NSS-69th Round (State Sample) DECEMBER...

Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene & Housing Conditions

in Manipur, 2012

NSS-69th Round

(State Sample)

(JULY 2012 – DECEMBER 2012)

DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS

GOVERNMENT OF MANIPUR

PREFACE

The Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Manipur conducted survey on ‘Drinking

water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition’ in its 69th

Round of National Sample

Survey (NSS) under the aegis of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of

Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India which started from 1st July,

2012 and ended on the 31st December, 2012. The survey is an important primary source of

data on Drinking water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing condition.

The Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Manipur started participating in the survey

programme of National Sample Survey (NSS) from the last sub-round of 17th

Round

(September,1962-August,1963). The field surveys under NSSO programme are conducted in

two independent two sets of samples, viz., Central Sample & State Sample. The Central

Sample is meant to build up national aggregates and State sample is required to be tabulated

at the State level. The survey for both the State and Central Samples were carried out by the

field staffs of the District Statistical Offices, Manipur.

The present report on ‘Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in

Manipur, 2012’, presents the tabulated results of State Sample of NSS- 69th

round. The NSS

Report No.556 presenting similar characteristics was brought out by the NSSO, MOSPI,

Government of India, based on the Central Sample. Data collection was done under the

overall supervision of the DSOs and the processing work by the DES, Manipur using the

software developed by Data Processing Division, NSSO, Kolkata.

The Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Manipur is thankful to the Data

Processing Division, National Sample Survey Office, Kolkata, for providing the software and

continued guidance extended to the staff of the Directorate in using the same.

Data entry and processing, and report writing were carried out by the Electronics and

Data Processing Unit of this Directorate under the overall supervision of Shri N.

Debachandra Singh, Assistant Director. The direct and indirect efforts put in by the officer

and staffs in bringing out this publication, right from field work to printing of the Report are

also acknowledged with thanks.

I hope this report will be useful to planners, policy makers and researchers.

Comments and suggestions from the users for improvement in its future issues of the

publication are most welcome.

Imphal PEIJONNA KAMEI

The 25th

October, 2016 Director of Economics & Statistics

Manipur

CONTENTS

Page

Highlights H1 – H4

Chapter I Introduction 1 – 6

Chapter II Concepts and Definitions 7 - 13

Chapter III Particulars of Living Facilities 14 - 23

Chapter IV Housing Characteristics and Micro Environment 24 – 35

Appendix A Detailed Tables A1 – A120

Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure B1 – B10

Appendix C Facsimile of Schedule 0.0 [List of Households] C1 – C8

Appendix D Facsimile of Schedule 1.2 [Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition]

D1 – D10

Report on NSS-69th Round (State Sample): Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in Manipur-2012 Page H1

Highlights

1. The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) with the participation of Directorate of

Economics & Statistics, Government of Manipur conducted a nation-wide survey on

‘Drinking water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition’ in its 69th round (July 2012-

December 2012) of operations. The objective of the survey was to examine and study

different aspects of living conditions necessary for decent and healthy living of the household

members by developing suitable indicators based upon collected information. The last survey on these

subjects was undertaken in the 65th round of NSS (July 2008- June 2009).

2. A stratified multi-stage design had been adopted for the 69th round survey. The first stage units

were the census villages in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban

sector. The ultimate stage units were households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs, one

intermediate stage of sampling was the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-blocks (sbs) from

each rural/ urban FSU. The schedule of enquiry on ‘Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene

and Housing Condition’ (known as Schedule 1.2) was designed to collect information on housing

condition with special emphasis on the aspects of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene.

3. This report is based on the estimates obtained from the State samples of Manipur. For this

particular survey, from each sample village and urban block of the state sample, 12 households

were selected for canvassing Schedule 1.2. The total number of households in which Schedule 1.2

was canvassed was 2268 in rural and 1898 in urban. Highlights of this report are presented below.

4. Particulars of living facilities

4.1 Drinking water facility

22.5% households used ‘Public taps/standpipe’ followed by 20.0% households used

‘Surface water-tank/pond’, 17.8% households used ‘Surface water-other surface water’,

15.8% households used ‘Protected Spring’ and 11.8% households used ‘Protected Well’ as

principal source of drinking water in rural area. 30.6% households used ‘Public

taps/standpipe’ 17.8% households used ‘Surface water-tank/pond, followed by 16.0%

households used ‘Pipe water to yard/plot’ and 13.8% households having ‘Pipe water

into dwelling’ as principal source of drinking water in urban area.

Considering all principal sources together, ‘Tank/pond’ and ‘Tube well/borehole’ was the

most prevalent supplementary source of drinking water in rural area whereas ‘Tank/pond’ in

urban area.


14.4% households in rural area and 30.7% households in urban area got drinking water

within the premises.

When drinking water had to be fetched from a distance, female members did this work in

87.8% of rural households and male members in 6.1%. In urban area, female members

performed this task for 75.7% of households and male members in 5.1%. The remaining

households got the work done by non-members.

The average travelling time spent by a person in a day to fetch drinking water from outside

the household premises was 14 minutes in rural area and 15 minutes in urban area.

Persons who fetched drinking water from outside the household premises had, on an

average, to wait for 11 minutes in both rural and urban areas at the principal source of

drinking water every day.

‘Community use’ of principal source of drinking water was predominant among households

of rural area (36.4%) and urban area (59.2%).

71.8% households in rural area and 90.7% households in urban area had used plastic containers for storing drinking water.

87.0% households in rural area and 80.9% households in urban area used vessel with handle for taking out stored drinking water.

4.2 Bathroom and sanitation facility

32.3% of households in rural area and 19.1% of households in urban area did not have any

bathroom facility.

The dwellings of 5.6% rural households and 24.1% urban households in Manipur had

attached bathroom.

0.7% households in rural area and 0.1%% households in urban area had no latrine

facilities.

87.0% households in rural area and 77.4% households in urban area had exclusive use

of latrine facilities.


5. Housing characteristics and micro-environment

5.1 Housing characteristics

16.0% households in rural area and 34.6% households in urban area lived in

houses with pucca structure, whereas 56.5% and 61.4% in rural and urban areas

respectively lived in houses with semi-pucca structure. In Manipur, 27.4%

households in rural areas and 4.0% households in urban areas lived in katcha

houses.

2.2% households in rural areas and 1.7% households in urban areas lived in

houses with ‘zero plinth’ level.

Average plinth level of a house was 0.52 metre in rural area and 0.58 metre in urban area.

97.2% of households in rural areas living in a house had used the house for

residential purpose only. The corresponding proportion for urban area was

estimated at 124.7%.

98.6% rural households and 95.9% urban households respectively had

‘independent house’. The proportion of households residing in ‘flats’ was 1.2%

in urban area and 0.3% in rural area.

The dwelling units of 45.5% rural households a n d 4 7 . 4 % u r b a n

h o u s e h o l d s in Manipur were 1 0-20 years old while those of 28.7% in

rural area and 31.8% in urban area were 5-10 years whereas 17.1% rural households

and 12.9% urban households were 20-40 years old.

91.7% rural households and 96.6% urban households in Manipur lived in a

house with either ‘good’ or ‘satisfactory’ condition.

The average floor area of a dwelling was 72.26 sq. m. in rural area and 79.42 sq. m.

in urban area.

56.4% households in rural area and 61.0% households in urban area had a

separate kitchen in their dwellings.

35.5% households in rural area and 46.5% households in urban area had

dwelling units with what they considered as ‘good ventilation’.

Average monthly rent paid by a household living in hired accommodation was Rs.

516/- in rural area and Rs. 565/- in urban area


5.2 Micro environment

9.2% households in rural areas and 9.0% households in urban areas did not

have any drainage system.

0.1% of households in rural area and 0.7% households in urban area had

‘underground’ drainage system.

In rural area, 42.2% household had disposed of waste water without treatment

to ‘open low land areas’ compared to 21.4% households in urban area.

