Objective 5

The student will demonstrate an understanding of motion, forces and energy

4. Science ConceptIntegrated Physics and Chemistry• The student knows the concept of force and motion

evidence in everyday life. The student is expected to:A) Calculate speed, momentum, acceleration, work and

power in systems such as in the human body, moving toys, and machines

B) Investigate and describe applications of Newton’s laws such as in vehicle constraints, sports activities, geological processes and satellite orbits

C) Investigate and demonstrate [mechanical advantage of] efficiency of various machines such as levers, motors, wheels and axles, pulleys and ramps

4B IPCC

The frog leaps from its resting position at the lake’s bank onto a lily pad. If the frog has a mass of 0.5 kg and the acceleration of the leap is 3 m/s2, what is the force the frog exerts on the lake’s bank when leaping?

A 0.2 NB 0.8 NC 1.5 ND 6.0 N

4A IPCD

A ball moving at 30 m/s has a

momentum of 15 kg.m/s. The

mass of the ball is ___

A 45 kg

B 15 kg

C 2.0 kg

D 0.5 kg

4A IPCB

If a force of 100 newtons was exerted on

an object and no work was done, the

object must have ---

A accelerated rapidly

B remained motionless

C decreased it velocity

D gained momentum

4A IPCA 10-04

How much work is performed when a 50 kg crate is pushed 15 m with a force of 20N?

A 300 JB 750 JC 1,000 JD 15,000 J

4A IPCC 10-03

The diagram represents the total travel of a teacher on a Saturday. Which part of the trip is made at the greatest average speed?

A QB RC SD T

4A IPCD 10-03

A car traveled 150 km in 2.5 hours.

What was its average speed in km per

hour?

A 37.5 km/h

B 450 km/h

C 75 km/h

D 60 km/h

4A IPCB 10-03

How much force is needed to accelerate

a 1,300 kg car at a rate of 1.5 m/s2?

A 867 N

B 1,950 N

C 8,493 N

D 16,562 N

4A IPCC 11/04

A mechanic used a hydraulic lift to raise

a 12,054 N car 1.89 m above the floor of

a garage. It took 4.75 s to raise the car.

What was the power output of the lift?

A 489 W

B 1815 W

C 4796 W

D 30,294 W

4A IPCA 10/04

Which bike rider has the greatest momentum?

A A 40 kg person riding at 45 km/h

B A 50 kg person riding at 35 km/h

C A 60 kg person riding at 25 km/h

D A 70 kg person riding at 15 km/h

4A IPCC 11/05

A horizontal force of 600 N is used to push a

box 8 m across a room. Which of these

variables must be known to determine the

power used in moving the box?

A The weight of the box

B The potential energy of the box

C The time it takes to move the box

D The length of the box

4A IPCc 11/06

A woman lifts a 57-newton weight a distance

of 40 centimeters each time she does a

particular exercise. It takes her 0.60 second

to lift the weight. How much power does she

supply for lifting the weight one time?

A 24 W

B 34 W

C 38 W

D 95 W

4A IPCA 11/04

According to this graph, what was the bicycle’s

acceleration between 6 and 10 seconds?

A 0.0 m/s2

B 0.65 m/s2

C 1.6 m/s2

D 6.5 m/s2

4A IPCD 11/05The speed of sound in human tissue is

about 1600 m/s. If an ultrasound

pulse takes 1.5 x 10-5s to travel

through a tissue, what is the thickness

of the tissue?

A 2.4 km

B 2.4 m

C 23 cm

D 24 mm

4A IPCD 11/05

A 0.50 kg ball with a speed of 4.0 m/s strikes a stationary 1.0 kg target. If momentum is conserved, what is the total momentum of the ball and target after the collision?

A 0.0 kgm/s

B 0.5 kgm/s

C 1.0 kgm/s

D 2.0 kgm/s

4A IPCD 11/05

A 16 NB 32 NC 88 ND 100 N

Starting from rest at the center of a skating rink, two skaters push off from each other over a time period of 1.2 s. What is the force of the push by the smaller skater?

