Nutrient Exchange

How Plants and Animals use Nutrients

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Four Macromolecules

1. Nucleic Acids – Monomer: nucleotides

Eg. DNA and RNA    

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s/icons/dna_toys.jpg

2. Proteins – Monomer: amino acids (20 different)

Eg. Insulin, keratin (hair) 

www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/836/965507.JPG

Four Macromolecules3. Carbohydrates (sugars) – Monomer: simple sugars, glucose

Eg. The energy sources of life.

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4. Lipids (fats) – Also called fatty acids, Monomer: glycerol and fatty acids Eg. Build all membranes (cellular and organelle) and some hormones. Storage of energy.

Nucleic Acidsa) Monomer =

nucleotidea) Three parts of a

nucleotide: base, sugar, phosphate

b) Structure:

BaseSugar

Phosphate

III. Proteinsa) Monomer:a) 20 Amino Acids

b) Structure i. Typical Amino Acid (Draw this

above)

images.jupiterim

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Peptide Bondsii. In a peptide bond

we join a carboxyl group (-COOH) to an amino group (-NH2) http://www.codefun.com/Images/Genetic/tRNA/image004.jpg

The bond joining two amino acids

Draw a peptide bond between two glycines in the space to the

right

iii. Sample Protein – InsulinThe protein that regulates our sugar uptake

Video of insulin

IV. Carbohydrates

a. Monomer –i. GlucoseBlood sugar

C

C C

C

C O

OH

OH

OH

H

CH2OH

H H

H

H

OH

staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/biochemistry/glucose.gif

C

C C

C

OOH

OHH

HOCH2

OH

CH2OH

ii. FructoseFruit sugar

www.worldofmolecules.com/foods/Fructose.gif

b. Dehydration Synthesis

Animation

c. Polysaccharidesa.  Formed by more than two

simple sugars joined together. i. Starch (1000 glucoses

hooked)Plant energy storageCH2OH

O

OH

OHO

OCH2OH

O

OH

OHO

CH2OH

O

OH

OHO

CH2OH

O

OH

OHO

etc.etc.

Plant starch…stained with iodine

www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr04/starch-..

Polysaccharides con’t:

ii. Glycogen (30 glucoses

hooked)Stored sugar, found in animal liver.

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Carbon Hydrogen Ratios

a.  Looking at the molecular formulas for the different saccharides what is the ratio of H’s to O’s? Hint: it is the same in each molecule:

Glucose:C6H12O6 Maltose C12H24O12

_____ H’s to each _____ O

This is true for any saccharide

2 1

V. Fats (Lipids)a. Monomers:

i. Fatty Acids ii. + Glycerol

+ 3 fatty acids

images.jupiterimages.com/.../93/76/23267693.jpg

Fats con’t:b. Look at the fatty acids on the

front page. Square the hydrocarbons (“CH” tails) in red, circle the acid portion (-OH containing) in green.

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

CH

H

H

C

H

H

COH

OC

H

H

C

H

H

Membranes are lipids

c. Have you seen the structure before? Fatty acids are one of the primary building blocks of cell and organelle membranes.

Fats con’t:In animals what is

one other membrane component (hint we just studied it last unit)?

Cholesterolhttp://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg

Molecule ReviewCarbohydr

atesFats Protei

nsNucleicAcids

MonomerCarbon Present

Hydrogen Present

Oxygen Present

Nitrogen Present

2(H): 1(O)Carboxyl Group

Amino GroupHydrocarbon tail

Hexagon?

Phosphate?

Glucose

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Glycerol/FAsYes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Amino Acids

Yes

Yes

Nucleotides

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

MiniQUIZIdentify each as a nucleic acid, carbohydrate, fat, or protein

1 2

3

4

C

C C

C

O

OH

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

O

OH

OHO

O

CH2OH

O

OH

OH

O

CH2OH

O

OH

OH

O

CH2OH

O

OH

OH

O•etc.•etc.

Obtaining Nutrients

LectureA. Autotrophs--

Convert light energy to chemical energy using photosynthesis…

http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg

a.  Are also called Producersb.  Examples –Green Plantsc. Autotrophs need –

CO2, H2O, light, heat, minerals.

B - Heterotrophs

a.  Are also called Consumers

b. Examples – Bacteria, protozoa, fungi,

animals (humans)

c.  Heterotrophs need:Autotrophs, O2, minerals,

vitamins, H2O

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Photosynthesis a.  Photosynthesis uses light energy to construct

simple sugars.

  6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6

The requirements for photosynthesis:Light, heat, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water

OCCURS IN THE _________________________ of PLANTS

Light

chlorophyll

CHLOROPLASTS

Cellular Respiration

  i.      The process in the Mitochondria where simple sugars are “burned” to produce energy (in the form of ATP).

Simple formula of Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2

ADP and P ATP = ENERGY!