76.3% urban households reported that the garbage of their households was

deposited in a community dumping spot and 2.5% households reported that

the community dumping spot was cleared daily. In rural areas 86.6%

households had reported that garbage of their households was deposited in a

community dumping spot and 0.1% households said that it was cleared daily.

9.0% rural households in Manipur and 1.8% urban households in Manipur

lived in houses without any direct opening to road/lane/constructed path and

this proportion was higher for houses with katcha structure (12.2%) in rural areas

and 2.1% with pucca houses in urban areas.

Report on NSS-69th Round (State Sample): Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in Manipur-2012 Page 1

Chapter I

Introduction

1.1 Background

1.1.1 U n d e r t h e g u i d e l i n e s o f National Sample Survey (NSS), Government of India,

Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Manipur collects socio-economic data employing scientific

sampling methods. In its 69th round (July 2012-December 2012), the survey on Drinking water,

Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing condition was conducted. The last survey on these subjects was

undertaken in the 65th round of NSS (July 2008- June 2009).

1.2 Objective and conduct of the present survey

1.2.1 Housing is a basic requirement of human well-being. Along with the requirement of shelter,

other facilities in the micro environment of housing such as type of dwelling unit, drinking water,

sanitation, hygiene, etc., form vital components of overall quality of life of the population. The

objective of the survey on ‘Drinking water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing conditions’ was

to examine and study different aspects of living conditions necessary for decent and healthy living of

the household members by developing suitable indicators based upon collected information.

1.2.2 Information on the aspects outlined in the previous paragraph was related to the household as a

whole. The information collected is as given:

Subject Information collected

Drinking Water

i. Sources and sufficiency of drinking water

ii. Distance to the principal source of drinking water

iii. Quality of drinking water

Sanitation Facility

i. Access to latrine, in terms of exclusive use, common use or no

access

ii. Type of latrine

iii. Reason for not using latrine despite having access

Micro-environment

i. Garbage disposal

ii. Drainage arrangement

iii. Problem of flies/mosquitoes

Others

Age of the house, condition of the house, type of the dwelling unit (viz.,

pucca, semi-pucca and katcha), floor area of the dwelling unit, sources of

financing for construction/purchase of houses/flats for residential purpose


1.2.3 Using the collected information, important indicators shown be low a re deve lope d and

presen ted in this report. Some of the important indicators are:

Item Indicators

Living Facilities

Proportion of households

(i) using improved sources of drinking water,

(ii) getting sufficient drinking water, (iii) fetching drinking water from outside the premises,

(iv) using improved latrine facilities,

(v) having no arrangement for garbage disposal and

(vi) having drainage arrangement

Houses & Dwelling Unit

Proportion of households

(i ) with secure tenure status of dwelling and

(ii) having electricity for domestic use etc.

1.3 Past surveys on the subject

1.3.1 To assess housing condition of the households, living facilities available to them, and other

related aspects, the D i r e c t o r a t e o f E c o n o m i c s & S t a t i s t i c s , M a n i p u r has been collecting

data on ‘Housing Conditions and Other Amenities’ almost since its inception. Data on the

structural aspects of dwelling units and availability of basic housing amenities such as

drinking water, bathroom, sewerage, latrine, lighting, etc., were collected intermittently. These

surveys were essentially exploratory in nature, designed to give a broad idea about the dimensions

of housing conditions at the s t a t e level.

1.3.2 In the 49th round (January - June 1993) of operation, 'Housing condition' was taken up as a

subject of enquiry. After a gap of nearly ten years, the fourth survey in the series was conducted in

the 58th round (July–December 2002) where information was collected on the structural aspects of

the dwelling units and enquiries had been made whether the basic housing amenities such as

drinking water, bath room, sewerage, latrine, lighting, etc. were available to households or not.

Information on construction activities carried out by the households during the last five years was

also collected. The latest available data on housing condition is the data corresponding to

NSS 65th round (July 2008-June 2009) in which a nation-wide survey was carried out to provide

estimates on various characteristics of housing amenities, housing condition, cost of constructions

etc.

1.4 The survey outline

1.4.1 Schedules of enquiry 1.4.1.1 The schedules of enquiry on ‘Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Conditions’

(known as Schedule 1.2) was designed to collect information on housing condition with wider

coverage on the aspects of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. Considering all the aspects of

current data demand and usefulness of the survey results, some important improvisations was made.

The major changes in the coverage of schedule of enquiry in NSS 69th

Round as compared to 65th

Round are briefly discussed below.


1.4.1.2 In household characteristics block, the following new items of information were added

(i) Age of the head of household

(ii) Highest level of education among the members of the household separately for males and females.

In the block devoted for collection of ‘particulars of living facilities’ like drinking water, bathroom,

sanitation etc.; some major improvements had been made. The codes for collecting information on

drinking water and sanitation facilities had been restructured to suit the data requirements of

corresponding Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For the households, whose principal source

of drinking water was outside the premises, the following additional information was collected on

(i) who fetches drinking water, (ii) time taken, in a day, to reach the principal source of drinking water and back, and

(iii) waiting time, in a day, at the principal source of drinking water.

Questions were also added on some other characteristics of drinking water such as quality of

drinking water from the principal source, method of treatment of drinking water by the household,

frequency of supply of water, whether the household gets sufficient water throughout the year for all

household activities (viz., drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, etc.), average amount of water

charges paid (payable) per month to the delivery agency/organisation/office etc. to get an overall

idea about the living facilities available to a household.

1.4.1.3 On the aspects of latrine facility, some additional information was also collected as given

below:

i) Reason for not using latrine for the households which have access to the latrine facilities but are

not using it.

ii) Whether all household members of specified age groups are using latrine, separately for male and

female.

i i i ) The problem of flies and mosquitoes faced by the households during the reference period.

iv) Whether any of the household member(s) has suffered from specified types of illness during last 30

days. 1.4.1.4 In housing characteristics and micro environment block, the following additional information

was collected

(i) number of floors in the house,

(ii) household waste water disposal system,

(iii) site where garbage is deposited after removal from the household and

(iv) frequency of garbage removal from the community dumping spot.

However, the information on plinth area of the house was not collected during NSS 69th round

although it was collected during NSS 65th round. In the block where some general particulars of the

households living in houses were collected, some additional information like duration of stay of the

household in the present village or present slum/squatter settlement/other areas of the town, some

particulars regarding movement of the household to the present village or present slum/squatter

settlement/other areas of the town during the last 365 days, etc. were also collected. However

detailed information on ‘particulars of construction and repair for residential purpose’, which was


collected in NSS 65th round, was not collected in NSS 69th round. Instead, three items have been

included in corresponding block of household characteristics to collect information on ‘amount

spent’ and ‘sources of finance’ for those households which had spent some amount on

construction/first-hand purchase of houses/flats for residential purpose during last 365 days.

1.4.2 Survey outline of NSS 69th round survey

1.4.2.1 The survey covered the whole state of Manipur.

1.4.3 Sampling design

1.4.3.1 A stratified multi-stage design had been adopted for the 69th round survey. The first stage

units (FSU) were the census villages in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks

in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) were households in both the sectors. In case

of large FSUs, one intermediate stage of sampling was the selection of two hamlet-groups (hgs)/ sub-

blocks (sbs) from each rural/ urban FSU.

1.4.3.2 For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages updated by excluding the villages

urbanised and including the towns de-urbanised after 2001 census constituted the sampling frame.

For the urban sector, the latest updated list of UFS blocks (2007-12) was used as the sampling frame.

1.4.3.3 Within each district of the State, two basic strata were formed:

i) Rural stratum comprising all rural areas of the district and

(ii) Urban stratum comprising all the urban areas of the district.

