus. The semilunar notch articulates with the trochlea of the humerus. The radial notch is for the articulation with the disk head shape of the radius. Throughout the shaft, its shape is three sided but towards the end, it becomes rounded and smooth. The nutrient foramen is directed proximally. The distal end is small and consists of the head. The styloid process projects from the medial and posterior part of the bone. For siding identification, while holding the bone in standard anatomical position with the proximal end towards you and semilunar notch up, the radial notch, the interosseous crest and the nutrient foramen will be on the side the bone is from.

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  • Figure 30: Ulna and radius, anterior view (from Grays Anatomy of the Human Body)

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  • Figure 31: Ulna and radius, posterior view (from Grays Anatomy of the Human

    Body)

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