Enzymes

Mitochondria

• Supply all of the usable energy for

• Plants (autotrophs) and Animals (heterotrophs)

WOW!

Mini QUIZName these Molecules (fat, carb, protein, N.A.)1) 2)

3)

4) Write the complete Equation for Cellular Respiration

HH

C

H

N

H COH

O

C

C C

C

C O

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH

O

C

C C

C

O

OH

OH

HOCH2

OH

CH2OH

N

N

O

O

H CH3

CH2

CC

OCC

OHOH

O

P

OH

OH

O

O

Leaf Structure--How Autotrophs

capture nutrients

• Leaf Cross-section

a.  Cuticle Thin, waxy layer on outer surface

c.  Palisade Layer – Tall cells in mesophyll, contain chloroplasts.

b.  Epidermis Outermost layer of cells

d.  Stomata – small opening in the epidermis for gas exchange.

f.  Guard Cells – cells making up the stomata, can open or close.

e.  Spongy Layerloosely arranged layer of cells with space for gas, where lots of photosynthesis takes place.

g. Vein – vascular tubes in leaf.       i.      Xylem – carries H2O, minerals,

hormones.     ii.      Phloem – carries nutrients

(sucrose), O2, hormones.

h.  Chloroplasts – Organelle containing enzymes and chlorophyll

Chlorophyll – pigment that enables light energy to be changed into chemical energy (sugars)

Leaf Parts MINI QUIZ Label These Leaf Parts

1.

2.

3.

4. 6.

5.

Upper Epidermis

Palisade Layer

Spongy Layer

Cuticle

Vein

Guard Cell

Digestive System LectureHow A Heterotroph captures nutrients 

Gall Bladder

Salivary Glands

Esophagus

Liver

Duodenum

Pancreatic DuctSmall Intestine

AppendixSmall Intestine

Anus

Rectum

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Pancreas

Bile Duct

Stomach

Trachea

Tongue

A. Salivary Glands

a. Mucus – lubricates food.b. Amylase – begins to break down

carbohydrate

B. Tonguea. Keeps food

between teeth

b. Taste Buds – 4 areas

c. Pushes food to esophagus

C. Tracheaa. Windpipeb. Epiglottis

prevents “breathing” food

D. Esophagus

Tube to stomachPeristalsis

starts,Rhythmic

squeezing of food through tubes.

E. Liver

a. Bile is producedb. Emulsifies fats.c. Center for metabolism.d. Detoxifies bloode. Bile sent to Sm. Intestine

f. Store glycogen (starch)

Vital Organ

F. Gall Bladder• Stores bile (bile emulsifies fats)

G. Stomacha. Churn, mix foodb. Sphincters, control openingsc. Protein digestiond. The Hormone Gastrin –

stimulates release of gastric juicese. Gastric juices: HCl, pepsin, etc.f. VOMIT!

– Reverse peristalsis Gizzard = ?

Gizzards

“Heartburn”

H. Bile Duct•Tube to Sm. Intestine from Gall Bladder

I. Duodenum•Most

Digestion•First ~1ft of

the Small Intestine

J. Pancreasa. Produces

Insulin, and other digestive enzymes…

Regulates sugar uptake from blood.

b. If DIABETIC insulin is not made.

Cool Pancreas Video

• Weird Al Video

K. Pancreatic Duct

•Tube to Small Intestine

L. Small Intestine

a. 20-30 feet longb. Villi – absorb nutrientsc. Final Digestion occursd. Nutrients are: glucose, amino

acidse. Lacteals – absorb fats, glycerol

Villi = absorption

M. Appendix•Vestigial

Organ •Evolutiona

ry leftover

N. Large Intestine

a. Re-absorbs H2O

b. Solid wastes stored

Pirates

O. Rectum• Solid wastes are

concentrated

P. Anus•2 Sphincters that control expulsion of waste

Digestive ProcessesProcess Explanation

Dot Color

Ingestion Intake Blue

PeristalsisMuscular Movement of Food

Yellow

Absorption Into Blood Green

Storage Hold for a Time Red

Elimination Release Brown

Mechanical Digestion

Moving Disrupts Orange

Chemical Digestion

Chemicals chop Purple

Gall Bladder

Salivary Glands

Esophagus

Liver

Duodenum

Pancreatic DuctSmall Intestine

AppendixSmall Intestine

Anus

Rectum

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Pancreas

Bile Duct

Stomach

Trachea

Tongue

Blue = IngestionYellow = PeristalsisYellow = PeristalsisGreen = AbsorptionRed = StorageBrown = EliminationOrange = Mechanical Dig.Purple = Chemical Dig.

