NURSING THEORYNURSING THEORY

ENIE NOVIEASTARIENIE NOVIEASTARI

DKKD FIK UIDKKD FIK UI

NURSING THEORYNURSING THEORY

• The third type of theoretical works

• Derived from works in other disciplines and related to nursing from earlier nursing philosophies and theories, from nursing grand theories, or from nursing conceptual models

• A work classified as a nursing theory is less abstract than a grand theory but not as specific as a middle range theory

• Theories may be specific to a particular aspect of nursing practice

• Grand nursing theories are conceptual structures that are nearly as abstract as the nursing models from which they are derived, nut they propose outcomes on use and application of the model in nursing practice

• Theories are ways of looking at a phenomenon to describe, explain, predict, or control it.

Nursing theoriesNursing theories• Ida Jean Orlando: Nursing Process Theory• Nola J. Pender: Health Promotion Model• Madeleine Leininger: Culture care Theory of

Diversity and Universality• Margaret A. Newman: Health as Expanding

Consciousness• Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Human Becoming• Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary

Ann P. Swain: Modeling and Role-Modeling• Gladys L. Husted & James H. Husted:

Symphonological Bioethical Theory

Ida Jean OrlandoIda Jean OrlandoNursing Process TheoryNursing Process Theory (1) (1)

• Riwayat:- Lahir 12 Agustus 1926- berpengalaman di berbagai unit keperawatan,

sebagai supervisor, asisten direktur kep., clinical nursing consultant

• Publikasi buku: 1) The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process and Principles of Professional Nursing Practice (1958); 2)The Discipline and Teaching of Nursing Process: An evaluative Study (1972)

Ida Jean OrlandoIda Jean OrlandoNursing Process TheoryNursing Process Theory (2) (2)

• Konsep utama:

1. Fungsi Keperawatan profesional

2. Perilaku yang diperlihatkan pasien

3. Reaksi segera atau respon internal

perawat

4. Disiplin proses keperawatan

5. Kemajuan/peningkatan

Ida Jean OrlandoIda Jean OrlandoNursing Process TheoryNursing Process Theory (3) (3)

Definisi Konsep yang dibahas meliputi:- Tanggung jawab perawat- Kebutuhan klien- Perilaku yang diperlihatkan klien- Reaksi segera- Disiplin proses keperawatan- Peningkatan/kemajuan- Tujuan keperawatan- Tindakan otomatis (segera)- Tindakan deliberatif (terencana)

Nola J. PenderNola J. PenderThe Health Promotion Model (1)The Health Promotion Model (1)

• Riwayat- lahir 1941- Dipl (1962), BSN (1964), MA (1965), PhD psikologi & pendidikan (1969)- Menulis buku (Health Promotion in Nursing practice) & signifikan dlm keg. Riset shg terbentuk pusat riset keperawatan sbg bagian dari NIH th 1981- Aktif di bbg organisasi, Presiden FAAN 1991-1993

• Sumber teori: Sosial Learning theory (Albert Bandura)

Nola J. PenderNola J. PenderThe Health Promotion Model (2)The Health Promotion Model (2)

• Konsep Utama: Faktor Kognitif-Perseptual (Mekanisme Motivasional Primer):- Pentingnya Kesehatan- Persepsi Kendali Kesehatan- Persepsi Efektifitas Diri- Definisi Kesehatan- Persepsi Status Kesehatan- Persepsi Manfaat Perilaku- Persepsi hambatanthd perilaku promosi

kesehatan

Madeleine LeiningerMadeleine LeiningerCulture Care Theory of Diversity & UniversalityCulture Care Theory of Diversity & Universality

• BS Biologi, MS Kepr.Psikiatri, PhD Antropsi. & budaya,

• Penemu Trans Cultural Nursing • Sumber teori: Antropologi, perilaku caring, askep nilai2

sehat-sakit, dan pola perilaku berbasis budaya

• Konsep utama: care, caring, culture, cultural care, cultural value, cultural care diversity, cultural care universality, ethnocentrism, cultural imposition, ethnocentrism, cultural imposition, cultural care preservation, cultural care accommodation, cultural care re patterning, nursing

Margaret A. NewmanMargaret A. NewmanModel of Health (1)Model of Health (1)

• Riwayat:- Lahir 1933- BS in Home Economics & English (1954), BSN (1962), MS in Med Surg Nsg & teaching (1964), PhD in Nsg (1971)

• Memiliki posisi di Universitas, Dir Kep dan memperoleh beberapa penghargaan

• Sumber teori: Filosofer Hegel (“proses dialektikal fusi yang bertentangan), ahli fisika Capra & Bentov

Margaret A. NewmanMargaret A. NewmanModel of Health (2)Model of Health (2)

• Konsep Utama:- Kesehatan: menyangkut penyakit dan non penyakit, ekspilasi pola yang mendasari individu

