This presentation was made possible by the American people through the U.S. Agency for

International Development (USAID) under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-A-11-00031, the

Strengthening Partnerships, Results, and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) project.

Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: What Works and Why

Victor Pinga & Carrie Hubbell Melgarejo

Victor_Pinga@jsi.com Carrie_Melgarejo@jsi.com

19 January 2016

Feed the Future Results Framework 2

?

From Inclusive Agriculture Sector Growth to Improved Nutrition

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Objective

Inclusive Agricultural

Sector Growth

Objective

Improved Nutritional Status

(Women and Children)

How Does Agriculture Affect Nutrition? 4

Gender Roles within Agriculture

Maximizing women’s control

of income

Managing time and energy demands

Income Invested in…

Diverse diet,

nutrient-rich foods

Health care

Sustainable livelihood for year-round food and health care access

Food Consumed

Calories

Protein

Micronutrients

Main Agriculture and Nutrition Pathways 5

Most direct pathway:

Agriculture as a source of food

6

Production decisions are influenced by market prices, relative costs and risks, productive assets, preferences and cultural norms

Processing and storage impact food access and nutrient content

Food Production Pathway 7

Some Evidence on Food Production Pathway to Nutrition 8

Household food production (esp. nutritious foods)

Ghanaian children in HH keeping poultry twice as likely to have minimum dietary diversity (Saaka)

In Burkina Faso, HHs collecting wild foods and those producing food rather than cash crops had better dietary diversity (Ruiz); also in Burkina Faso, women’s BMI improved in a project promoting micronutrient-rich food consumption (Olney)

In Rwanda, hemoglobin and serum ferritin improved for those consuming high-iron beans (DeMoura); OFSP, vitamin A cassava, and iron pearl millet also have some positive results

Some Evidence on Food Production Pathway to Nutrition 9

Processing & Storage

Micronutrient Fortification (Eichler & Martorell)

Good management, processing and storage can increase food access and reduce stunting, perhaps by 1 SD! (Turner, Leroy, Roy)

Occupational risks:

– E.coli and Salmonella in agricultural wastewater (Griffiths)

– Increased malaria where water is stored (Griffiths)

– Risks in value chains, e.g., zoonoses (IFPRI)

Improved year-round income and cash flows to meet household needs, including diverse, nutritious foods, and health care

Assumes nutritious foods and health services are accessible – reflects the importance of generating demand and need for nutrition behavior change

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Agriculture as a source of income

Agricultural Income Pathway 11

Some Evidence on Income Pathway to Nutrition 12

Income correlated with stunting at macro level, but at micro level, evidence sparse (Webb & Block, Kadiyala, Webb & Kennedy)

Increased obesity in rural areas

Household income correlated with household dietary diversity, especially for female-headed households (Coates & Galante)

Non-agricultural income role in lean season (Ruiz, Dury, & Martin-Prevel)

Correlation between income and diet diversity, but not evidence of effects on nutrition at household and individual level

Patrick Webb, and Steven Block PNAS 2012;109:12309-12314

• Women are more likely to spend added income on the health and nutritional needs of the household

• Women’s access to income is more often considered than time and energy use

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Agriculture as a means to women’s empowerment

Women’s Empowerment Pathway 14

Some Evidence on Women’s Empowerment Pathway to Nutrition 15

Control over assets and use of income

Women’s control lead to better diets for women and children (Olney, Coates)

Time Use & Child Care

Tension between earning income and child care (Webb, Johnson)

Female Energy Expenditure

Physical work compromises pregnancy and lactation nutrition (Herforth)

The Enabling Environment: Food Market Environment

Intra-household decisions on food production, expenditure and savings, and power dynamics are influenced greatly by the enabling environment Availability and affordability of diverse, nutritious foods in local markets drive choice, preferences

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Time and energy availability are influenced by ease of food preparation Disease burden influenced greatly by food safety environment, and environmental sanitation

Panelists

Yunus Abdulai, Agriculture/Livelihoods Specialist and Deputy Chief of Party, Resiliency in Northern Ghana (RING) project

Dr. Sidi Coulibaly, Health and Nutrition Director of the Project Victoire sur la Malnutrition (ViM) project in Burkina Faso

Mr. Papa Sene, Sr. Technical Advisor to the Yaajeende project in Senegal

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Achieving Better Nutrition Outcomes

Design nutrition-sensitive agriculture activities, outcomes, and indicators that link with nutrition-specific activities in co-located areas,

and

Reference the frameworks, principles, and pathways.

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Works Cited

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www.SPRING-nutrition.org | [your email address]

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Thank You!