1.4.3.4 First-stage units: As is usual in the regular NSS rounds, Manipur participated in the survey

in the form of surveying samples earmarked as ‘State sample’ and ‘Central sample’. For rural, the

number of villages surveyed in the s t a t e sample was 192 and the number of urban blocks

surveyed was 160. This report is based on the estimates obtained from the State sample only.

1.4.3.5 Second-stage units: For this particular survey, from each sample village and urban block, 12

households were selected for canvassing Schedule 1.2. The total number of households in which

Schedule 1.2 was canvassed was 2268 in rural Manipur and 1898 in urban Manipur. Table 1 (page

A1) shows the number of villages and urban blocks surveyed, and the number of households in

which Schedule 1.2 was canvassed, for Manipur. The details of sampling design and estimation

procedures adopted in NSS 69th round is given in Appendix B.

1.4.3.6 Sub-round: The survey was conducted for six months (1st July 2012 to 31st December 2012).

The whole period of six months was divided into two sub-rounds (sub-round one and two), each

with three months’ duration. The sub-round one consisted of the period ‘July – September, 2012’

where as the other sub-round spread over ‘October – December, 2012’. Equal number of sample

villages/ blocks (FSUs) was allotted to each sub-round for survey with a view to ensuring uniform

spread of sample FSUs over the entire survey period.


1.4.4 Reference period

1.4.4.1 A reference period of last 365 days was used for most of the items under particulars of living

facilities, housing characteristics and micro environment, particulars of the dwelling, general

particulars of the households living in houses etc. However for some items like specific types of

illness, water charges, rent, consumer expenditure etc. reference period of last 30 days was used.

1.5 Reports of the 69th round survey on Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene

and Housing Condition

1.5.1 The results of 6 9t h

NSS rounds i s released in the present report based on comprehensive

tabulation of subject parameters and indicators in various cross classifications generated from the

state sample data.

1.6 Contents of this report

1.6.1 All the estimates presented in this report are based on the state sample data only. It contains

Four Chapters and Three Appendices. Following the present introductory chapter (Chapter One),

Chapter Two outlines the concepts and definitions of different important terms used in the survey.

Some aspects on particulars of living facilities of households are discussed in Chapter Three while

Chapter Four deals with housing characteristics and micro environment of households. Detailed tables

forming the basis of this report are presented in Appendix A at state level while an outline of the

sample design and estimation procedure is presented in Appendix B. Appendix C gives a facsimile of

the Schedule 1.2 canvassed in the survey.

1.6.2 Detailed tables in Appendix A includes some of the absolute figures of the state like

(i) estimated number of households

(ii) estimated number of slums/squatter settlements

(iii) estimated number of dwelling units for each quintile class

(iv) estimated number of households fetching drinking water from outside premises

(v) estimated number of households having access to latrine

(vi) estimated number of households living in a house categorised by type of structure

(vii) estimated number of households with own dwelling

(viii) estimated number of households with at least one married couple

(ix) estimated number of households living in hired accommodation etc.

1.6.3 In this report, different estimates of indicators on drinking water, housing, hygiene etc. at the

household level have been presented for Manipur State.

1.6.4 While describing the results, estimated proportion (number per 1000) of indicators are given

for rural and urban sector. Because of different scenarios observed in rural and urban sector,

separate table for the combined (‘rural + urban’) sector is not given in the main text; however the

same is available in detailed tables. The estimates presented in this report, in general, refer to

the mid-point of the survey period (July- December 2012) of NSS 69th round, i.e., 01.10.2012.

But for convenience of presentation, the reference period is written as ‘2012’.


Table 1.1: Number of FSUs (villages/blocks) surveyed and number of households surveyed for Schedule 1.2 NSS 69

th round state sample.

State/UT

Number of FSUs (villages/blocks) surveyed

Number of households surveyed

Rural Urban Rural + urban Rural Urban Rural + urban

(1)

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Manipur 192 160 352 2,268 1,898 4,166


Chapter II

Concepts and Definitions

2.1 Some concepts and definitions of important terms which were used in this particular survey on

Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition during NSS 69th round are described

below.

2.2 Population coverage: The following rules regarding the population to be covered were adhered

to during survey operation.

1. Under-trial prisoners in jails and indoor patients of hospitals, nursing homes etc., were

excluded, but residential staff therein was listed while listing was done in such institutions.

The persons of the first category were considered as normal members of their parent

households and were counted there. Convicted prisoners undergoing sentence were outside

the coverage of the survey.

2. Floating population, i.e., persons without any normal residence were not listed. But

households residing in open space, roadside shelter, under a bridge, etc., more or less

regularly in the same place, were listed.

3. Foreign nationals were not listed, nor do their domestic servants, if by definition the latter

belong to the foreign national's household. If, however, a foreign national becomes an

Indian citizen for all practical purposes, he or she was covered.

4. Persons residing in barracks of military and paramilitary forces (like police, BSF, etc.) was

kept outside the survey coverage due to difficulty in conduct of survey therein. However,

civilian population residing in their neighbourhood, including the family quarters of service

personnel, were covered.

5. Orphanages, rescue homes, ashrams and vagrant houses were outside the survey coverage.

However, persons staying in old age homes, students staying in ashrams/ hostels and the

residential staff (other than monks/ nuns) of these ashrams were listed. For orphanages,

although orphans were not to be listed, the persons looking after them and staying there

were considered for listing.

2.3 House: Every structure, tent, shelter, etc. is a house irrespective of its use. It may be used for

residential or non-residential purpose or both or even may be vacant.

2.4 Household: A group of persons normally living together and taking food from a common

kitchen constitutes a household. It includes temporary stay-aways (those whose total period of

absence from the household is expected to be less than 6 months) but excludes temporary visitors

and guests (expected total period of stay less than 6 months). Even though the determination of the

actual composition of a household was left to the judgment of the head of the household, the

following procedures was adopted as guidelines.


(i) Each inmate (including residential staff) of a hostel, mess, hotel, boarding and lodging house, etc.,

would constitute a single-member household. If, however, a group of persons among them normally

pool their income for spending, they would together be treated as forming a single household. For

example, a family living in a hotel would be treated as a single household.

(ii) In deciding the composition of a household, more emphasis was to be placed on 'normally living

together' than on 'ordinarily taking food from a common kitchen'. In case the place of residence of a

person was different from the place of boarding, he or she was treated as a member of the

household with whom he or she resides.

(iii) A resident employee, or domestic servant, or a paying guest (but not just a tenant in the

household) was considered as a member of the household with whom he or she resides even though

he or she was not a member of the same family.

(iv) When a person sleeps in one place (say, in a shop or in a room in another house because of

space shortage) but usually takes food with his or her family, he or she was treated not as a single

member household but as a member of the household in which other members of his or her family

stayed.

(v) If a member of a family (say, a son or a daughter of the head of the family) stayed elsewhere (say,

in hostel for studies or for any other reason), he/ she was not considered as a member of his/ her

parent's household. However, he/ she were listed as a single member household if the hostel was

listed.

2.5 Household size: The number of members of a household is its size.

2.6 Household monthly per capita expenditure: Generally household consumer expenditure is

measured as the expenditure incurred by a household on domestic account during a specified period,

called reference period. It also includes the imputed values of goods and services, which are not

purchased but procured otherwise for consumption. In other words, it is the sum total of monetary

values of all the items (i.e. goods and services) consumed by the household on domestic account

during the reference period. The imputed rent of owner-occupied houses is excluded from

consumption expenditure. Any expenditure incurred towards the productive enterprises of the

households is also excluded from the household consumer expenditure. Monthly per capita

expenditure (MPCE) is the household consumer expenditure over a period of 30 days divided by

household size.

2.7 Dwelling unit: It is defined as the accommodation availed of by a household for its residential

purpose. It may be an entire structure or a part thereof or consisting of more than one structure.

