Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20
description
Transcript of Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20
![Page 1: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nutrition and DigestionCHAPTER 20
![Page 2: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Everything that lives needs food, in order to carry out all of life’s functions.
• Food contains complex organic and simple molecules that can supply both energy and raw materials.
![Page 3: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nutrients
The complex substances and simpler substances that are used in life processes.
![Page 4: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nutrients
• Food is composed of 3 major organic molecules & their building blocks.
• Polymer-Large molecule (ex. Protein)• Monomer-Smallest building block (ex.
Amino Acids)
![Page 6: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides( Starch) are digested into monosaccharides.
![Page 7: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Proteins
• Proteins are digested into Amino Acids.
![Page 8: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. Lipids (Fats)
• Fats are digested into fatty acids & glycerol.
![Page 9: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Human nutrition
Do water, vitamins and minerals need to be digested?
Why not?
![Page 10: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Digestion
• Digestion is the process of converting complex organic molecules (Polymers) into smaller ones (Monomers) so they can be absorbed through the cell membrane.
![Page 11: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Autotrophs
• produce their organic molecules in the process of photosynthesis.
![Page 12: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Do plants carry out digestion? _______
• Why or why not?
![Page 13: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Do plants carry out digestion? __NO_____
• Why or why not? They build their own organic substances by using water, carbon dioxide, and minerals absorbed from surrounding.
Photosynthesis- makes sugarsSugars can be built into more complex sugar
molecules or combined with minerals to form lipids and amino acids.
![Page 14: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Heterotrophs
• obtain their organic molecules by eating.
![Page 15: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Do heterotrophs carry out digestion? _YES____
• Why or why not? Chunks of food have to be broken down into smaller particles until in form of molecules small enough to pass through cell membrane.
![Page 16: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Do all nutrients need to be digested before entering the
blood stream?
![Page 17: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NO!
• Water, Vitamins, and Minerals readily pass across cell membrane with little or no need for digestion.
![Page 18: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
DIGESTION IN HETEROTROPHS
• Intracellular digestion Digestion that takes
place inside a cell.• Protozoans use food
vacuoles & lysosomes to digest the food.
![Page 19: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Food Vacuoles in Paramecium
![Page 20: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Intra or Extracellular?
![Page 21: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Sponges have flagella that draw the water (containing plankton) in & digest the food in individual cells
![Page 22: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Extracellular Digestion
• Digestion that takes place in a cavity surrounded by cells.
• Hydra is a chunk-feeder, taking in large particles & digesting them in its gastrovascular cavity.
• 2-Way traffic-1 opening!
![Page 23: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Filter Feeding-Pass food thru a part of their body that strains out microscopic plankton.
• Sessile or slow moving animals like sponges & bivalves filter the water.
• Sponges have flagella that draw the water in & digest the food intracellular.
![Page 24: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1-Way Traffic A complete mouth-anus digestive tract is present in many animals. Much more efficient as digestive is divided into stages.
![Page 27: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Earthworm digestion
• Complete digestive tract-Mouth-Anus
![Page 28: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Bivalves
• Filter Feeders• Have a true digestive
tract-strain food on mucus covered gills.
• Incurrent & Excurrent siphons.
![Page 29: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFpblBf1dfE&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
![Page 30: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO4lkv-jLRs&feature=channel&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
![Page 31: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PharynxMuscular-helps to “suck in” soil
![Page 32: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CropStores the food
![Page 33: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
GizzardAn organ filled with sand that grinds
the food.
![Page 34: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
IntestineChemical digestion and absorbs
nutrients.• Intestine
![Page 35: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Human Digestive System
![Page 36: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Video of digestive system
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFX-MOLSGaU
![Page 37: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Beginning of Digestion• Mechanical &
Enzymatic digestion begin in the mouth-
• Food is masticated to increase surface area for Enzymatic digestion
.
