NTD Nutrisi Ternak Dasar - Pencernaan dan Metabolisme … · These protein-coated lipid droplets...

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11/4/15 1 Lipid Diges.on 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LIPID LIPID GLYCEROL BASED NONGLYCEROL BASED SIMPLE COMPOUND GLYCOLIPID PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES SPHINGOMYELINS CEREBROSIDES WAXES STEROIDS TERPENES FATS GLUCOLIPIDS GALACTOLIPIDS LECITHINS CEPHALINS

Transcript of NTD Nutrisi Ternak Dasar - Pencernaan dan Metabolisme … · These protein-coated lipid droplets...

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Lipid  Diges.on  

3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LIPID

LIPID    

                                         GLYCEROL  BASED                                        NON-­‐GLYCEROL  BASED    SIMPLE                                        COMPOUND                                      GLYCOLIPID                                                PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES  

                                                             SPHINGOMYELINS                                                                CEREBROSIDES                                                                WAXES                                                                STEROIDS                                                                TERPENES  

FATS            GLUCOLIPIDS          GALACTOLIPIDS        LECITHINS                        CEPHALINS  

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3.2.  FATS  

•  FATS  AND  OILS  ARE  CONSTITUENTS  OF  BOTH  PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS    

•  BOTH  HAVE  THE  SAME  GENERAL  STRUCTURE  BUT  HAVE  DIFFERENT  PHYSICAL  AND  CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES.    

 •  ESSENTIAL  FATTY  ACIDS  =  LINOLEIC,  ARACHIDONIC,  LINOLENIC    

•  PROPERTIES  OF  FATS  =  –  HYDROLISIS  (SAPONIFICATION),    –  OXIDATION,    –  ANTIOXIDANTS,    –  HYDROGENATION  

3.3  Glycolipids    •  In  these  compounds  two  of  the  alcohol  groups  of  the  glycerol  are  

esterified  by  faVy  acids  and  the  other  is  linked  to  a  sugar  residue.  

         CH2OH  

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3.4. STEROIDS •  STEROLS

These have eight to ten carbon atoms in the side chain, an alcohol group at carbon atom 3, but no carbonyl or carboxyl groups. They may be classified into: q  The phytosterols of plant origin, q  The mycosterols of fungal origin, q  The zoosterols of animal origin.

•  CHOLESTEROL HDL, LDL

•  ERGOSTEROL

This phytosterol is widely distributed in brown algae, bacteria and higher plants. •  BILE ACID •  STEROID HORMONES            

 OESTROGENS  AND  PROGESTERONE  

Monogastric  Diges.on  

•  Challenges  – Lipids  are  not  water  soluble  – Triglycerides  too  large  to  be  absorbed  

•  Diges.ve  solu.on  – Triglycerides  mix  with  bile  and  pancrea.c  secre.ons  

•  Emulsifica.on  and  diges.on  

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Bile  •  Produced  in  liver,  stored  in  gallbladder  

–  Except  horse  •  Alkaline  solu.on  composed  of:  

–  Bile  salts  –  Cholesterol  –  Lecithin  –  Bilirubin  

•  Responsible  for  fat  emulsifica.on  –  Detergent  ac.on  

Mixed  micelle  formed  by  bile  salts,  triacylglycerols  and    pancreaMc  lipase.    

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Diges.on  of  Lipid  

•  Bile  salts  emulsify  lipids  •  Pancrea.c  lipase  acts  on  triglycerides  

–  Triglycerides                sn-­‐2  monoglyceride  +  2  faVy  acids  

•  Pancrea.c  (co)  lipase  –  Ac.vated  by  trypsin  –  Interacts  with  triglyceride  and  pancrea.c  lipase    

•  Displaces  bile  to  allow  recycling  •  Improves  ac.vity  of  pancrea.c  lipase  

Pancrea.c  Colipase  

•  Secreted  from  pancreas  as  procolipase  –  Ac.vated  (cleaved)  by  trypsin  

•  Anchors  lipase  to  the  micelle  –  One  colipase  to  one  lipase  (i.e.,  1:1  ra.o)  

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Dietary Fat (large TG droplet)

Bile Salts

Lipid emulsion

Lipase 2-Monoglyceride

+ 2 FFA

Emulsifica.on  

•  Produces  small  lipid  spheres  – Greater  surface  area  

•  Lipases  aVack  TG  at  1  and  3  posi.ons  Gl

ycerol

Fatty Acid1

Fatty Acid2

Fatty Acid3

Lipase

Gl

ycerol

Fatty Acid3

Fatty Acid1 Fatty Acid2

Triglyceride 2-Monoglyceride

+

2 Free Fatty Acids

2 H20

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Diges.on  of  Lipid  

•  Phospholipase  A1  and  A2  – Hydrolyzes  faVy  acids  from  phospholipids  

•  Cholesterol  esterase  – Hydrolyzes  faVy  acids  from  cholesterol  esters  

Micelle  Forma.on  

•  Complex  of  lipid  materials  soluble  in  water  •  Contains  bile  salts,  phospholipids  &  cholesterol  

•  Combines  with  2-­‐monoglycerides,  free  faVy  acids  and  fat-­‐soluble  vitamins  to  form  mixed  micelles  

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Micelle  Forma.on  

Lipid  Absorp.on  

•  Mixed  micelles  move  to  intes.nal  mucosal  cells  (enterocytes)  and  release  contents  near  cell  

•  The  bile  salts  are  re-­‐absorbed  further  down  the  gastrointes.nal  tract  (in  the  ileum),  transported  to  the  liver,  and  finally  recycled  and  secreted  back  into  the  diges.ve  tract  