There may be cases of more than one household occupying a single structure such as those living in

independent flats or sharing a single housing unit, in which case, there will be as many dwelling units

as the number of households sharing the structure. There may also be cases of one household

occupying more than one structure (i.e. detached structures for sitting, sleeping, cooking, bathing

etc.) for its housing accommodation. In this case, all the structures together would constitute a single

dwelling unit. In general, a dwelling unit consists of living room, kitchen, store, bath, latrine, garage,

open and closed veranda etc. A structure or a portion thereof used exclusively for non-residential

purposes or let out to other households did not form part of the dwelling unit of the household


under consideration. However, a portion of a structure used for both residential and non-residential

purposes was treated as part of the dwelling unit except when the use of such portion for residential

purpose was very nominal. The dwelling unit covers all pucca, semi-pucca and katcha structures

used by a household. Households living more or less regularly in tents, under bridges, in pipes,

under staircase, in purely temporary flimsy improvisations built by the road side (which are liable to

be removed at any moment) etc., were considered to have no dwelling.

2.8 Building: Building is defined as a free-standing structure comprising one or more rooms or

other spaces covered by a roof and usually enclosed within external walls or dividing walls which

extend from the foundation to the roof. Dividing walls refer to the walls of adjoining buildings,

which are practically independent of one another and likely to have been built at different times and

owned by different persons. If more than one physically separated structure constitute one living

unit, all of them together also form a building. Usually, building will have four external walls. But in

some areas the nature of building construction is such that it has no walls. Instead, it has a roof

which almost touches the ground and it is provided with an entrance. Such structures and also

structures standing only on pillars were treated as buildings for the purpose of the survey.

2.9 Independent house: A dwelling unit is considered as an independent house if it has a separate

structure and the structure is not shared with any other household. In other words, if the dwelling

unit and the entire structure of the house are physically the same, it was considered as an

independent house. In some parts, particularly in rural areas, two or more structures together may

constitute a single housing unit. While the main residence may be in one of the structures, the other

structures may be used for sleeping, sitting and for store, bath etc. In all such cases, all the structures

together would form a single housing unit and was treated as an independent house.

2.10 Flat: A dwelling unit is considered as a flat if it is a part of a structure which is shared with at

least two households and the dwelling unit has housing facilities of water supply, bathroom and

latrine, which are used exclusively by the households or shared with households residing in that

structure. If the household reports that the facilities of water supply, bathroom and latrine are shared

with households residing in other structures, in such cases also such dwelling unit was considered as

flat. If households were residing in flat-like structure without any one of the housing facilities like

water supply, bathroom and latrine; those structures/dwelling units were not considered as flat.

2.11 Pucca structure: A pucca structure is one whose walls and roofs are made of pucca materials

such as cement, concrete, oven burnt bricks, hollow cement / ash bricks, stone, stone blocks, jack

boards (cement plastered reeds), iron, zinc or other metal sheets, timber, tiles, slate, corrugated iron,

asbestos cement sheet, veneer, plywood, artificial wood of synthetic material and poly vinyl chloride

(PVC) material.

2.12 Semi-pucca structure: A structure which cannot be classified as a pucca or a katcha structure

as per definition is a semi-pucca structure. Such a structure will have either the walls or the roof but

not both, made of pucca materials.

2.13 Katcha structure: A structure which has walls and roof made of non-pucca materials is

considered as a katcha structure. Non-pucca materials include unburnt bricks, bamboo, mud, grass,

leaves, reeds, thatch, etc. By definition, Katcha structures can be of the following two types; (i)


Unserviceable katcha structure, which includes all structures with thatch walls and thatch roof, i.e., walls

made of grass, leaves, reeds, etc. and roof of a similar material and (ii) Serviceable katcha structure,

which includes all katcha structures other than unserviceable katcha structures.

2.14 Room: it is defined as a constructed area with walls or partitions on all side with at least one

door way and a roof overhead. Wall / partition means a continuous solid structure (except for the

doors, windows, ventilators, air-holes, etc.) extending from floor to ceiling. A constructed space with

grill or net on one or more sides in place of wall or partition was not considered as a room. In case

of conical shaped structures in which the roof itself was built to the floor level, the roof was

considered as wall.

2.15 Living room: A room with floor area (carpet area) of at least 4 square metres (i.e.,

approximately 43 square feet), a height of at least 2 metres (i.e., approximately 6.6 feet) from the

floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used for living purposes was considered as a living room.

Thus, rooms used as bedroom, sitting room, prayer room, dining room, servant’s room - all were

considered as living rooms provided they satisfy the size criterion. Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store,

garage etc. were not considered as living rooms. A room used in common for living purpose and as

kitchen or store was also considered as living room.

2.16 Other room: It is defined as a room which does not satisfy the specification of 4 square metres

floor area and 2 metres height from the floor to the highest point of the ceiling or a room which

though satisfies the specification, is not used for living purposes. A room satisfying the size

criterion when shared by more than one household or when used for both residential and business

purposes was treated as other room.

2.17 Verandah: It is a roofed space adjacent to living/other room and is not walled from all sides.

In other words, at least one side of such space is either open or walled only to some height or

protected by grill, net, etc. A verandah is defined as a ‘covered verandah’, if it is protected from all

sides and an ‘uncovered verandah’, if is not protected at least from any one of the sides. A covered

veranda may have a door also. Sometimes verandah is used as an access to the room(s). Corridor or

passage within the dwelling unit is generally treated as portion of a room or a verandah depending

on its layout. However, veranda does not cover a common corridor or passage used mainly as an

access to the dwelling itself.

2.18 Notified slums: These are areas notified as slums by the concerned State governments,

municipalities, corporations, local bodies or development authorities.

2.19 Non-notified slums: Also, any compact settlement with a collection of poorly built tenements,

mostly of temporary nature, crowded together, usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water

facilities in unhygienic conditions, was considered as a slum by the survey, provided at least 20

households live there. If such a settlement was not notified as a slum, it was considered as a non-

notified slum.


2.20 Slums: The word “slum” includes both notified slums and non-notified slums.

2.21 Squatter settlement: Slum like settlements with less than 20 households were considered as

squatter settlements. The criterion of 20 households was not restricted within an FSU only but by

considering the whole of such an area, which may cut across more than one FSU.

2.22 Economic activity: The entire spectrum of human activity falls into two categories: economic

activity and non-economic activity. Any activity that results in production of goods and services that

adds value to national product is considered as an economic activity. The economic activities have

two parts - market activities and non-market activities. Market activities are those that

involve remuneration to those who perform it, i.e., activity performed for pay or profit. Such

activities include production of all goods and services for market including those of government

services, etc. Non-market activities are those involving the production of primary

commodities for own consumption and own account production of fixed assets.

2.22.1 The full spectrum of economic activities as defined in the UN System of National Accounts

was not covered in the definition of economic activity adopted in 69th round survey of NSSO.

Production of any good for own consumption is considered as economic activity by UN System of

National Accounts, but in NSS surveys, production of only primary goods for own consumption is

considered as economic activity. While the former includes activities like own account processing of

primary products among other things, in the NSS surveys, processing of primary products for own

consumption is not considered as economic activity. However, it may be noted that ‘production of

agricultural goods for own consumption’ covering all activities up to and including stages of

threshing and storing of produce for own consumption, comes under the coverage of the economic

activities of NSS.

2.22.2 The term ‘economic activity’ in this round included the following:

(i) all the market activities described above, i.e., the activities performed for pay or profit which

result in production of goods and services for exchange,

(ii) of the non-market activities,

(a) all the activities relating to the primary sector (i.e., industry Divisions 01 to 09 of

NIC-2008) which result in production (including free collection of uncultivated crops,

forestry, firewood, hunting, fishing, mining, quarrying, etc.) of primary goods, including

threshing and storing of grains for own consumption.

and

(b) the activities relating to the own-account production of fixed assets. Own account

production of fixed assets include construction of own houses, roads, wells, etc., and of

machinery, tools, etc., for household enterprise and also construction of any private or

community facilities free of charge. A person may be engaged in own account construction

in the capacity of either a labourer or a supervisor.