4A IPCJD 11/05

The table contains data for two wrecking balls being used to demolish a building. What is the difference in momentum between the two wrecking balls?

A 300 kgm/s

B 200 kgm/s

C 150 kgm/s

D 0 kgm/s

4A IPCC 11/06

The table above shows experimental data collected when four cars moved along a straight-line path. According to these data, which car moved with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2?

A Car QB Car RC Car SD Car T

4A IPCD 11/06

A cyclist moves at a constant speed of 5

m/s. If the cyclist does not accelerate

during the next 20 seconds, he will travel

--- A 0 m

B 4 m

C 50 m

D 100m

4A IPCJD 11/06

What is the net force exerted on a 90.0 kg

race-car driver while the race car is

accelerating from 0 to 44.7 m/s in 4.50 s?

A 9.8 N

B 20 N

C 201 N

D 894 N

4A IPCHC 11/06

An advertisement claims that a certain

truck has the most powerful engine in its

class. If the engine has more power,

which of the following can the truck’s

engine do, compared to every other

engine in its class?A Produce fewer

emissions

B Operate more efficiently

C Perform work faster

D accelerate longer

4A IPCB 10/06

A driver traveled 270 km in 3 hours. The driver’s destination was still 150 km away. What was the driver’s average speed at this point?

A 40 km/h

B 90 km/h

C 140 km/h

D 420 km/h

4A IPCD 11/06

A 0.50 kg ball with a speed of 4.0 m/s strikes a stationary 1.0 kg target. If momentum is conserved, what is the total momentum of the ball and target after the collision?

A 0.0 kgm/s

B 0.5 kgm/s

C 1.0 kgm/s

D 2.0 kgm/s**duplicate – change data and correct answer

4A IPCB 10/06A person pushes a large box across a

level floor by applying a horizontal force of 200 N. If the person pushes the box a distance of 5 meters in 10 seconds, how much work does the person do on the box?

A 2000 joules

B 1000 joules

C 400 joules

D 100 joules

4A IPCB 11/06

A 1-kilogram ball has a kinetic energy of 50 joules. The velocity of the ball is ---

A 5 m/s

B 10 m/s

C 25 m/s

D 50 m/s

4A IPCHC 11/06

The 500 g cart is moving in a straight line at a constant speed of 2 m/s. Which of the following must to 250 g toy car have in order to maintain the same momentum as the cart?A An acceleration of 5 m/s2 for 2 secondsB A potential energy of 20 JC A constant velocity of 4 m/sD An applied force of 5 N for 5 seconds

4A IPCD 10-04

An ant crawled from point A to Point B in 4.0 seconds. TO the nearest tenth, what was the ant’s speed?

A 4.7 cm/sB 1.175 cm/sB 1.18 cm/sD 1.2 cm/s

4A IPCHC 11/04

The weight lifter used a force of 980 N to raise the barbell over her head in 5.21 seconds. Approximately how much work did she do in raising the barbell?

A 380 L

B 982 J

C 2,000 J

D 10,000 J

4B IPCA 10/03The table shows

time required for the same toy car to travel 10 m across an identical section of a floor after it is pushed. The difference in times was probably caused by differences in ---

A force exerted

B surface friction

C air resistance

D car mass

Trial Time (s)

1 5

2 7

3 4

4 7

Toy Car Speed

4B IPCD 11/06

A hockey player pushed a puck toward the opposite side of a level ice rink. The player expected the puck to continue all the way across the ice, but the puck slowed and stopped before reaching the other side. Which of these best explains why the puck failed to slide all the way to the opposite side?

A The puck’s temperature changed.

B An upward force acted on the puck.

C The puck’s momentum remained unchanged.

D An opposing force acted on the puck.

4B IPCC 11/04Which of these is the best description of the

action-reaction force pair when the space shuttle lifts off from the launchpad?