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Nutrient  Absorp.on  -­‐  Lipids  

•  FaVy  acids,  2-­‐monoglycerides,  cholesterol,  and  cholesterol  esters  move  down  concentra.on  gradient  (passive  diffusion)  

•  Repackaged  in  intes.nal  cell  for  transport  to  liver  – Some  is  reformed  into  triglycerides  – Chylomicrons  

Lipid  Absorp.on  

•  Once  in  enterocyte  – Glycerol  and  short  chain  faVy  acids  directly  enter  mesenteric  blood  

– 2-­‐monoglycerides  and  longer-­‐chain  free  faVy  acids  reformed  into  triglycerides,  and  then  packaged  with  protein  to  form  chylomicrons  

– Phospholipids  hydrolyzed  to  free  faVy  acids  

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Lipid  Absorp.on  

Short and medium chain fatty acids

simple diffusion exocytosis

Lipid  Absorp.on  (Chylomicrons)  •  Chylomicrons  absorbed  from  enterocytes  into  lacteals  (lymph  vessels)  – Ul.mately  enter  blood  via  thoracic  duct  

•  Most  long  chain  faVy  acids  absorbed  into  lympha.c  system  

–  Excep.on  is  poultry  

•  Blood  lipids  transported  as  lipoproteins  

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Lipid  Absorp.on  (Direct  Transfer)  •  Alternate  route  is  for  free  faVy  acids  to  enter  circula.on  directly  – Free  faVy  acids  (FFA)  also  called  non-­‐esterified  faVy  acids  (NEFA)  

– Mostly  less  than  12  C  (short  and  medium  chain  faVy  acids)  

•  Non-­‐esterified  faVy  acids  enter  the  liver  via  the  portal  vein  

Overview  of  FaVy  Acid  Uptake  •  Short-­‐  and  medium-­‐chain  faVy  acids  

–  Enter  portal  blood  directly  from  enterocytes  –  Bound  to  albumin  in  blood  

•  Albumin–FFA  complex  –  Oxidized  in  liver  or  elongated  and  used  for  triglyceride  forma.on  

•  Long-­‐chain  faVy  acids  –  Form  chylomicrons  –  Drain  into  the  lympha.cs  via  the  lacteal  in  mammals  (no  lacteal  in  avian  small  intes.nal  villi)  

–  Enter  bloodstream  at  the  thoracic  duct  •  Upstream  from  liver  •  Slow  entry  into  the  blood  

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In  the  Enterocyte...  •  Newly  formed  triglycerides  accumulate  as  ‘lipid  droplets’  at  the  endoplasmic  re.culum  –  Coated  with  a  protein  layer  

•  Stabilizes  lipids  for  transport  in  lymph  and  blood  (aqueous  environment)  

•  At  the  Golgi  apparatus,  carbohydrates  are  aVached  to  the  protein  coat  

•  The  glycoproteins  act  as  signaling  molecules    

These protein-coated lipid droplets are called chylomicrons

Overview of Lipid Digestion in Mammals

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Overview  of  Lipid  Diges.on  and  Absorp.on  in  Avians  

Portal blood*  

*Lymph  in  mammals  

FaVy  acid  

bind

ing  protein  

Lipid  Diges.on  -­‐  Ruminants  

•  Microbes  rapidly  modify  lipids:  •  Lipolysis  

Triglycerides    Glycerol  +  3  free  faVy  acids  

•  Biohydrogena.on  –  Addi.on  of  H  to  unsaturated  faVy  acids  

•  Satura.on  –  If  carried  to  comple.on,  all  double  bonds  become  single  bonds  

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Biohydrogena.on  

Weight percent of fatty acids

Fatty acid Diet Abomasal digesta

16:0 (palmitic) 18:0 (stearic) 18:2 (linoleic) 18:3 (linolenic)

26 6 17 31

29 45 4 6

Sheep fed alfalfa hay

Biohydrogena.on  

•  Reduc.on  of  double  bonds  •  Result:  faVy  acids  that  are  more  saturated  with  hydrogen  

Saturated  

Unsaturated  

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Biohydrogena.on  of  Linoleic  Acid  

Linoleic acid (18:2)

cis-9, trans-11 CLA

trans-11 18:1

Stearic acid (18:0)

isomerase

reductase

reductase

Intermediate  fa-y  acids  are  conjugated  linoleic  acids  

Lipid  Diges.on  and  Synthesis  by  Microbes  

•  Rumen  microbes  –  Produce  “trans”  configured  double  bonds  –  Alter  chain  length  –  Change  posi.on  of  double  bonds  –  Produce  odd-­‐chain  and  branched-­‐chain  FA  

•  Rumen  adipose  .ssue  varies  greatly  from  dietary  fat  –  Dietary  fat  must  be  rumen  protected  to  affect  animal    

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Effect  of  Lipid  on  Rumen  Fermenta.on  

•  Excess  amounts  of  unsaturated  faVy  acids  and  triglycerides  –  Decrease  methane  produc.on  –  Impair  fiber  diges.on  –  Form  soaps  –  Alter  rumen  metabolism  towards  propionate  produc.on  –  less  acetate  

•  Decrease  milk  fat  –  Produce  trans  faVy  acids  

•  Inhibit  lipid  synthesis  in  mammary  gland  –  Decrease  milk  fat  

Lipid  Diges.on  -­‐  Ruminant  

•  Diges.on  and  absorp.on  of  lipids  is  similar  to  monogastrics  except  – Fat  enters  small  intes.ne  in  different  form  than  was  presented  to  animal  in  diet  

– Lipids  absorbed  more  slowly  – More  transported  as  VLDL