2.22.3 Determination of economic activities described above had been done irrespective of the

situation whether such activity was carried out illegally in the form of smuggling or not. However, by


convention, in this round as in earlier rounds, the activities like prostitution, begging, etc., which

may result in earnings, were not considered as economic activities.

2.23 Household type: The household type, based on the means of livelihood of a household, was

decided on the basis of the sources of the household's income during the 365 days preceding the

date of survey. For this purpose, only the household's income (net income and not gross income)

from economic activities was considered; but the incomes of servants and paying guests were not

taken into account.

In rural areas, a household belongs to any one of the six household types viz. (a) self-employed in

agriculture, (b) self-employed in non-agriculture, (c) regular wage/salary earning, (d) casual labour in

agriculture, (e) casual labour in non-agriculture and (f) others. In urban area, four different types of

households may be obtained. These types are (a) self-employed, (b) regular wage/salary earners, (c)

casual labour and (d) others.

2.23.1 The broad household types in rural areas used in this round were self-employed, regular

wage/salary earning, casual labour and others. A household which did not have any income from

economic activities was classified under others. Within each of the broad category of self-employed and

casual labours two specific household types were distinguished, depending on their major income

from agricultural activities (section A of NIC-2008) and non-agricultural activities (all NIC-

2008 sections, excluding section A). The specific household types for self-employed were

considered as self-employed in agriculture and self-employed in non-agriculture. For casual labour, the

specific household types were considered as casual labour in agriculture and casual labour in

non-agriculture. In the determination of the household type in the rural areas, first the household’s

income from economic activities was considered. A rural household was first categorized as ‘self-

employed’, ‘regular wage/salary earning’ or ‘casual labour’ depending on the single major source of its

income from economic activities during last 365 days. Further, for those households which were

categorized either as self-employed or casual labours, specific household types (self-employed in

agriculture or self-employed in non-agriculture and casual labour in agriculture or casual labour in non-

agriculture) was assigned depending on the single major source of income from agricultural or non-

agricultural activities.

2.23.2 An urban household was assigned the household type self-employed, regular wage/salary

earning, casual labour or others depending on the major source of its income from economic activities

during the last 365 days. A household which did not have any income from economic

activities was classified as others.

2.24 Land possessed: In this survey, the ‘area of land possessed’ included land ‘owned’, ‘leased in’

and ‘land neither owned nor leased in’ (i.e. encroached) by the household but excluded land 'leased

out'. The total land area possessed by the household as on the date of survey was taken into account.

To determine the area under land possessed by a household, the following points were kept in mind.

(a) A piece of land was considered to be owned by the household if permanent heritable

possession with or without the right to transfer the title vested in a member or members of

the household. Land held in owner-like possession say, under perpetual lease, hereditary

tenure, long-term lease for 30 years or more, etc., was considered as land owned.


(b) As regards lease, land given to others on rent or free by owner of the land without

surrendering the right of permanent heritable title was defined as land leased out. Land

leased in was defined as land taken by a household on rent or free without any right of

permanent or heritable possession. The lease contract was written or oral.

(c) For a piece of public/institutional land under the possession of the household, if the

household lacked title of ownership and also did not have lease agreement for the use of

land transacted, either orally or in writing, such land was considered as ‘neither owned nor

leased in’. Private land (i.e. land owned by the household sector) possessed by the

household without title of ownership and occupancy right was not considered in the

‘otherwise possessed’ category. All private land encroached upon by the household was

treated as leased-in land.

(d) Land possessed by the household members by virtue of family ties with the owner who

stays elsewhere (forms a different household), was also to be treated as a case of land

leased in. For such owners (those found to be living away from their family members who

are in possession of the land), the land was to be recorded as owned and leased out.

(e) Land owned, leased in, etc., by a particular household did not include the area of land

owned, leased in, etc., by the servants/paying guests who are considered as normal

members of the household. However, land owned/cultivated jointly by two or more

households was apportioned to determine the land owned/cultivated by any one of them.

(f) Land possessed by the households living in a block of flats was calculated by apportioning

the total area occupied by the building among the households in proportion to the size of

the flats.


Chapter III Particulars of Living Facilities

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Development of any nation/state depends upon its capability to produce goods and services

and generate income, for the uplift of the livelihood status of its inhabitants. A person staying in

a healthy and sustainable environment can naturally contribute much more to the development

process than his counterpart who stays in a not so healthy environment. The availability of basic

living facilities like drinking water, bathroom, latrine, housing etc. to each individual of a nation is

thus a-priori requirement for its growth and development. At the same time with rapidly growing

population, it is perhaps the most difficult task of the respective governments, especially in the

developing countries, to create sustainable infrastructure for ensuring decent living of its inhabitants.

3.1.2 Another important point is that mere availability of facilities at a time-point at the household

level is not enough for decent living of that household; some of these facilities need to be available

sustainably. For example, mere availability of a drinking water source (say, pipe) to a household is

not enough unless the source is operative (say, supply of water through pipe) for sufficient time in a

day so as to ensure sufficiency of water. Thus along with the availability of a basic facility, whenever

possible, its sustainability also should be considered.

3.1.3 Information on housing condition with wider coverage on the aspects of drinking water,

sanitation and hygiene was collected during NSS 69th round (July 2012-December 2012). The

information collected can be categorised into three broad groups. Firstly, information was collected

from all the sample households on the particulars of various facilities available to the sample

households for decent living such as availability of drinking water, latrine, bathroom, electricity etc.

This chapter presents the estimates of some important indicators relating to this group. Secondly,

information on some of the characteristics of the houses, particulars of the dwelling unit and the

micro environment surrounding the dwelling unit was collected from the households living in

houses. This has been presented in Chapter Four. Finally, information was also collected on some

general particulars of the households living in houses.

3.2 Drinking water facility

3.2.1 The study of the drinking water facility requires an analysis of access to different sources of

drinking water and sufficiency of drinking water. The issue of accessibility of drinking water at

household level covers other aspects like the distances travelled by members of a household to reach

the principal source of drinking water, intra-household gender disparity in fetching the drinking

water from distant sources, total time taken by the household members to reach the principal source of

drinking water and coming back, and how much time they had to wait in a day at the source for

fetching drinking water.

3.2.2 The quality of drinking water is another important concern for maintaining good health of the

community. Many households strive to enhance the quality of water they drink by adopting various


methods for treating the water before drinking and how many of these households are actually

treating water before drinking would be of interest. The quality and treatment of drinking water also

depends upon the place where the drinking water is usually stored. Also, some households may have to

resort to various other supplementary sources to meet their daily need of drinking water. The

following analysis seeks to address all these issues.

Principal source & Distance of reach principal source

3.2.3 In 69th round, information in respect of the household’s principal source of drinking water was

collected. Principal source of drinking water was taken as that source of drinking water which was

used most commonly (in terms of frequency) by the household during the last 365 days. Some of

such sources were ‘bottled water’, ‘piped water into dwelling’, ‘piped water to yard/plot’, ‘public

taps/standpipe’, ‘tube well/borehole’, ‘protected well’, ‘unprotected well’ etc. Table 3.1 shows per

1000 distribution of households by different principal source of drinking water.

Table 3.1: Per 1000 distribution of households by principal source of drinking water in Manipur during 2012.

3.2.4 It is observed that during 2012, the major source of drinking water in b o t h rural and

urban was ‘Public taps/standpipe’. The survey depicts that 22.5% households in rural area used

Principal source of drinking water Rural Urban

(1) (2) (3)

Bottled water 0 0

Pipe water into dwelling 16 133

Pipe water to yard/plot 13 160

Public taps/standpipe 225 306

Tube well/ borehole 42 31

Protected well 118 48

Unprotected well 2 2

Protected spring 158 7

Unprotected spring 33 3

Rain water collection 1 0

Surface water-tank/pond 200 178

Surface water-other surface water 178 80

Others 12 51

All (incl. n..r.) 1000 1000


‘Public taps/standpipe’ as principal source of drinking water while in urban area, 30.6% households used

‘Public taps/standpipe’ as principal source of drinking water.