A The ground pushes the rocket up while exhaust gases push down on the ground.B Exhaust gases push down on air while the air pushes up on the rocket.C The rocket pushes exhaust gases down while the exhaust gases push the rocket up.D Gravity pulls the rocket exhaust down while friction pushes up against the atmosphere.

4B IPC630 11/06

The pictures show how an air bag functions in a collision. How much momentum in kg m/s does the air bag absorb from the crash-test dummy if all the crash-test dummy’s momentum is absorbed by the air bag?

Car velocity = 6.3 m/sDriver velocity = 6.3 m/sDriver mass = 100 kg

Car velocity = 0 m/sDriver velocity = 6.3 m/sDriver mass = 100 kg

Car velocity = 0 m/sDriver velocity = m/sDriver mass = 100 kg

4B IPCC 11/05

The ancient Greeks developed a set of assumptions, based on observations to explain how the universe works. These observations led the Greeks to believe that the universe was composed of four elements: earth, water, fire, and air. The “theory of natural place” was based on their observations of those four elements. The theory stated that anything not in its natural place would move toward its natural place as soon as an opportunity arose. The theory of natural place was the foundation for the modern understanding of the elements. The following chart describes some observations and assumptions made by the ancient Greeks.

Ancient Greeks and Science

4B IPCC 11/05

Object Observation Assumption

Rock Found in or on the ground; if not on the ground, rocks move toward it at first opportunity

Rocks are made of earth and seek the ground, their natural place.

Water Flows over land Water has its natural place on the ground.

Fire Flames flicker upward; the greater the fire, the higher the flames

Fire’s natural place is in the heavens, above the atmosphere.

Air Blows across the land; if trapped in water, escapes at first opportunity

Air’s natural place is in the space above the ground.

Burning wood

Gives off smoke, heat and ash Tree limbs are made of fire, earth, and air.

Smoke Found in fires; if not confined, rises or moves across the land

Smoke is made of fire and air.

Feather Floats to the ground Feathers are made of air and earth.

A leaf from an apple tree falls to the ground more slowly than an apple falls. As an explanation of this observation, the ancient Greeks’ theory of the natural place has been replaced by a more recent theory involving gravitational force and ---

A atomic weightB inertial massC air resistanceD kinetic energy

4B IPC11/05

Materials125 mL cooking oil100 mL H2O10 g NaOHSafety gogglesApron500 mL beakerStirring rodProcedures:•Measure and add 100 mL of H2O to 125 mL of cooking oil and mix thoroughly.•Carefully and slowly add 10 g of NaOH while stirring constantly.•Stir until paste forms.•Pour the paste into a mold and let it sit for two days.•Remove the solid bar from the mold.

Caution:Keep this soap away from the face and eyes because traces ofNaOH may still be present on the soap bar. Use this soap for washing floors and tools only.

Soap-Making Project

4B IPCB 11/05Materials

125 mL cooking oil100 mL H2O10 g NaOHSafety gogglesApron500 mL beakerStirring rodProcedures:•Measure and add 100 mL of H2O to 125 mL of cooking oil and mix thoroughly.•Carefully and slowly add 10 g of NaOH while stirring constantly.•Stir until paste forms.•Pour the paste into a mold and let it sit for two days.•Remove the solid bar from the mold.

Caution:Keep this soap away from the face and eyes because traces ofNaOH may still be present on the soap bar. Use this soap for washing floors and tools only.

Soap-Making Project

A wet bar of soap slides 1 meter across a wet tile floor without appearing to slow down. Which of these statements explains why the bar of soap fails to slow down?

A. A constant force on an object produces a constant positive acceleration.

B. An object in motion tends to remain in motion in the absence of an external force.

C. A moving object having constant velocity contains kinetic energy.

D. An object’s weight is proportional to its mass.

4B IPCD 11/05

The picture above shows the direction in which water leaves the scallop’s shell. Which picture below shows the direction the scallop will move?

4B IPCD 11/04

Which factor would most likely cause a communications satellite orbiting Earth to return to Earth from its orbit?