![Page 39: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Human Salivary glandsSecrete Saliva-Water, Salivary amylase
that digests starch (enzymatic)
![Page 40: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Peristalsis
• Peristaltic waves of esophagus muscles move food along the digestive tract stimulating the opening of the cardiac sphincter.
![Page 41: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
3 layers of muscle in stomach
![Page 42: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Stomach
• The stomach’s rugae continue to churn (mechanical) the food, acts as a storage area for the food and..
• Chemical digestion also takes place…
![Page 43: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Gastric Juice
• Gastric juice is secreted which contains HCL, mucus & Pepsin which will digest proteins.
• Chyme then leaves the stomach thru the pyloric sphincter.
![Page 44: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Small Intestine-Several organs secrete digestive juices into the duodenum thru various
ducts.The gall bladder adds bile-stored from the liver
![Page 45: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Pancreas
• The Pancreas adds enzymes to digest all 4 groups of organic molecules.
• Intestinal Juice acts on the disaccharides in the small intestine.
![Page 47: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Enzymes in digestion
![Page 48: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Final steps in DigestionThe complete breakdown & absorption of organic
molecules occurs in the jejunum & ileum.
![Page 49: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Villi & Microvilli• The lining of the small
intestine is folded to increase the surface area to absorb the max amount of nutrients.
• The absorbed nutrients travel in the blood to the liver to be sorted out by the Liver.
![Page 50: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Large Intestine (Colon)Water is absorbed as solid feces are formed
until they exit through the rectum
![Page 51: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Large intestine
What occurs in the large intestine?
Why should you eat yogurt when you take antibiotics?
What can be dangerous about having diarrhea?
![Page 52: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Colonoscopy
/http://www.insidestory.iop.org/insidestory_flash1.html
![Page 53: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
A- Salivary Glands/MouthB- EsophagusC- StomachD- Pancreas
![Page 54: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
E- Large Intestine (Colon)F- AppendixG- Small IntestineH- Gallbladder
![Page 55: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
I- LiverJ- Rectum/Anus
![Page 56: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Vestigial structure, once used to aid in carbohydrate digestion
APPENDIX
![Page 57: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Releases bile into small intestine- helps digest fats
GALL BLADDER
![Page 58: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Adds enzymes like trypsin to digest organic molecules (proteins amino acids) into small intestine
PANCREAS
![Page 59: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Mechanical and chemical digestion (amylase break down carbs). Chew up food to increase surface area for enzymes to digest
Mouth/Salivary Glands
![Page 60: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Produces bile (helps digest fats) and sorts out nutrients.
LIVER
![Page 61: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Water reabsorption
LARGE INTESTINE
![Page 62: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mechanical (churning and mixing) and chemical digestion. Gastric Juices- HCl, pepsin, mucus start to break down proteins changing food into chyme.
SMALL INTESTINE
![Page 63: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
tubular passageway leading into stomachperistalsis- toothpaste squeezing movement of food.
ESOPHAGUS
![Page 64: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Where solid feces are stored and then released.
RECTUM/ANUS
![Page 65: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Complete breakdown and absorption of organic molecules. Villi (and microvilli) increases the surface area so the max. amount of nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream to be transported to liver.
SMALL INTESTINE
![Page 66: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Digestive disorders
• Gall bladder disease• Lactose intolerance• Irritable bowel syndrome• Crohn’s Disease• Heartburn/esophageal reflux disease• Diabetes• Hyper/hypoglycemia
![Page 67: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Importance of good nutrition
• Why the saying “you are what you eat?”• What should you eat before a game or a run?• What should you eat after weight-lifting?• What foods should you avoid?• What is the best way to maintain a healthy
body composition (lean/fat balance, weight)?
![Page 68: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Which type of organism do you think would have a longer
digestive tract?
An herbivore or a carnivore….
Hmmmmm…….
![Page 69: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Carnivores vs Herbivores
![Page 70: Nutrition and Digestion CHAPTER 20](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061604/56816836550346895dddf1d7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Why?