NTRODUCTION I NTR 0 0 U CTI 0 N TO

POLITICAL SCIENCE TO

mcnL SCIENCE

I NTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION

. i . i I

ISBN 978-007-054-0 P.A. ASSIBONG Ph.D

-'

INTRODUCTION TO

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Ntufam: Patrick AGBOR ASSIBONG B.Sc (Hons) , M .Sc, Ph.D Political Science (Specialized in the Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment)

FIRST EDITION

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION

. , 7rf1

DEDICATION

This text book is dedicated to all my students past and present whose quest for knowledge precipitated the writing of this book.

I must thank the l Road Branch fo~ printing of the fm

I have to thank Management Cor issued the Intern~ me.

My sincere thank for typing the rr environment for 1

I also benefited Ntufam (Dr.) Stl and Tony Ante, Worgu Power, D Onanawo, Henry Moses Ojong Eg the rudimentary ; avoid prosecutic secondary source

I must thank Nd for proof reading Cedar Ernest Ak Ubani and Bernie

I have the gooc Postgraduate Stu of Calabar, Uni\ State who may r Political Science writing of this bo

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I must thank the Bank Manager of First Bank ofNigeria Calabar, Calabar Road Branch for approving the loan which helped me to pay for the printing of the first one thousand copies of this book.

I have to thank the University of Calabar Peer Review and Press Management Committee which after a thorough assessment of the book issued the International Standard Book Number (ISBN 978-007-054-0) to me.

My sincere thanks also go to Mrs. Florence Etuk and Madam Lucy Eyong for typing the manuscript and my children for creating the necessary environment for the writing of this book.

I also benefited from the comments of the subsequent friends: Late Ntufam (Dr.) Stephen Ajom, Barristers Fidelis Akpan, Johnson Ukam and Tony Ante, Messrs; Nwangwu Cyril, James Anyia, Segun Joshua, Worgu Power, David Ndip, Francis Manchang, Samuel Agbe, Sam Oni, Onanawo, Henry Fonge, Emmanuel Ene, William Esame, Solomon Nsun, Moses Ojong Egbe and particularly Mr. E.A. Udoh who schooled me on the rudimentary aspects of the Nigerian Press Law which enabled me to avoid prosecution for slander and innuendo. I also consulted many secondary sources including text books as the bibliography clearly show.

I must thank Ndukwu Ndukwe, Jude Iheancho and the following ladies for proof reading the book: Sarah Oben, Franca Onwusoro, Agbara Tesy, Cedar Ernest Akwang, Chinyere Osueke, Martina Nyiam Jabe, Kelechi Ubani and Bernice Nkong.

I have the good fortune to teach very intelligent Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students at the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, University of Calabar, University of Buea and Covenant University in Ota, Ogun State who may not know that their quest for a "definitive" text book in Political Science to displace those by "hungry authors" precipitated the writing of this book.

ii

I bear full responsibility for any short comings of this book and not those mentioned above. I am appealing to all my critics not to dismiss with the wave of their hand, what took me many sleepless nights to write.

December, 2015 Dept. of Political Science and International Relations , Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

iii

Ntufam(Dr.) Assibong, P.A. (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D,

Being fully awa quick money than in b Political Science, goven studies and public adm decided to write this bool

The chapters de ideologies, power, politic be useful for most pos universities.

The principal c his/her examination in Pi four months in research: experience as a classroon education and universit Examiner in Government all the topics in this boc student of political scier book. It is my hope that s

I am however volume which took me t

entirety. Suggestions and

In order to avoi< lovers are advised in t1 Science and Political Scit

December, 20 15 AgborDept. of Political S International Relations , Covenant University, Ota Ogun State-Nigeria.

is book and not those )t to dismiss with the >to write.

·.) Assibong, P.A. B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D,

PRE~ ACE

Being fully aware that most authors are more interested in making quick money than in honestly presenting useful academic materials for Political Science, government, international relations, policy and strategic studies and public administration students in schools and universities, I decided to write this book.

The chapters dealing with the crisis of development, the "isms" or ideologies, power, political parties and government in action etc. could also be useful for most postgraduate students in Nigerian and other African universities.

The principal concern of this book is to enable the student pass his/her examination in Political Science and Government, hence I spent over four months in researching and writing this book. I also invested 30years experience as a classroom teacher in secondary schools, institutes, colleges of education and universities and also my experience as a W AEC/GCE Examiner in Government and Political Science in putting finishing touches to all the topics in this book. I have done some work, so what is left for the student of political science is to read and understand the materials in this book. It is my hope that students would find this text book indispensible.

I am however appealing to any possible critic not to reject this volume which took me much time and many sleepless nights to write in its entirety. Suggestions and corrections would be accepted in good faith.