A An increase in the satellite’s forward

momentum

B An increase in solar energy striking

the satellite

C A decrease in the satellite’s size

D A decrease in the satellite’s velocity

4B IPCGB 11/06When the air is released from a balloon, the air

moves in one direction, and the balloon moves in another direction. Which statement does this situation best illustrate?

A What goes up must come down.

B For every action, there is an equal and

opposite reaction.

C The shape and size of an object affect air

resistance.

D The acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is 9.8

m/s2.

4B IPCGB 11/06

Which of these would cause the gravitational force between Earth and the sun to decrease?

A An increase in the length of a day on EarthB An increase in the distance between Earth and the sunC An increase in the number of planets orbiting the sunD An increase in the masses of Earth and the sun

4B IPCGB 10/06

A

B

C

D

Which graph can represent an object at rest?

4B IPCFA 11/04

After shooting a cannonball, a cannon recoils with a much lower velocity than the cannonball. This is primarily because, compared to the cannonball, the cannon has a ---

A much greater mass

B smaller amount of momentum

C greater kinetic energy

D smaller force applied to it

4B IPCB 490N 11/04

How many newtons of force does a 50.0 kg deer exert on the ground because of gravity?

A 49.0NB 490NC 59.8ND 1470N

4B IPC

D 10-04

The illustration above shows a student about to throw a ball while standing on a skateboard. Which illustration below correctly shows the skateboard’s direction of motion after the student releases the ball?

4D IPCGB

The diagram shows an electric motor lifting a 6 N block a distance of 3 m. The total amount of electrical energy used by the motor is 30 J. How much energy does the motor convert to heat? A 9 J

B 12 JC 18 JD 21 J

4D IPCGB11/04

What is the efficiency of an air conditioner if there is a work input of 320 J and a work output of 80 J?

A 4%

B 25%

C 240%

D 400%

4D IPCFA11/04

A

B

C

D

Which lever arrangement requires the least effort to raise a 500 N resistance?

4D IPCHC11/06

A

B

C

D

Which configuration of pulleys and belts shown below will result in the fastest rotation of spindle 2?

4D IPCC11/06

Which of these represents a properly balanced system?

5. Science ConceptIntegrated Physics and Chemistry

• The student knows the effect of waves in everyday life. The student is expected to

A) Demonstrate wave types and their characteristics through a variety of activities such as modeling with ropes and coils, activating tuning forks and interpreting data on seismic waves

B) Demonstrate wave interactions including interferences, polarization, reflection, refraction and resonance within various materials

5A IPCB 10-04

Which illustration best demonstrates compression waves?

5B IPCC

One tuning fork is struck and placed next to an identical fork. The two forks do not touch. The second tuning fork starts to vibrate because of ---

A. interferenceB. the Doppler effectC. resonanceD. standing waves

5A IPCA 10/06

Which label on the model represents a wavelength?

A. Q

B. R

C. S

D. T

5B IPCC11/06An empty cup was tightly covered with

plastic wrap, and a few grains of salt were sprinkled on top of the plastic. When a tuning fork was struck and placed slightly above the plastic wrap, the salt began to move. Which characteristic of waves does the movement of the salt best demonstrate?

A. Echo formationB. DiffractionC. ResonanceD. Specular reflection

5B IPCD11/06

When a DVD is read, laser light touches the DVD surface and is then measured at location A. What allows light to return to location A after striking the DVD surface?

A. ConductionB. RefractionC. MagnificationD. Reflection

Laser Light Striking a DVD

5B IPCA11/04

The pitch of a sound made by plucking a guitar string is determined by the ---

A. frequency of the vibration producedB. strength of the plucking forceC. distance between the stringsD. shape of the guitar body

5B IPCA11/05A tuning fork with a frequency of 256 Hz

vibrates when struck. Because of these vibrations, a nearby tuning fork begins to vibrate without being struck. Which of the following best accounts for the vibrations of the second tuning fork?