3.2.5 Another important aspect of drinking water facility is its availability in sufficient amount

throughout the year. The availability of drinking water from the principal source was taken as

sufficient throughout the year if, in each of the calendar months of the year, availability of drinking

water was sufficient. If in any particular month, the availability of drinking water was not sufficient

for majority of the days, availability was considered as not sufficient in that month.

3.2.6 Table 3.2 shows ‘number per 1000 households not getting sufficient drinking water

throughout the year’ and the ‘modal number of months of the year with insufficient availability’ for

each type of principal sources, during 2012

Table No. 3.2: Number per 1000 households not getting sufficient drinking water throughout the year and

number (model value*) of months of the year with insufficient availability for each principal source of

drinking water in India during 2012.

Principal source of drinking water

Number per 1000 households not getting sufficient drinking water throughout the year

number (modal value*)

of months of the year

with insufficient

availability

Rural Urban Rural Urban

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Bottled water 0 0 2 (0) 2(0) Pipe water into dwelling 15 187 9 (843) 4 (545) Pipe water to yard/plot 113 143 5 (1000) 4 (632) Public taps/standpipe 314 258 5 (475) 2 (723) Tube well/ borehole 205 175 11 (658) 3 (821) Protected well 221 366 3 (511) 2 (412) Unprotected well 962 26 7 (1000) 2 (760) Protected spring 66 6 1 (811) 4 (1000) Unprotected spring 120 0 1 (960) 2 (0) Rain water collection 364 0 1 (1000) 2 (0) Surface water-tank/pond 171 326 5 (775) 2 (489) Surface water-other surface water 32 10 12 (1000) 2 (1000) Others 111 94 1 (1000) 3 (735) All (incl. n..r.) 166 213 5 (475)) 2 (532)

Notes: a) figures in parentheses shows the ‘number per 1000 of households corresponding to each principal source’ *: highest frequency among different number of months

3.2.7 In rural, 1.5% households among all households having principal source of drinking water

as ‘piped water into dwelling’ did not get sufficient drinking water throughout the year from its

principal source. The corresponding figure for their urban counterpart was estimated at 18.7%. Similarly

11.3% households among all rural households and 14.3% of all urban households having principal


source of drinking water as ‘piped water into yard/plot’ did not get sufficient drinking water

throughout the year from its principal source. For the households whose principal source of

drinking water had been ‘public tap/standpipe’, the survey shows that 31.4% of them in rural area

and 25.8% of them in urban area respectively did not get sufficient drinking water throughout the

year.

3.2.8 The survey depicts that during 2012, 47.5% of rural households did not get sufficient drinking

water for 5 months (modal value). Among different categories of principal sources, this number

varied between 1 to 1 2 months with an exception for the principal source. For different types

of principal sources, the percentage of rural households who did not get sufficient drinking water

varied from 48% to 100%. In urban areas, 53.2% households did not get sufficient drinking water

for 2 months (modal value). For different categories of principal sources, the modal value of months

for which the availability of drinking water was not sufficient for households in urban area varied

between 2 to 4 with an exception for the principal source.

Table No. 3.3: Number per 1000 households which required no supplementary source of drinking water and number per 1000

households which used supplementary source of drinking water most for each principal source of drinking water in Manipur

during 2012

Number per 1000 households

Principal source of drinking

water

Rural Urban

Required no

supplementary

source

Used supplementary

source most

Required no

supplementary

source

Used supplementary

source most

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Bottled water 0 0 0 1000 (PT)

Pipe water into dwelling 337 420 (TP) 379 444 (OTH)

Pipe water to yard/plot 557 330 (OTH) 377 327 (OTH)

Public taps/standpipe 476 266 (RW) 492 261(TP)

Tube well/ borehole 586 186 (UW) 877 69 (OSW)

Protected well 722 107 (TP) 417 393 (TP)

Unprotected well 0 962 (OSW) 604 356 (TP)

Protected spring 646 143 (TW) 996 4 (TP)

Unprotected spring 884 89 (SP) 560 408 (TP)

Rain water collection 636 364 (TW) 0 0

Tank/pond 706 208 (TW) 588 144 (OTH)

Other surface water 751 151 (TP) 471 375 (TP)

Others 875 111 (TW) 750 160 (TP)

n.r. 0 0 0 0

ALL 648 108 (TP) 499 172 (TP)

Notes: a) figures in parentheses shows the abbreviations of corresponding supplementary source b) T: tube well/borehole, PWD: piped water into dwelling, TP: Tank/pond, RW: River Water, PT: public tap/stand pipe, PW:

protected well, UW: unprotected well, OSW: other surface water, OTH: others

3.2.9 Most of these households who did not get sufficient drinking water from their principal

sources naturally sought to meet their requirement of drinking water with supplementary sources,

which, in this survey, were categorised in the same way as in the case of principal sources. Table 3.3

shows number per 1000 households which ‘required no supplementary source of drinking water’

and number per 1000 households ‘which used supplementary source of drinking water most’ for

each principal source of drinking water in Manipur during 2012. The table shows that 64.8%


households in rural area and 49.9% households in urban area did not require any

supplementary source for drinking water. It is observed that 88.4% of rural households, which had

' Unprotected spring’ and 99.6% of urban households, which had ‘protected spring’ as

their principal source of drinking water, did not require any supplementary source.

3.2.10 Table 3.3 also shows that considering all principal sources together, both in rural and urban

area, ‘Tank/pond’ was most prevalent supplementary source of drinking water during 2012.

Table 3.4: Number per 1000 households having drinking water within premises and number per 1000

households travelling different distances to reach principal source of drinking water outside the premises

during, 2012.

Number per 1000 households

Principal source of

drinking water

Rural Urban

Having

drinking

water

facilities

within

dwelling

Having

drinking

water

facilities

outside

dwelling

but within

premises

Travelling to reach

principal source of

drinking water

outside the premises

Having

drinking

water

facilities

within

dwelling

Having

drinking

water

facilities

outside

dwelling

but within

premises

Travelling to reach

principal source of

drinking water

outside the premises Less

than 0.2

km

0.2km –

0.5km

Less

than 0.2

km

0.2km –

0.5km

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Bottled water 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 Pipe water into

dwelling 1000 0 0 0 999 0 0 0

Pipe water to yard/plot 0 1000 0 0 0 1000 0 0 Public taps/standpipe 0 0 913 72 0 0 952 38 Tube well/ borehole 0 12 600 388 55 333 595 18 Protected well 4 216 674 100 7 526 448 20 Unprotected well 0 0 519 481 356 539 105 0 Protected spring 0 0 623 232 0 0 1000 0 Unprotected spring 0 0 724 276 0 0 1000 0 Rain water collection 0 0 260 0 0 0 0 0 Tank/pond 0 521 414 57 0 621 368 4 Other surface water 0 0 813 128 0 0 801 193 Others 0 0 809 70 0 0 773 101 ALL 16 144 672 126 136 307 512 35

3.2.11 Travelling a considerable distance to reach the principal source of drinking water outside the

premises, is definitely a disadvantage as compared to having drinking water facility within household

premises. As shown in Table 3.4, 1.6% households in rural area got drinking water within dwelling

and 14.4% households within premises compared to 13.6% households within dwelling and 30.7% households

within premises in urban area.

3.2.12 67.2% households in rural area and 51.2% households in urban area had to travel less than

0.2 kilometres to fetch drinking water from the principal source situated outside the premises.

12.6% households in rural area and 3.5% households in urban area had to t ravel 0.2 km. to

0.5km. to fetch drinking water from the principal source situated outside the premises.