In order to avoid disarticulation, laypersons, students and knowledge lovers are advised in their own interest to buy Perspectives in Political Science and Political Science in Africa.

December, 2015 AgborDept. ofPolitical Science and International Relations , Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State-Nigeria.

iv

Chief (Dr.) AssibongP. (Political Economist)

©Assibong, P.A. 2015

Published in Nigeria by the University of Calabar Press

All rights reserved, no parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any

form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy,

recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of -

tradeor otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of

binding or other than that in which is published and without a similar

condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

ISBN 978-007-054-0

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

ISBN 978-007-054-0

Printed in Nigeria by the University of Calabar

Printing Company. Calabar

v

·:HAPTER ONE i .1 BAStS OF GOVERN

1.1.1 Definition of G 1.1 .2 Definition of P 1.1.3 Use of Govern

1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 1.2.1 Power 1.2.2 How power is a 1.2.3 How power is el 1 .2 .4 Other forms of 1.2.5 Authority 1.2.6 Influence 1.2.7 Citizenship 1.2.8 Sovereignty 1.2.9 Centralization a 1.2.1 0 Representative 1.2.11 Prerequ1s1tes of 1.2.12 Merits of repres 1.2.13 Demerits of repr 1.2 .14 Factors against 1.2.15 Monarchy 1.2.16 Merits of monar 1.2.17 Demerits of mon 1.2.18 Oligarchy 1.2.19 Aristocracy

1.3 THE- ISMS 1.3.1 Communalism 1.3.2 Main features of 1.3.3 Capitalism 1.3.4 Charactenstics d 1.3.5 Advantages of c 1.3.6 Disadvantages o 1.3.7 Socialism 1 .3.8 Basic principles

CONTENTS 15 PAGE(S)

RONE

y of Calabar Press BAStS OF GOVERNMENT 1 •.

1.1.1 Definition of Government 1

ublication may be 1.1.2 Definition of Political Science 2 1.1.3 Use of Government and Political Science 6

or transmitted in any 1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 7 ~anical, photocopy, 1.2.1 Power 7 1e, 1.2.2 How power is acquired 9

(the author 1.2.3 How power is exercised 11 1.2.4 Other forms of power 12

hat it shall not, by way 1.2.5 Authority 14 1.2.6 Influence 16 1.2.7 Citizenship 17

~d out or otherwise 1.2.8 Sovereignty 19 ·onsent in any form of 1.2.9 Centralization and Decentralization 21

1.2.1 0 Representative Government 26

zd without a similar 1.2.11 Prerequ1s1tes of representative democracy 27

rzg imposed on the 1.2.12 Merits of representative democracy 32 1.2.13 Demerits of representative democracy 33

"'· 1.2.14 Factors against representative democracy 34 1.2.15 Monarchy 35

blication Data 1.2 .16 Merits of monarchy . 36 tLSCIENCE 1.2.17 Demerits of monarchy 37

1.2.18 Oligarchy 37 1.2.19 Aristocracy 38

Publication Data 1.3 THE-ISMS 39

1.3.1 Communalism 39 ILSCIENCE 1.3.2 Main features of communalism 39

1.3.3 Capitalism 41

ty of Calabar 1.3.4 Characteristics of capitalism 42 1.3.5 Advantages of capitalism 43

bar 1.3.6 Disadvantages of capitalism 44 1.3.7 Socialism 46 1.3.8 Basic principles of socialism 46

VI

... ;~·-1.3.9 Advantages of socialism 47 2.1 .2 Political c 1.3.1 0 Disadvantages of socialism 48 2.1.3 The dete 1.3.11 Marxism and Communism 50 ~.2 POLITICAL CU 1.3.12 The Main principles of Marxism/Communism 50 ~.3 POLITICAL SOl 1.3.13 Totalitarianism 52 2.3.1 Agents o 1.3.14 Fascism 54 ~.4 POLITICAL PRt 1.3.15 Feudalism 54 2.4.1 Principle 1 . 3.16 Collectivism 55 2.4.2 The limit1

1.4 THE STATE 57 2.5 POLITICAL VIC 1.4.1 Definition and Relationship with Government 57 2.5.1 Causes< 1.4.2 The Difference between the State and the I 2.5.2 Types of

Government 58 I 2.5 .3 How to a 1.4.3 Features of the State 59 2.6 POLITICAL INT 1.4.4 General functions of Government 60 I 2.6.1 Problem\ 1.4.5 The Regulatory functions of Government 61 2.7 POLITICAL DE 1.4.6 The Enterprising functions of Government 61 2.8 POLITICAL BEl 1.4.7 Other functions of Government; Public Policy 62 2.9 ADMINISTRAT 1.4.8 Bureaucracy, Politics and Public Policy 63 2.9.1 Commol1 1.4.9 Politics as a science 71 I 2.9.2 Forms o1 1.4.1 0 The Legislature 74 I 2.9.3 Why est~