A. ResonanceB. PolarizationC. DiffractionD. Refraction

5B IPCB11/06

A guitar player is seated next to a piano. The piano player strikes an E key on the piano. The guitarist reports that this causes the E string on his guitar to vibrate. What is the name of this phenomenon?

A. PolarizationB. ResonanceC. ReflectionD. Diffraction

5B IPCB11/04

A. ReflectionB. RefractionC. DiffractionD. Polarization

When trying to spear a fish in water, a person needs to take into account the way light bends as it moves from water into the air. The bending of light as it passes from one medium into another is known as ---

5B IPCF11/05

A surface wave generated by an earthquake was recorded at Seismic Station 1. Forty seconds later the same wave was recorded at Seismic Station 2. What accounts for the time difference?

A. The origin of the wave is closer to Seismic Station 1.B. The speed of the wave decreases with distance.C.The wavelength is longer at Seismic Station 2.D.The wave frequency increases when the wave passes

through soil.

5B IPCB11/04

Which wave has the greatest velocity?

5B IPCD11/04

Which wave has the least velocity?

5B IPCD 11/06

A. DiffusionB. ReflectionC. DiffractionD. Refraction

Diverging lenses are useful to people who suffer from nearsightedness because the lenses can cause images of distant objects to be focused on the retina. Lenses allow images to be focused on the retina because of ---

5B IPCB 11/05

The diagram shows waves approaching a barrier. Which pattern will be formed after the waves pass through the opening in the barrier?

6. Science Concept

• The student knows the impact of energy transformations in everyday life. The student is expected to

A) Describe the law of conservation of energyB) Investigate and demonstrate the movement of heat

through solids, liquids and gases by conduction, convection and radiation

D) Investigate and compare economic and environmental impact of using various energy sources such as rechargeable or disposable batteries and solar cells

F) Investigate and compare series and parallel circuits

6A IPCB

Which process best shows the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy?

A. Prevailing winds causing windmills to spin

B. Green plants making their own foodC. Uranium producing heat to make steamD. Tides generating electricity

6A IPCD11/05

The temperature of water increases by 8oC when the metal block is added. Which could cause the temperature of the water to increase by 10oC after the metal block is added?

A.Using 500 g of waterB.Using a larger beakerC.Adding more 20oC waterD.Adding heat to the metal block

6A IPCA 11/04

Which of the following is an example of solar energy being converted into chemical energy?

A. Plants producing sugar during the dayB. Water evaporating and condensing in

the water cycleC. The sun unevenly heating Earth’s

surfaceD. Lava erupting from volcanoes for many

days

4B IPCC 11/05

The ancient Greeks developed a set of assumptions, based on observations to explain how the universe works. These observations led the Greeks to believe that the universe was composed of four elements: earth, water, fire, and air. The “theory of natural place” was based on their observations of those four elements. The theory stated that anything not in its natural place would move toward its natural place as soon as an opportunity arose. The theory of natural place was the foundation for the modern understanding of the elements. The following chart describes some observations and assumptions made by the ancient Greeks.

Ancient Greeks and Science

4B IPCC 11/05

Object Observation Assumption

Rock Found in or on the ground; if not on the ground, rocks move toward it at first opportunity

Rocks are made of earth and seek the ground, their natural place.

Water Flows over land Water has its natural place on the ground.

Fire Flames flicker upward; the greater the fire, the higher the flames

Fire’s natural place is in the heavens, above the atmosphere.

Air Blows across the land; if trapped in water, escapes at first opportunity

Air’s natural place is in the space above the ground.

Burning wood

Gives off smoke, heat and ash Tree limbs are made of fire, earth, and air.

Smoke Found in fires; if not confined, rises or moves across the land

Smoke is made of fire and air.

Feather Floats to the ground Feathers are made of air and earth.