& lingkungan. Sebagai suatu proses perkemb. kesadaran diri dan lingkungan bersama-sama dg peningkatan kemampuan untuk mempersepsikan alternatif dan berespon dlm bbg cara.- Pola: apa yang mengidentifikasi individual sbg

seseorang yang khusus- Kesadaran: kapasitas informasional sistem:

kemampuan sistem berinteraksi dg lingkungannya (waktu, pergerakan dan ruang)

Rosemario ParseRosemario ParseManusia-Kehidupan-Kesehatan (1)Manusia-Kehidupan-Kesehatan (1)

• BSN, MS, PhD Keperawatan• Sumber teori: pengetahuan manusia utuh

(Rogers), pemikiran fenomenologi-seksistensial (Heidegger et al): “manusia adalah suatu kesatuan yang hidup” dan “keperawatan adalah ilmu pengetahuan ttg manusia”

• Konsep utama: 3 elemen tematik yaitu: makna, ritmisitas, dan ko-transendens.

Rosemario ParseRosemario ParseManusia-Kehidupan-Kesehatan (2)Manusia-Kehidupan-Kesehatan (2)

• 3 prinsip:

1) imaging, valuing, & languaging

2) revealing-concealing, enabling-limiting,

& connecting-separating

3) powering, originating, & transforming

Helen E. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, Helen E. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, & Mary Ann P. Swan (1)& Mary Ann P. Swan (1)

• Modeling and Role-Modeling• Latar belakang:

- Erickson: MS psikiatrik, Dr. Psikologi, berpengalaman sbg pendidik, pimpinan organisasi- Tomlin: MS Psikiatrik, pengalaman CI dan Ners dibbg unit (termasuk ICU, CCU)- Swain: BS, MS,dr Psikologi, pengelola pendidikan, organisatoris

Helen C. Erickson et alHelen C. Erickson et alModeling & Role-Modeling (2)Modeling & Role-Modeling (2)

• Sumber teori: teori psikologi, kognitif dan biologi. Dipengaruhi scr tdk langsung oleh Abraham Maslow, Jean Piaget, Erik Erickson, Milton H. Erickson, George Engel, Hans Selye

• Konsep utama:- modeling- role modeling- Nursing- Nurturance- Unconditional Acceptance- Person : How people are alike or different

Helen C. Erickson et alHelen C. Erickson et alModeling & Role-Modeling (3)Modeling & Role-Modeling (3)

• How people are alike

- holisme

- kebutuhan dasar

- perkembangan

seumur hidup (fase

kognitif & psikologi)

- affiliated-

individuation

• How people are different:

- inherent endowment

- adaptation

- mind body

relationship

- self care (pengetahuan, sumber, tindakan)

Gladys L. Husted & james H. Husted: Gladys L. Husted & james H. Husted: Symphonological Bioethical TheorySymphonological Bioethical Theory

• Symphonology: a system of interpersonal ethics based on the terms and presuppositions of an agreement” specifically the health care professional-patient agreement

• The agreement is based on the nature of the relationship between the parties involved

• In its ethical dimensions it outlines the commitments and obligations of each

• This theory has led to the construction of practice-based decision-making model that assists in determining when and what actions are appropriate for HCPs and patients

Major concepts & definitionsMajor concepts & definitions• Agency: the capacity of an agent to initiate action toward a

chosen goal• Context: the interweaving of the relevant facts of a situation• Environment-agreement; is a shared state of awareness on the

basis of which interaction occur• Health: is a concept applicable to every potential of a person’s life• Nursing; acts as the agent of the patient, doing for her patient

what he would do for himself if he were able. The nurse’s ethical responsibility is to encourage and strengthen those qualities in the patient that serve life, health, and well-being through their interaction

• Person-patient: an individual with a unique character structure, possessing the right to pursue vital goals as he chooses

• Rights; the product of an implicit agreement among rational beings, by virtue of their rationality, not to obtain actions or the product of actions from others except through voluntary consent, objectively gained

Penugasan kelompokPenugasan kelompok

• Dari 7 (tujuh) teori yang tergabung dalam kelompok Nursing Theory ini, setiap kelompok memilih 1 teori untuk dianalisa

• Salin gambar kerangka skematik dari teori• Diskusikan makna gambar tersebut dalam

kelompok• Uraikan gambar kerangka skematik tersebut

dengan menggunakan kata-kata sendiri• Sumber: Marriner-Tomey & Alligood (2006),

Nursing Theorists and Their Work. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier

ReferencesReferences

• George, J.B. (1995). Nursing Theories: the base for professional nursing practice. 4th Ed. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.

• Marriner-Tomey & Alligood (2006). Nursing Theorists and Their Works. 6th Ed. St.Louis: Mosby Elsevier, Inc.

• Reed, P.G, Shearer, N.C., & Nicoll, L.H. (2004). Perspectives on Nursing Theory. 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.