Nature of access

3.2.13 Another important aspect of drinking water facility is the nature of access of it enjoyed by the

household. Households having exclusive use of principal drinking water source are in a better

position than those who have to resort to community use for the same purpose. Here access was

defined in terms of the prevailing situation reported by the sample household in respect of the

principal source of drinking water that was used and not the legal right to use the source of drinking

water.

3.2.14 Table 3.5 presents number per 1000 households by nature of access to the principal source of drinking water for each quintile class of MPCE in Manipur during 2012. It is observed that the percentage of households having exclusive are in the urban area is higher (27.6%) than in rural area (13.4%). Similar trend is observed in case of common use in the building and community use too.

Storage and method of taking out

3.2.15 Two other important aspects of household’s hygienic status related to drinking water are

‘storage of drinking water’ and ‘method of taking out the drinking water’. In NSS 69th round, for

recording information on ‘storage of drinking water’, the drinking water collected from all sources by

the household was considered. The list of materials of the containers broadly covered two types viz.

(a) ‘non-metal’ and (b) ‘metal’. The category ‘non-metal’ included (i) earthen, (ii) plastic, and (iii) other

non-metal type of containers; whereas the category ‘metal’ included (i) iron, (ii) galvanised iron,

(iii) copper, (iv) stainless steel, (v) brass, and (vi) other metal. Table 3.6 shows per 1000

distribution of households in Manipur who stored drinking water categorised by different materials of

the main container.

Table 3.5: Number per 1000 households by nature of access to the principal source of drinking water for each quintal class

of MPCE in Manipur during 2012

Quintal class

of MPCE

Number per 1000 households with access to the principal source of drinking water of the form

Exclusive use Common use in the building Community use

rural urban rural urban rural urban

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

0-20 64 188 32 201 321 407

20-40 0 222 0 96 0 417

40-60 112 316 31 156 281 374

60-80 157 320 52 234 316 256

80-100 163 0 59 0 445 0

All 134 276 47 188 364 592


Table No.3.6: Per 1000 distribution of households who stored drinking water categorised by different materials of the main

container in Manipur during 2012

Material of the main container Per 1000 distribution of households

Rural Urban

(1) (2) (3)

Earthen 27 10

Plastic 718 907

Other non-mental 61 64

Iron 8 0

Galvanized iron 1 0

Copper 22 1

Stainless steel 85 9

Brass 0 0

Other metal 79 8

No storage 0 0

All 1000 1000

3.2.16 It is found that during 2012, 90.7% households in urban area and 71.8% households in

rural area had used plastic containers for storing drinking water. The table 3.6 also shows that 6.1%

households in rural area and 6.4% households in urban area had used ‘Other non-mental’ containers

for storing drinking water.

3.2.17 In NSS 69th round, for the households that stored drinking water, how drinking water was

taken out from the main container was recorded using four codes viz. (i) through tap, (ii) vessel with

handle dipped in to take out water, (iii) vessel without handle dipped in to take out water and (iv)

poured out. Table 3.7 shows per 1000 distribution of households categorised by method of taking out

of drinking water in Manipur during 2012. The table shows that 87.0% households in rural area

and 80.9% households in urban area used vessel with handle for taking out stored drinking water.

10.8% households in urban area and 10.1% households in rural area used vessel without handle for

taking out stored drinking water.

Table 3.7: Per 1000 distribution of households categorised by method of taking out of stored drinking

water in Manipur during 2012

Method of taking out of stored drinking water Per 1000 distribution of households

Rural Urban

(1) (2) (3)

Through tap 15 65

Vessel with handle 870 809

Vessel without handle 101 108

Poured out 14 17

All (incl. n.r) 1000 1000


3.3 Bathroom and sanitation facility 3.4.1 In this survey, for collecting information on bathroom facilities available to the members of

the household, two categories of bathroom were recorded viz., attached bathroom and detached

bathroom. If the dwelling unit had one or more bathrooms attached to the dwelling unit (i.e., with

direct access from its rooms, veranda or corridor), it was considered to have an attached bathroom.

Otherwise, a bathroom within the premises but not attached to the dwelling units, was classified as a

detached bathroom.

Bathroom facility

3.3.2 Table 3.8 presents Number per 1000 households by facility of bathroom for each quintile

class of MPCE in Manipur during 2012. The table depicts that 24.1% households of urban area had

attached bathroom whereas it was only 5.6% in rural area.

Table 3.8: Number per 1000 households by facility of bathroom for each quintile class of MPCE in Manipur

during 2012

Quintile class of MPCE

Number per 1000 households by facility of bathroom

Attached Detached No bathroom

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

0-20 14 50 600 643 387 307

20-40 0 161 0 623 0 216

40-60 26 216 604 645 370 139

60-80 50 371 628 479 322 151

80-100 90 0 636 0 273 0

all 56 241 621 568 323 191

Sanitation facility

3.3.3 The study of sanitation facilities available to households is an important aspect of living

standards. In the World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund’s Global Water

Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, sanitation was defined to include connection to a

sewer or septic tank system, pour-flush latrine, simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrine, with

allowance for acceptable local technologies. The excreta disposal system was considered adequate if

it was private or shared (but not public) and if it hygienically separated human excreta from human

contact. Information on the types of latrines and households’ use of latrine facilities collected in this

survey include ‘type of latrines available to the households’, ‘type of use of latrine’ etc.

3.3.4 In this survey, ‘access to latrine’ was defined in relation to the latrine that could be used by the

majority of the household members, irrespective of whether it was being used or not. Information

was collected on whether the household’s latrine facility was for its exclusive use or was shared with

one or more households in the building, or whether households had to use public/community

latrine with and without payment, or whether the household did not have access to any latrine at all.


Table 3.9: Number per 1000 households by access to latrine for each quintile class of MPCE in Manipur

during 2012


Number per 1000 households by access to latrine

Exclusive use of the households

Common use of the households in the

building No latrine


(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

0-20 887 763 95 227 0 3

20-40 0 793 0 202 0 0

40-60 859 773 141 223 0 0

60-80 818 771 165 225 16 0

80-100 893 0 96 0 9 0

all 870 774 119 221 7 1

3.3.5 Table 3.9 presents number per 1000 households by access to latrine for each quintile class of

MPCE in India during 2012. 87.0% households access to latrine ‘Exclusive use of the households’

in rural area whereas it was 77.4% in urban area. However, in respect of ‘Common Use’, the

percentage is higher in urban area (22.1%) than in rural area (11.9%).

3.4 Tenurial status

3.4.1 ‘Tenure type of the dwelling unit’ of the households is considered as one of the important

parameters of quality of housing facility as it provides an overview of the tenurial status and

corresponding security in the housing condition. Ownership of the dwelling unit can be considered as

the most secured tenure status. Besides, tenancy can also offer a fairly safe tenure to the

households, especially when formal contract exists. Households residing in the employer’s dwelling

may also enjoy safe tenurial status. As per Indicator of MDG, secured tenure means those

households that own or are purchasing their homes, are renting privately or are in social housing or

sub-tenancy.

3.4.2 In this survey, a dwelling unit was considered to be ‘owned’ by the sample household if

permanent heritable possession with or without the right to transfer the title was vested in a member or

members of the household. Dwelling unit in owner-like possession under long term lease or

assignment was also considered as owned. If the sample household had the right of permanent

heritable possession of the dwelling unit with or without the right to transfer the title, such dwelling

unit was considered as ‘freehold’. On the other hand, dwelling units held under special conditions

such that the holder did not possess the title of ownership of the dwelling unit but the right for long

term possession of the dwelling unit (e.g., dwelling units possessed under perpetual lease, hereditary

tenure and long term lease for 30 years or more) was considered as being ‘leasehold’.