Because ancient Greeks lived close to water, they may have enjoyed a more constant climate than if they had lived inland. Water warms up and cools down more slowly than land. This is because of water’s ---

A boiling pointB specific heatC melting pointD specific gravity

6A IPCB 11/05

According to the equation E=mc2, mass ---

A. Travels at the speed of lightB. Can be transformed into energyC. Contains light energyD. Is doubled when exposed to light

6A IPCB 11/06

What is the approximate difference in gravitational potential energy of the two shaded boxes?

A. 19JB. 39JC. 59JD. 79J

6A IPCA 11/04Effect Amount of Energy per

Second (terajoules)

Solar radiation reaching Earth 173,410

Radiation reflected back into space

52,000

Radiation heating atmosphere, landmasses, and oceans

81,000

Radiation producing winds and ocean currents

370

Radiation used in photosynthesis

40

Radiation resulting in evaporation of water

?

Solar Radiation and Earth

Assuming the chart contains all energy transformations in the Earth system, how much solar radiation goes toward evaporating water? A. 40,000 terajoules

B. 92,410 terajoulesC. 121,410 terajoulesD. 133,410 terajoules

6A IPCA 11/04

Why is the sum of the product’s energy in this reaction less than the sum of the reactants’ energy?

A. Energy is given off as heat.B. The products absorb available energy.C. Energy is trapped in the reactants.D. The reactants’ energy is less than the

melting point of glucose.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Glucose Water Carbon Water Dioxide3000 kJ 300 kJ 200 kJ 150 kJ

6A Bio

A 10-04

Powerful Plankton The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has created an experimental marine fuel cell that could produce enough electricity to power ocean-monitoring devices. This fuel cell runs on seawater and sediment, with the help of plankton. Some plankton on the surface of ocean sediments use dissolved oxygen to break down organic matter, releasing energy; this is an aerobic process. The plankton in the deeper sediments break down organic matter without using oxygen; this is an anaerobic process. These two processes create a difference in voltage between the surface of the sediment and the sediment farther down in the seabed, The voltage difference can be used to produce electricity – up to 5.0 x 10-2 watts of power. Energy supplied by this type of fuel cell can be obtained as long as there is organic matter in the sediment.

Fuel cells powered by plankton from the seabed can be used to operate instruments that monitor ocean currents and water temperature. These fuel cells get their energy by converting --- A. Chemical energy to electrical energy

B. Electrical energy to mechanical energyC.Hydroelectric energy to geothermal energyD.Mechanical energy to chemical energy

6A IPCC

What is the potential energy of the rock?

A. 59,000 joulesB. 64,600 joulesC. 93,100 joulesD. 121,600 joules

6A IPCG11/05

What is the approximate difference in gravitational potential energy of the two shaded boxes?

A. 19 JB. 39 JC. 59 JD. 79 J

6B IPCB

Heat convection occurs in gases and liquids. Heat convection does not occur in solids because solids are unable to ---

A. absorb heat by vibratingB. transfer heat by fluid motionC. emit radiation by reflecting lightD. exchange heat by direct

contact

6B IPCB 11/06

The transfer of heat by the movement of air currents in Earth’s atmosphere is an example of ---

A. ConductionB. ConvectionC. RadiationD. Fusion

6B IPCA 10/04

A man who was sleeping wakes up because he hears the smoke alarm go off in his house. Before opening the bedroom door, the man feels the door to see whether it is warm. He is assuming that heat would be transferred through the door by ---

A. ConductionB. ConvectionC. RadiationD. Compression

6B IPCA 11/05

An increase in greenhouse gases is considered harmful because it ---

A. allows more heat to be trapped in the lower atmosphere

B. depletes carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

C. releases energy trapped inside Earth

D. destroys light energy that plants need for photosynthesis

6B IPCC 10/06

In winter the air just above the top bunk of a bunk bed is warmer than the air just above the bottom bunk because warm air rises. Which of the following describes the method of heating that causes this difference in temperature?

A. Radiation from the roomB. Heat transfer through wallsC.Convection currents in the roomD.Heat conduction through the bed

6B IPCA 10/06

Which of these is the best example of heat transfer by radiation?