Mini QuizSalivary Glands

Esophagus

Stomach

Pancreas

Large Intestine

Liver

Appendix

Small Intestine

Duodenum

Food Type

% Diet

Purpose Digestive End Product

Fats <30%

Carbo-hydrate

s

55%

Proteins >15%

Membranes-Energy Stores-Hormones

1) Fatty Acids2)Glycerol

EnergyStored as Glycogen (in liver)

GlucoseChains of sugars, Glycogen

Amino acidsHumans can make 12 (need other 8 in our diet)

Amino acids, used to build proteins

What happens to the Digestive End Products (listed above) Molecule Broken Into Used for

Fats

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Membranes, Hormone Production

Simple Sugars

Amino Acids

Energy

Protein Synthesis

http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~ajm226/mp/metabolism.jpg

F. To speed Digestion organisms use chemicals

and enzymesa.  Acids        i.      HCl        ii.      Gastric Juicesb.  Bile        i.      Soap like, makes fat soluble.        ii.      Aids absorption of Fatc.  Enzymes – each enzyme (made of

protein) is regulated, with a special “job”        i.      Jobs include: Breaking down molecules and building

molecules the body needs.

Enzymesii. Fit molecules like a

“Lock and Key”

1) Some examplesPepsin – breaks down proteins.Lipase – cuts up fats.

d. Glucose is coupled together into starch in the roots of plants for storage.

e. The enzyme for this reaction is called: __________________

Starch Synthase

f. The chemical reaction that occurs is a Dehydration Synthesis, draw the structures of two glucose molecules being joined to create a disaccharide (see earlier Notes):

G. Digestive Enzymes

Enzyme Made Here

Acts Here

Purpose

Amylase

Pepsin  

Rennin 

Lipase 

 

Salivary Glands

MouthStomach

Polysaccharides Disaccharides

Pancreas

StomachDuodenum

Polypeptides Shorter polypeptides

Pancreas

Stomach

Milk Cheese

Pancreas

Duodenum

Fats (lipids) Fatty Acids + Glycerol

Amylase Cuts up starches into smaller sugars

Pepsin•Cuts up proteins

Met Asn Leu Thr Asp Glu Trp Met

H2O H2O

Lipase•Cuts fats into fatty acids and glycerol

•H. Name the chemical process used to digest:

•Fats - hydrolysis•Carbohydrates - hydrolysis•Proteins - hydrolysis

Carbohydrate(red)

Protein(blue)

Fat(green)

Enzyme for digestion

at this point.

Where is this enzyme made?

physical or chemical change

Double sugar(red)

Salivary amylase

(red)Salivary glands C

Polypeptide(blue)

Pepsin and hydrochoric acid(blue)

Stomach C

Emulsified fat(green)

Bile(green)

Liver P

Peptide(blue)

Trypsin(blue)

Fatty acids and glycerol

(green)

Lipase(green)

Pancreas C

Polysaccharide to double

sugar(red)

Pancreatic amylase

(red)

Amino acids(blue)

Erepsin(blue)

Single sugar(red)

Various bacterial

hydrolases(red)

Small Intestine C

Digestive Enzymes MINI QUIZ

Enzyme Made Here

Purpose

1. Amylase

Salivary Glands 

Polysaccharides Disaccharides 

2. Pepsin

Pancreas Polypeptides Shorter polypeptides 3.

RenninPancreas 

Milk Cheese 

4. Lipase

Pancreas   

Fats (lipids) Fatty Acids + Glycerol 

Lab 44 Set Up

All Tubes have:

5 ml of water(~1 inch)

1 drop of cream

10 drops of LITMUS

Only 2 and 3 have Lipase

Only 3 and 4 have Bile

Name

Tube # 1

Name

Tube # 2

Name

Tube # 3Name

Tube # 4

Masking tape flap to make it easy to take off tomorrow

b. Enzyme Action

Enzyme Location where Hydrolysis Occurs

Number of H2O

Used

Digestive End Product

Amylase Every other ‘O’ linker 1 per cut

Disaccharides

Pepsin Phe, Tyr, and Trp, peptide bonds

1 per cut

Shorter proteins

Rennin Casein clumping 1 per cut

Cheese

Lipase Between glycerol and fatty acids

1 per cut3 total

1 glycerol3 fatty acids

Dietary Recommendations

2000 Cal Diet 2500 Cal Diet

< 30% Total Fat < 65 g < 80 g

Sat. Fat 20 g 25 g

Poly 22 g 27 g

Mono 23 g 28 g

Cholesterol < 300 mg < 300 mg

Salt < 2400 mg < 2400 mg

Carbohydrates 300 g 375 g

Dietary Fiber 25 g 30 g

Calories Burned

SummaryAutotroph’s source Substance Heterotroph’s Source

  CO2  

  Minerals  

  H2O  

  Simple sugars  

  O2  

  Energy (ATP)  

  Amino Acids & Proteins

 

  Vitamins  

  Starch  

  Lipids (fats)  

  Cellulose  

Lab TEST Question #9