NSIC Overview The Terabit Challenge - THIC · National Storage Industry Consortium PDF THIC Meeting...

National Storage Industry Consortium PDFTHIC Meeting01/17/2001

Presented at the THIC Meeting at the Bahia Hotel998 West Mission Bay Dr, San Diego CA 92109

on January 17, 2001

NSIC Overview

&

The Terabit Challenge

Paul D. FrankNational Storage Industry Consortium

3655 Ruffin Road, Suite 335San Diego, CA 92123-1833

Phone: 858-279-7230 FAX: 858-279-8591E-mail: [email protected]

Web site: www.nsic.org


National Storage Industry Consortium

NSIC OVERVIEWNSIC OVERVIEW

www.nsic.org


NSICIncorporated: April, 1991

Mission: Increase the Worldwide Competitiveness of the U.S.Information Storage Industry

Strategic Elements:

! Conduct Joint Research on High-Risk Pre-Competitive Storage Technologies

! Obtain Government Funding

! Develop Technology Roadmaps

! Maximize Value of University Research

! Speak for the Industry


The Storage Industry SupportsMany Associations

! IDEMA! iDWA! IRMA! NSIC! OIDA! OSTA! QIC! RAB! SNIA! THIC! USODMA

Only NSIC DoesTechnology Research


NSIC Corporate Members

ADVANCED RESEARCH*

AGERE SYSTEMS (LUCENT)

AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES*

APRILIS

CALIMETRICS

COMPAQ*

EASTMAN KODAK*

ECD

EMC*

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HUTCHINSON TECHNOLOGY

IBM

IMATION

KOMAG

MAXTOR

QUANTUM

READ-RITE

ROCKWELL SCIENCE CENTER *

SAINT-GOBAIN*

SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY

SILICON GRAPHICS*

STORAGETEK

SUN MICROSYSTEMS*

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

VEECO INSTRUMENTS

* Limited Member


NSIC Associate Members

AKRON ALABAMAALBERTA

ARGONNE NAT’L LABARIZONA

ARIZONA STATEBUCKNELL UNIVERSITY

CARNEGIE MELLONCENTRAL LANCASHIRE

COLORADODAYTON

GEORGIA TECHHARVARD

IDAHO IDEMA

ILLINOIS

LAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT’L LABLAWRENCE LIVERMORE NAT’L LAB

LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABMIT

MINNESOTAMONTANA STATE

NEBRASKANIST

NORTHWESTERNOHIO STATE

SANTA CLARASTANFORD

UC BERKELEYUC SAN DIEGOVANDERBILT

VIRGINIAWASHINGTON UNIVERSITY


NSIC

! Leverage for longer-range “pre-competitive”research investments

! Participate in setting common industry goals/objectives and technology roadmaps

! Participate in industry/industry interactions

! Provide guidance to industry suppliers

! Participate in industry/university interactions

! Provide guidance/direction for University research

! Provide guidance to government funding agencies

WHY NSIC?


NSICExamples of Leverage

EHDR

>> A $200K annual investment leverages:

• a $1.8M annual budget (dollar leverage of 9:1) in 1999-2000

• supported 36 ~ 40 graduate students and ~36 faculty (personnelleverage of between 18:1 and 38:1) at 17 universities in 1999-2000

>> A $100K annual investment in Heads/Tribology/Servo technology areasleverages:

• about $1.2M of the EHDR budget (12:1)

• supported ~24 graduate students and ~20 faculty (personnel leverage 24:1 to 44:1) at 11 universities in 1999-2000

• provides some access to results of the remaining EHDR research

>> A $50K annual investment in the Media technology area leverages:

• about $450K of the EHDR budget (9:1)

• supported about 9 graduate students and 9 faculty (18:1 to 36:1)

• provides some access to results of the remaining EHDR research

TAPE

>> A $50K annual investment leverages:

• the entire $350K budget (7:1) in 1999-2000• supports about 6 graduate students and 8 faculty (12:1 to 28:1)• leverage will increase as additional sponsors and/or government

funding are secured.


NSICRelations with Universities

• NSIC Programs Attempt to Attract the Best University Researchon a Project-by-Project, Topic-by-Topic Basis, as Determined by Consensus of Industry Participants

• NSIC Provides Funding for Key Research at the University Centers>> For EHDR: Alabama, CMU, Minnesota, Stanford, UC Berkeley,

UCSD>> For TAPE: Alabama, CMU, UCSD

• NSIC Provides Funding for Individual Researchers not at an EstablishedUniversity Center (for 1999-2000):

>> For EHDR: Alberta, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia Tech,Harvard, Illinois, MIT, Nebraska, Northwestern,Vanderbilt, Virginia

>> For TAPE: Central Lancashire

• NSIC Provides Guidance to University Research to Reduce Duplicationof Efforts and Selects Best Researchers to Tackle Specific Problems

• NSIC Provides a Unique Mechanism for Industry-Coordinated Collaboration Among Universities

• NSIC Provides Interactive Forums for Industry Input and Feedback toUniversity Research