A. A satellite is warmed by sunlight.

B. Butter melts on warm bread.

C. A ceiling fan cools a warm room.

D. Puddles of water cool a warm tile floor.

6B IPCD 10/04

Container P and Container Q each were filled with 0.5 liter of water. The water was heated to 90oC. The table shows the temperatures after both containers were allowed to cool for 3 minutes. Compared to Container Q, Container P is a better ---

A. conductorB. absorberC. radiatorD. insulator

ContainerInitial

Temperature (oC)

Final Temperature

(oC)

P 90 83

Q 90 76

Temperatures of Water inDifferent Containers

6B IPCD 11/04

A

B

C

D

In which container is the substance unable to transfer heat by convection?

6B IPCD 11-04Moon Chemistry

Samples collected by Apollo astronauts have provided new data about the moon. Some of these samples consisted of lunar soil, a fine-grained, sand-like material produced as a result of the destruction of moon rocks. Traces of beryllium-10 were found in the samples. Beryllium-10 is carried by the solar wind, which transports elements from the sun’s surface and deposits them on the moon. The solar wind may also result in the formation of new substances. Tiny teardrops of iron and specks of molybdenum were found inside the particles of lunar soil. This is interesting because these elements have not been found in an uncombined state on Earth. The metal oxides they originally were part of were possibly changed when bombarded by the positively charged particles of the solar wind. Another interesting find was tiny (1 to 3 micrometers in length) crystals of silver sulfide. Because similar particles are found on Earth, it has been hypothesized that these crystals were created at a time when the moon had a molten core.

The moon’s surface becomes hot during the long lunar day because the sun transfers heat to the moon. This heat transfer is accomplished almost entirely through the process of ---

A. convectionB. refractionC. conductionD. radiation

6B IPCJ 10-03

The primary way liquids and gases transmit heat is by the process of ---

A. reflectionB. convectionC. radiationD. convection

6B IPCC

A solar heater uses energy from the sun to heat water. The heater’s panel is painted black to ---

A. Improve emission of infrared radiation

B. Reduce the heat loss by convection

currents

C. Improve absorption of infrared radiation

D. Reduce the heater’s conducting

properties

6D IPCA

Which of these activities can help conserve natural resources?

A. Recycling cardboard boxes

B. Washing small loads of laundry

C. Driving large cars

D. Building wooden fences

6D IPCC11/04Battery powered cars produce less air

pollution than gasoline-powered cars. However, one environmental concern of using battery-powered cars is that batteries ---

A. Are heavier than gasoline enginesB. Waste more energy than gasoline

enginesC. Contain toxic substances that are

difficult to dispose ofD. Produce direct current rather than

alternating current

6D IPCD11/04

All of these materials can be recycled except ---

A. aluminum

B. lumber

C. glass

D. coal

6D IPC11/06

Gas Sylvestre Early alchemists were able to produce various kinds of gases by mixing different substances together. However, it was not until the early 1600s that a Belgian physician, J.B. van Helmont, first used the term gas. Van Helmont concentrated his study on a gas he obtained from burning wood. He called this substance gas sylvestre, which means “gas from wood.” He demonstrated that gas sylvestre also formed when limestone reacted with an acid solution. Van Helmont determined that the gas was denser than air and occurred naturally in the lower chambers of the Grotto del Cane, a cave in Italy. He noticed that the atmosphere in the lower cave did not support animal life. He also observed that the process of fermentation produced gas sylvestre. Today gas sylvestre is known by a more familiar name – carbon dioxide.

Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Creightion UniversityOmaha, Nebraska 68178. http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/vanHelmont.html

Use the information below and your knowledge of science to answer the next question

6D IPCD11/06

Electric power plants that burn fossil fuels generate billions of tons of carbon dioxide and other gases. How might replacing these power plants with solar cells affect the environment?

A. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere might increase.