3.4.3 If the dwelling unit, in which the sample household lived, was provided by an employer to a


member of the sample household, such dwelling unit was considered as ‘employer quarter’. And if

the dwelling was taken on rent, by the sample household, which was payable at monthly, quarterly or

any other periodic intervals or on lease for a period of less than 30 years; it was treated as a hired

dwelling. It may be noted that a hired dwelling unit may be free of rent also. If the sample household

had taken the dwelling unit in rent with written contract with its owner, such dwelling units were

termed as ‘hired dwelling units with written contract’. On the other hand, if the sample household

lived in a hired dwelling unit without a written contract with the owner of the dwelling unit, it was

categorized as ‘hired dwelling units without written contract’. Households lived more or less

regularly under staircase, in tents, in pipes, under bridges, in purely temporary flimsy improvisations

built by the roadside (which were liable to be removed at any moment), were considered to have no

dwellings in this survey. All other types of possession of the dwelling unit e.g., encroached one, was

categorized as ‘others’ type of dwelling units.

Table 3.10: Number per 1000 households with dwelling units by tenurial status for each class of MPCE in

Manipur during 2012


Number per 1000 households with dwelling unit by tenurial status

Own Hired Others


(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

0-20 999 978 1 22 1 0

20-40 0 998 0 2 0 0

40-60 983 980 0 20 17 0

60-80 964 925 0 69 37 6

80-100 879 0 3 0 119 0

all 938 959 1 39 61 2

3.4.4 Table 3.10 presents number per 1000 households with dwelling units by tenurial status for each

quintile class of MPCE in India during 2012. 95.9% households owned their dwelling unit in urban

area whereas it was 93.9% in rural area. The proportion of households living in hired dwelling unit is

insignificant although the percentage is higher in Urban area (3.9%) as compared to the rural area

(0.1%).


Chapter IV Housing Characteristics and Micro Environment

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Housing characteristics and the environment, in which the dwelling unit is located, are two

important facets of condition of living of a household. Housing characteristics includes ‘type of

structure of the dwelling unit’, ‘use of the house’, ‘condition of structure’, ‘type of dwelling unit’, etc.

the main parameters of the micro environment of a dwelling unit are presence/availability of proper

drainage arrangement, garbage disposal system, availability of roads, etc. In this chapter some

important issues relating to housing characteristics and micro-environment of the household have

been discussed. In general, the following discussion covers only those households which lived in a

house.

4.2 Housing characteristics

Type of structure

4.2.1 The first important characteristic of housing condition of a household is the type of structure of

its house. In NSS 69th round survey, type of structures of the dwelling unit of households was

categorised as pucca, semi-pucca and katcha, the last one, i.e. katcha, being further split into two

categories: serviceable katcha and unserviceable katcha. The structure type classification was on the

basis of materials used in the construction of roof and wall of the dwelling unit. A ‘pucca structure’

was one whose walls and roofs were made of materials such as cement, concrete, oven burnt bricks,

hollow cement / ash bricks, stone, stone blocks, jack boards (cement plastered reeds), iron, zinc or

other metal sheets, timber, tiles, slate, corrugated iron, asbestos cement sheet, veneer, plywood,

artificial wood of synthetic material and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) material. A structure which had

walls and roof made of non-pucca materials was regarded as a katcha structure where unburnt

bricks, bamboo, mud, grass, leaves, reeds, thatch, etc were considered as ‘non-pucca’ materials. All

the other type of structures was considered as ‘semi-pucca’ structure.

Table 4.1: Number per 1000 households by type of structure of the house for each quintal class

of MPCE in Manipur during 2012

Quintal class

of MPCE

Type of structure

Pucca Semi-Pucca Katcha


(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

0-20 108 124 331 728 561 148

20-40 0 168 0 797 0 34

40-60 55 302 687 678 258 20

60-80 96 538 401 460 203 2

80-100 263 0 545 0 191 0

All 160 346 565 614 274 40


4.2.2 Table 4.1 presents number per 1000 households by type of structure of the house for each

quintile class of MPCE in India during 2012. The results show that 16.0% households in rural area

and 34.6% households in urban area respectively lived in a house with pucca structure, whereas

56.5% and 6 1 .4% of the households in rural and urban areas respectively lived in a house with

semi-pucca structure during 2012.

Plinth level

4.2.3 Plinth level of a house plays a vital role by preventing seepage of waste water and overflow of

the dirty water from roads/drains/surrounding areas into the ground floor of the dwelling unit. In

this survey, information regarding plinth level was collected for the whole ‘building/structure’ in

which the dwelling unit was located. Plinth level is defined as the level of the constructed ground

floor from the land (at the main entrance of the building) on which the building was constructed. If

the ground floor was at the same level as the land on which the house stands, it was considered as

having no plinth. Plinth level of the building was recorded, even if the household was residing on a

floor higher or lower than the ground floor. If the building consisted of more than one structure,

plinth level of the main structure (in the sense of having greatest floor area) was considered.

Table 4.2: Number per 1000 households by plinth level (in metre) of the house and average plinth level (in metre 0.00)

of the house for different structure types of house in Manipur during 2012

Structure

Type

Number per 1000 households by plinth level(metre) of the house Average plinth

level(in metre

0.00) Zero (no

plinth)

Less than 0.30 0.30-0.61 0.61-1.00 1.00 or more

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Rural

Pucca 20 195 585 183 16 0.60

Semi-pucca 15 353 559 72 1 0.51

Katcha 37 386 526 46 5 0.48

All (incl.n.r.) 22 337 554 82 5 0.52

Urban

Pucca 25 203 551 186 36 0.61

Semi-pucca 14 245 630 97 14 0.56

Katcha 0 286 647 60 7 0.54

All (incl.n.r.) 17 232 603 127 21 0.58

4.2.4 Table 4.2 shows number per 1000 households classified by plinth level of the house and

average plinth level for different types of structures in Manipur. The survey estimated that 2.2%

households in rural areas and 1.7% households in urban areas had ‘zero plinth’ level. The survey also

reveals that during 2012, average plinth level of a house was 0.52 metre in rural area and 0.58 metre in

urban area.

Use of house

4.2.5 Type of use of a house is another important housing characteristic. In this survey three types of

uses of a house were considered viz. (i) residential only, (ii) residential-cum-commercial, and (iii)

residential-cum-others. Table 4.3 shows number per 1000 households by type of use of house in

Manipur. During 2012, 97.2% of households in rural areas lived in a house used for residential


purpose only. The proportion of households using the house for residential-cum-commercial purpose

and residential cum other in relatively insignificant.

Table 4.3: Number per 1000 households by type of use of house and number per 1000 of households by type of dwelling unit for different structure types in Manipur during 2012

Structure type

Type of use of house Type of dwelling unit

Residential only

Residential cum

commercial

Residential cum others

Independent house

Flat others

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Rural

Pucca 974 26 0 980 1 19

Semi-pucca 962 37 1 996 2 2

Katcha 990 10 0 970 7 23

All(incl.n.r.) 972 28 0 986 3 11

Urban

Pucca 964 31 5 907 19 74

Semi-pucca 989 9 2 987 8 4

Katcha 1000 0 0 983 12 4

All(incl.n.r.) 1247 21 3 959 12 29

4.2.6 Table 4.3 also shows number per 1000 households by ‘type of dwelling unit’, which is another

important housing characteristic. In this survey, three types of dwelling units were considered viz. (i)

independent house, (ii) flat, and (iii) others. If the dwelling unit and the entire structure of the house

were physically the same, it was considered as an independent house. A dwelling unit was considered as

a flat if it was a part of a structure which was shared with at least one other household and the

dwelling unit had housing facilities of water supply, bathroom and latrine, which were used

exclusively by the households or shared with households residing in that structure. If the household

reported that the facilities of water supply, bathroom and latrine were shared with households

residing in other structures, in such cases also such dwelling units was considered as flat. If the

households residing in flat-like structures without any one of the housing facilities of water supply,

bathroom and latrine, thes

NSS-69th Round (State Sample) DECEMBER...

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