I

1.4.11 Functions of the Legislature 74 I 2.9.4 Control o 1.4.12 Qualifications required for membership 76 2. 9. 5 Demerits 1.4.13 Bicameralism 76 2.10 SOCIAL MOBL 1.4.14 Demerits of bicameralism 77 2.1 0.1 Results c 1.4.15 Unicameralism 78 2.11 PROBLEMS 0 1.4.16 Duties of members of Parliament 79 2.11.1 Legitima1 1 .4.17 The Executive 80 I 2.11.2 National 1.4.18 The Judiciary 81 I 2.11.3 National 1.4.19 The independence of the judiciary 82

\ 2.11.4 Particip~

1.4.20 Relationship between the Executive 2.11.5 Penetrat . and the Judiciary 83 2.11.6 Distribut

1.4.21 Powers of the Supreme Court 83 2.12 SEPARATION 2.12.1 Checks

CHAPTER TWO I 2.12.2 The rule 2.1 GOVERNMENT IN ACTION 85 2.12.3 Proble

2.1.1 Political participation 85 2.13 CONSTITUTI

VII

•-..

47 2.1.2 Political apathy 89 48 2.1.3 The determinants of participation 90 50 .2 POLITICAL CULTURE 92

/Communism 50 .3 POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION 94 52 2.3.1 Agents of political socialization 94 54 .4 POLITICAL PROPAGANDA 96 54 2.4.1 Principles of war propaganda 98 55 2.4.2 The limits of propaganda 99 57 2.5 POLITICAL VIOLENCE 100

Government 57 2.5.1 Causes of violence 101 te and the 2.5.2 Types of Political Violence 102

58 2.5.3 How to avoid political violence 103 59 2.6 POLITICAL INTEGRATION 104

lt 60 2.6.1 Problems of integration 106 rernment 61 2.7 POLITICAL DECAY 107 tvernment 61 2.8 POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR 110 Public Policy 62 2.9 ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE 111 Policy 63 2.9.1 Common features of tribunals 112

71 2.9.2 Forms of Administrative justice 112 74 2.9.3 Why establish administrative tribunals 113 74 2.9.4 Control of administrative tribunals 115

ership 76 2.9.5 Demerits of administrative tribunals 116 76 2.10 SOCIAL MOBLIZA TION 118 77 2.1 0.1 Results of social Mobilization 118 78 2.11 PROBLEMS OR CRISIS OF DEVELOPMENT 119 79 2.11.1 Legitimacy 120 80 2.11.2 National Identity 122 81 2.11.3 National integration 122

( 82 2.11.4 Participation 123 ve 2.11.5 Penetration 124

83 2.11.6 Distribution 125 83 2.12 SEPARATION OF POWER 125

2.12.1 Checks and balances .. 127 2.12.2 The rule of law 129

85 2.12.3 Problems of maintaining the rule of law 133 85 2.13 CONSTITUTIONALISM 134

viii

. I ,.iff7 · -2.13.1 Constitutional limitations 2.13.2 Problems of constitutionalism 2.13.3 Merits of constitutionalism

2.14 DELEGATED LEGISLATION 2.14.1 Forms of delegated legislation 2.14.2 Advantages of delegated legislation 2.14.3 Disadvantages of delegated legislation 2.14.4 Limitation or Control of delegated legislation

CHAPTER THREE 3.1 TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

GOVERNMENTS AND THEIR CONSTITUTIONS 3.1.1 Definition of constitution 3.1.2 Sources of constitution 3.1.3 Scope of constitution 3.1.4 Importance of constitution 3.1.5 Characteristics of a good constitution 3.1.6 Rigid constitution 3.1.7 Flexible constitution

3.2 FEDERALISM 3.2.1 How powers and functions are shared 3.2.2. Factors that give rise to federation 3.2.3 Merits of Federalism 3.2.4 Demerits of Federalism

3.3 UNITARY STATE 3.3.1 Main features of a unitary state 3.3.2 Merits of unitary states 3.3.3 Demerits of unitary states 3.3.4 Differences between Federal and unitary

constitutions 3.4 PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

3.4.1 Main characteristics of Presidentialism 3.4.2 Advantages of a presidentialism 3.4.3 Disadvantages of a presidentialism