B. Less land might be needed to produce the same amount of electricity.

C. Forest fires resulting from highly flammable emissions might be avoided.

D. The amount of released gases that trap atmospheric heat might be reduced.

Gas Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Chlorine

Molecular Mass (amu)

2 32 44 71

Density

(g/L, at 0C)

0.09 1.43 1.98 3.21

Boiling Point

(C)

-253 -183 -78* -35

Solubility in Water

(L/L H2O; at 20C)

0.02 0.03 0.88 2.30

Properties of Some Gases

*sublimes (changes directly from solid into gas)

6D IPCA11/05

Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and nickel are often found in landfills and occasionally leach into rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water. Such heavy metals are toxic to wildlife and to humans. Which of the following sources of environmental contamination is most often associated with these heavy metals?

A.BatteriesB.PlasticsC.Automobile exhaustD.Tobacco smoke

6D IPCB11/06A company has decided to market itself

as environmentally friendly. If the company is going to sell calculators, the use of which energy source would produce the fewest by-products and the least waste?

A. Rechargeable batteries

B. Solar cells

C. Dry-cell batteries

D. Tesla coils

6D IPCC11/06

One economic benefit of using rechargeable batteries instead of disposable batteries is that rechargeable batteries ---

A. are cheaper to manufactureB. can be packaged in small containersC. can be used many timesD. generate their own electricity

6D IPCC11/06

The typical automobile’s kinetic energy is converted to heat energy when the brakes are applied. A braking system that converts kinetic energy to electrical energy instead of heat energy has been designed. The electrical energy can be used later to move the car again. How does a system like this benefit the environment?

A. Greater use of solar energyB. Ability to harness wind energyC. Decreased use of fossil fuelsD. Use of renewable hydroelectricity

6D IPCD11/06

Which of these devices uses the sun’s energy directly?

A. WindmillB. Hydroelectric damC. Nuclear power plantD. Photovoltaic cell

6D IPCC11/06

Which of these is an advantage of producing electricity using solar power plants rather than using coal-fired plants?

A. Solar power plants can operate for about 10 hours a day.

B. Solar power plants can produce variable amounts of energy.

C. Solar power plants produce fewer pollutants.

D. Solar power plants require continuous sunlight.

6D IPCB11/06

Which of these produces most of the compounds responsible for causing acid rain?

A. Nuclear fissionB. Fossil fuelsC. Solar cellsD. Windmills

6D IPCA11/06

This picture shows a small section of a solar power plant. Which of these decreases the energy production at such power plants?

A. Cloudy skiesB. Ozone in the airC. Hot weatherD. Low humidity

6D IPCB11/04

In West Texas and Southern California, high winds drive turbines that generate electricity. One advantage that wind energy has over energy generated from solar cells is that wind energy ---

A. is plentiful everywhereB. can be generated at nightC. produces cleaner energyD. is free of environmental hazards

6F IPCA 10-04

How much current is flowing through this circuit?

A 0.32 AB 3.1 AC 4.0 AD 12.5 A

6F IPCD 10-06 Viral Disease Common Method of

Transmission

Smallpox Direct contact

AIDS Exchange of body fluids

West Nile Virus Mosquito vector

Influenza Deposition of airborne droplets

Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. The virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) can be transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This virus is transmitted in a manner most similar to the transmission of --- A. smallpox

B. AIDSC. West Nile VirusD. influenza

6F IPCA 10/06

In this circuit, how much current flows through the lightbulb?

A. 0.75 ampB. 1.50 ampsC. 2.0 ampsD. 3.0 amps

6F IPCC 10/06

The bulb will light when a current supplied by at least one 1.5 V battery is available. Which current will fail to light the bulb?

6F IPC A 10-03

Which switch, if opened, will cause the lightbulb to stop glowing?

A. QB. RC. SD. T

6F IPCG 10-03

What is the current in a copper wire that has a resistance of 2 ohms and is connected to a 9-volt electrical source?

A. 0.22 ampB. 4.5 ampsC. 11.0 ampsD. 18.0 amps

6F IPCJD10-04

Which circuit is built so that if one lightbulb goes out, the other three lightbulbs will continue to glow?

A C

B D