Nuclear Policy in the UK
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Transcript of Nuclear Policy in the UK
Nuclear policy in the UKCATA L IN S I N DILE | GEOFFR EY BON A M Y | K R Z YSZ TOF KOBYŁK A
Table of contents
Actual Nuclear Park and Policy
Decomissioning Policy
Developing Projects
Actual UK’s energy mix In 2015, 338 TWh of electricity was produced in the UK (DECC data).
Renewables , 26,90%
Nuclear, 21,20%
Oil and Other, 2,30%
Coal, 19,90%
Gas, 29,70%
Q4 2015
Renewables , 21,80%
Nuclear, 15,60%
Oil and Other, 2,50%
Coal, 30,90%
Gas, 29,10%
Q4 2014
70 TWh nuclear
100 TWh from gas
76 TWh from coal
2 TWh from oil
40 TWh from wind
7.5 TWh from solar
9 TWh hydro
29 TWh from biofuels
4 TWh from wastes.
Net electricity imports - 0.9 TWh to Ireland
Net electricity imports were 21 TWh - 13.8 TWh from France, 8.0 TWh from the Netherlands
OperationalNuclearReactorsThe UK has 15 reactors generating about 21% of its electricity but almost half of this capacity is to be retired by 2025.
Plant TypePresent capacity
(MWe net)First power
Expected
shutdown
Dungeness B 1&2 AGR 2 x 520 1983 & 1985 2028
Hartlepool 1&2 AGR 595, 585 1983 & 1984 2024
Heysham I 1&2 AGR 580, 575 1983 & 1984 2024
Heysham II 1&2 AGR 2 x 610 1988 2030
Hinkley Point B 1&2 AGR 475, 470 1976 2023
Hunterston B 1&2 AGR 475, 485 1976 & 1977 2023
Torness 1&2 AGR 590, 595 1988 & 1989 2030
Sizewell B PWR 1198 1995 2035
Total: 15 units 8883 MWe
A change in policy since 2006…Between 1990 and 2006 Nuclear Energy development and finances were almost totally stopped but then there was a change…
Why?Domestic gas reserves
are almost depleted - in 2012, 63% of British gas was supplied from
imports
Need to increase the generated electricity capacity inside the
Kingdom
The need for the reduction of CO2
emissions, linked to the general policy adopted
by EU
UK has full nuclear fuel cycle facilities including
major reprocessing plants.
Legacy in the nuclear domain, being the first country who opened a
civil nuclear reactor.
Strategy
The UK has implemented a very thorough assessment process for new reactor designs and their siting.
The government aims to have 19 GWe of new-generation plants with the first expected to be on line by 2025.
EDF Energy, the actual operator in nuclear energy in UK, are working to extend the lifetime of all the operating reactors today.
In November 2015 The Government decided to allow a £250 million to the nuclear R&D programme to "revive the UK's nuclear expertise" especially through developing small modular reactors (SMRs) and position the country as "a global leader in innovative nuclear technologies."
PublicReactionEffects on public opinion on this new policy,especially after Fukushima’s accident
Public opinion in UK has remained positive - In July 2013 a YouGov survey found that 61% of
Britains supported the use of nuclear power, and only 39% opposed building new plants.
46
2529
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Good thing Bad thing Don't know
Generally speaking, and taking everything into account, do you think a significant
increase in Britain’s use of nuclear power would be a good thing or a bad thing?
yougov.co.uk
Decomissioning policy
UK’s nuclear legacy
MAGNOX reactors
from 1956 to 1971
First world’s commercial-scale nuclear power reactor in 1956 at Calder Hall 50MWe
26 MAGNOXpower reactors.
all shutdown,last one indecember 2015
AGR reactors
from 1983 to 1995
14 advanced gas-cooled reactors
Expected shutdowns in 15-25 years
PWR
1995
Single PWR at Sizewell B in 1995 (1188 MWe)
expected shutdown in 2035
Nuclear Decomissioning AuthorityCreated by the energy act in 2004
Took over the liabilities held by the UKAEA and BNFL (British Nuclear Fuels Ltd)
Non-departmental public body of the British Department of Energy and Climate Change
www.gov.uk
NDA’s responsabilities
Decommissioning and cleaning nuclear facilities,
Implementing of long-term management of nuclear waste,
Developing UK-wide strategy for Low Level Waste,
Establishing the overall approach, allocating budgets, setting targets and monitoring progress,
Research and developement,
Controlling of decommissioning plans of AGRs nuclear power stations.