3.5 PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT 3.5.1 The main characteristics of Parliamentarisrn

IX

143 143 144 145 149 150 151 152 152 153 153 155 156 157 157 159 159

160 4. 161 161 163 163 165 165

135 3.5.2 Responsibilities of a Cabinet Minister / 166 :;m 136 3.5.3 Advantages of parliamentarism ... 167 137 3.5.4 Disadvantages of the parliamentary system 168 138 3.5.5 Presidentialism and Parliamentarism compared 169 :ron 138 3.6 CONFEDERATION 170 !gislation 140 3.6.1 Definition 170 j legislation 141 3.6.2 Main features 170 ~gated legislation 141

CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 THE PARTY SYSTEM 172 i OF

4.1.1 Advantages of the party system 172 NSTITUTIONS 143 4.1.2 Disadvantages of the party system 173 143 4.1.3 Types of party systems 174 144 4.1.4 The Non-party state 174 145 4.1.5 One party system 174 149 4.1.6 Merits of one party system 175 nstitution 150 4.1.7 Demerits of one party state 176 151 4.1.8 A two party system 176 152 4.1.9 Merits of a two party system 176 152 4.1 .1 0 Demerits of a two party system 177 re shared 153 4.1.11 Multi-party system 177 ration 153 4.1.12 Merits of a multi-party system 177 155 4.1.13 Demerits of a multi-pa_rty system 178 156 4.2 POLITICAL PARTIES 179 157 4.2.1 Organization 180 1te 157 4.2.2 Functions of Political Parties 182 159 4.2.3 Types of Political Parties 183 159 4.2.4 Characteristics of Political Parties 185 and unitary

4.2.5 The "Modus Operandi" of Politics Parties 187 160 4.3 PRESSURE OR INTEREST GROUPS 188 ERNMENT 161 4.3.1 Characteristics 188

~e~tialism 161 4.3.2 Types of pressure groups 189 163 4.3.3 Functions of pressure groups 190 (ialism 163 4.3.4 Modes of operations 191 DVEHNMENT 165 4.3.5 Impediments to pressure groups 193 rliamentarisrn 165 4.3.6 Political Parties and Pressure Groups 195

4.3.7 Some political parti~8 196 4.3.8 The National Republicc=tn Lonvenlion (NRC) 196 4.3.9 The social uernocrc-t lic pnrty (~DP) 200

HIHL IOGRAPHY 204

) ) Centralization! ,?) Public Policy ~ 3) Diagram shovJ I

XI

196 Invention (Nf-<C) 196 (~DP) 200

204

1) 2) 3)

LIST OF FIGURES

Centralization and Decentralization Public Policy Diagram Diagram showing separation of powers

xii

22 62

126

. t ~frF '

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AFRC AU BMM CIA CNU CPOM DCS EEC FE DECO FNLA IMF I RIC

KGB KPU LDCS MP MPLA

NATO NPA NPN NRC NYSC OAU PDP Ph.D POLISARIO

PRP SADR SEDOC­SDP SMC SONARA UNO UPC USA USSR

•

Armed Forces Ruling Council African Union Brigade Mixte Mobile Central Intelligence Agency Cameroon National Union Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Developed Countries European Econom1c Commission Federal Electoral Comm1ss1on National Front for the Liberation of Angola International Monetary Fund Institute de Relation lnternationale du Cameroun Committee for State Secunty Kenyan People's Un1on. Less Developed Countries Member of Parliament Population Movement for the L1berat1on of Angola North Atlantic Organization Nigerian Ports Authonty Nat1onal Party of Nigena National Republic Conventton National Youth Serv1ce Corps Organ1zat1on of Afncan Unl!y Peoples Democratic Party Doctor of Philosophy "Frente Popular Para La L1berac1on de Sangna el Hamra Rio del Oro· (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saharaw1 People) Peoples Redempt1on Party Saharaw1 Arab Democrat1c Republic Service de Documentation Soc1al Democratic Party Supreme Military Council Societe Natioanle De Raff1nage United Nations Organ1zat1on Un1on Populaire du Cameroun United .States of Amenca Union ~=Jf the Soviet Socialist Republics (Now the

' Commonwealth of Independent States.)

XIII

~ THE BASIS In order to

>litics in the Co 1tyman must firs ~nciples or main i re definitional pole \ a subject, the va e Power, influer kntion but a few.

'1.1 DEFINITION I The term gm :. the body that is gional or local-an ree hundred and E

~ined that Politics "( I . h ~1ence, such as t e ~nduct of Public aff< I Generally sp• ·dering of a gro :ganizat1on The overnment. Goverr gan1zing. Hence v.. ;sociation like the eople's Club of Nig I ell as the Governme

W hen viewed I lfers to the_ manage ~overnment 1s seen a ays and manners in is seen here as an i at the state pursu overnments are trib ased on fami ly relat1c