BudgetSellafield Limited
Magnox Limited
Dounreay Site Restoration Limited
Low Level Waste Repository Limited
Capenhurst Nuclear
Springfields Fuels Limited
Less than 300 employees
The total planned expenditure for 2015/16 is £3.31 billion of which:
£2.09 billion is Government grant-in-aid
£1.22 billionis income from commercial operations
2 billion
550 million
177 million
68 million
49 million
33 million
Sellafield spent fuel management
including reprocessing
waste treatment and packaging
storage of radioactive wastes
decommissioning
Calder Hall
Windscale
www.nuclearmanagementpartners.com
Objectives
In ten years... In twenty years...
all Magnox stations defueled spent fuel reprocessed 4 Magnox sites to have entered
Care and Maintenance progress on high hazard
reduction management of all NDA sites
to have been competed all NDA’s non-core assets to
have been disposed of
Care and Maintenance of all Magnox
at LLWR, the Plutonium Contaminated Material facilities to have been removed,
confirmation of a site’s suitability to host a Geological Disposal Facility (GDF),
All residues removed from the Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR)
Completed decomissioning at Harwell and Winfrith
«The discounted total of the nuclear liabilities estimate has increased therefore from £37.0 billion ($73.9 billion) in 2006/07 to £44.1 billion ($88.0 billion)»
world-nuclear-news.org 18 july 2008
«As of February 2015, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority's estimate of the discounted nuclear provision for the authority's estate was around £70 billion
($107 billion), of which £53 billion ($81 billion) relates to Sellafield - an increase of £5 billion ($7.6 billion) from 2013-14.»
world-nuclear-news.org 5 march 2015
Hinkley point C contract
In a few words...
Main actors
EDF CEO : Jean –Bernard Lévy
French government– Emanuel Macron
China General Nuclear (CGN)
China National NuclearCorportation (CNNC)
British Government– James Cameron
Key numbers
October, 21st 2013agreement on the contract
25 billion € total cost for 2 HinkleyPoint central EPR1
33.5% Chinese part of investment for the 2 Hinkley Point EPR
Stakes
Fit the Englishgovernment policyon energy
Strengthening of the franco-chinesenuclear partnership
Opportunity for China to penetratethe europeannuclear market
EDF in England, how does it work?
Between 2005 and 2009, EDF bought electricity companies and created EDF Energy plc.
EDF Energy plc produces almost 20% of the electricity in UK mostly thanks to nuclear energy1
EDF Energy plc owns land in England to produce energy
EDF Energy is owned at 100% by EDF -which recently purchases the Areva nuclear area
1. MIX OF ENERGY BETWEEN : NUCLEAR POWER STATION (74% OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCED), COAL PROWER STATION (17%), WIND FARM (8%), OTHERS (1%)
2 reactors: 1600 MW
Reduction of 9 millions tonnes of
carbon dioxyde emission/year
Electricityfor 5
millions homes
About 5.000 employment
created
7% of British
electrictyin 2025
Constant price for the
next 30 years
Ben
efit
sfo
r th
e en
viro
nm
ent
Benefits for the economy / society
Those effects will be reinforced by the
construction of three others nuclear
reactors
Hinkley Point C – expected benefitsB
enef
its
for
the
envi
ron
men
t
Construction of twoEPR’s centrals in Hinkley Point C
Construction of twonuclear centrals on Sizewell
66.5 %
33.5 %
66.5 %
33.5 %
France
France
Construction of a third generationnuclear central on Bradwell
66.5 %
33.5 %
China
Total: 5 new nuclear plants in the UK
A multi sides contract
Main point of the
contract
Other agreements
Construction Localisation Holdings Country
technology
Drawbacks EDF takes an important financial risk
A more expensive electricity
Operators may do saving on the securities measures
A controversial sell regarding to the European law on competitiveness1
Consequences for France and Great
Britain
China strategy « go abroad » is progressing
It will run an EPR in Europe
In 2020 China expects to control the all nuclearchain
1.THIS PROJECT IF HIGHLY SUBDIDISED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT – THE AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT PRESS CHARGES
China is going to take more important place in the nuclear landscape
China’s aggressivepolicy on nuclear
Advantages Great Britain
Stable cost of the electricty for next 20 years
Fit the govermentpolicy on reducingCO2 emission
Solution to the reduction of hydrocarbure electricityproduction
France
Areva and EDF have huge financial issues → revive the production
Reinforce the economic link withChina
China
China will becomeone of the few country able to export nuclear 1
It gives China an important strategicadvantage for penetrate the worldwide nuclearmarket
Some people considered this contract as « dangerous » 2 : it is not justtechnologies in exchange of market, it is also the occasion for China to penetrate
the European market
1. WITH UNITED STATES, JAPAN, FRANCE, SOUTH KOREA, CANADA2. ACCORDING TO THE TIMES
This contract in UK
1. ACCORDING TO " THE WEBSITE THE ENGINEER"
The need for nuclear power was so great the UK had no
choice but to strike unfavourable deal…
The deal represents a starting point for
the UK to redevelop its own nuclear
expertise22%
The deal represents good value for the UK
13%
The strike price of 89.50-92.50
MWhr is too high17%
The agreement supports …
The agreement
does nothing to support
development of nuclear
skills 12%
Which of the following statements most closely matches your feelings on the deal to build the first
of the UK's new fleet of nuclear power stations?
• Cut down the subsidy to renewable energy to allocate all government subsidies to nuclear
• Increase dependancy on China
• Create new job for the people
• Good public opinion on nuclear
British opinion is stronglydivided on this nuclear
subject
Thank you for your attention