• NSIC Provides an Efficient Means of Exposure for Graduate Students


NSICRelations with Government

! DARPA Has Not Provided Earmarked Funding for Storage Technology Research

» Project Funding has Come via Submitted Proposals That Matched Contract Managers’ Agendas

– 5 Projects Totaling $73M

! ATP Had a Strong Early Relationship» 1991: 6 Month Planning Award for SWAT Program Facilitated

NSIC’s Formation» First Two Projects Won Competitively in General Competitions» 1994: ATP (with NSIC input) Created Focus Program in Digital

Data Storage - $250M over 5 years

! ATP History Since 1995 Less Favorable» Increased Emphasis on Commercialization Plans» Wariness of Large Horizontal Partnerships & Large Companies» Abandonment of Focus Programs» New competition for 2001 Announced on January 4, 2001

! Building New Relationship with NSF» Emphasis on University Research» Emphasis on Fundamental Limits» EHDR/Frontiers Proposal Funded ($1.9M over 3 years)» Planning Proposal for Extended EHDR/Frontiers Funding


NSIC Roadmap Activity

1993-94: Storage Technology RoadmapsWorkshops: April 1993; March 1994; April 1994Report: September 1994

1996-97: Optical Disk StorageWorkshop: April 1996Report: June 1997

1997: Hard Disk Drive TechnologyWorkshop: February 1997Report: Incorporated in July 1997 Proposal

1997-98: Magnetic Head MetrologyWorkshop: June 1997Report: February 1998

1997-98: Magnetic Tape StorageWorkshop: September 1997Report: June 1998

1999: International Workshop on Holographic Data StorageWorkshop: March 1999Executive Report: December 1999

1999-2000: Optical Disk StorageWorkshop: November, 1999Report: February, 2000

Next: Hard Disk & Tape Technology Updates


NSIC Roadmap Activities

Roadmap on the Future of Optical Disk Storage Applications, Products and Technology

Leaders: Paul Wehrenberg, Glenn Sincerbox,Apple University of Arizona

Applications and Systems Technology•••• Consumer Audio/Video •••• DVD Derivatives•••• Personal Computer •••• MO•••• Workstations •••• MO-Hybrid•••• Servers •••• Near Field•••• Enterprise Systems •••• Volume Storage•••• Super Computers •••• Gray Scale

•••• Workshop with 41 Participants November 3-4, 1999

•••• Organizations Invited (* = Attended)

•••• Roadmap Published February 29, 2000

Apple*Arizona*Bayer*C3D*Cal Tech*Calimetrics*Call/Recall*Chen & Associates*Comet*CompaqCMU*EMCFujitsu*Georgia Tech

Hewlett-Packard*Hitachi*IBM*IDC*Imation*Iomega*InktomiKodakKomag*Lucent*MMMMMatsushita/Panasonic*MaxoptixMEI*

NIAIRNikonNSIC*OITDAPhilips*Quantum*Seagate*Sanyo*Siros*Sony*Stanford*StorageTek*TeraStor*TTIZen Research*

Note: non-US organizations in red


NSIC Research

Hard Disk Drive & Component Technology:

• HEADS Program • UHDR Program

• NASD Project • Large Block Size Initiative

• EHDR Frontiers of Magnetic Recording Program

Magnetic Tape Recording Technology:

• UHDR Program • TAPE Program

Optical Disk Drive & Component Technology:

• SWAT Program • UHDR Program

• UCOD Program • MORE Program

Holographic Storage Systems & Materials:

• PRISM Program • HDSS Program

Note: Active Projects in Red

Research Program(Technology Areas: 1991-2000)


NSIC

NSIC Research ProgramTAPE

MOREHDD (ATP)

Optical Disc EHDR(NSF)

Magnetic TapeNASD

Holographic

UCOD(ATP)

HDSS

PRISM

UHDR

HEADS(ATP)

SWAT(ATP)

1999 2000 20011995 1996 1997 19981991 1992 1993 1994

9 companies, 7 universities GMR Heads for 10 Gb/in2

3 companies, 2 universities Compact Blue Laser

9 companies, 7 universities 1 TB/in3 Mag Tape

2 companies, 4 universities 10 Gb/in2 Optical Disk

HolographicSystems

HolographicMaterials4 companies, 1 university

12 companies, 12 universities 10 Gb/in2 HDD Technology

2 companies, 2 universities

8 companies, 17 universities 100 Gb/in2 to1 Tb/in2 HDD

7 4companies universities

(DARPA)

(DARPA)

(DARPA)

Multi-level and Near-field Optical Disk

5 companies, 1 university Network Storage

2 companies, 1 university 1 TB Optical Disk

4 companies, 3 universities


NSIC Project Status(January 2001)

! SWAT (Short Wavelength Advanced Technology)

! UHDR (Ultrahigh Density Recording)

! HEADS (10 Gb/in2 GMR Technology)

! PRISM (Photorefractive Information Storage Materials for Holo)Final Research Review Held on November 10, Final Report in Preparation

! HDSS (Holographic Data Storage Systems)Final Research Review Held on November 10, Final Report in PreparationFinal Demonstration Completed, Achieving 10 Gbit/sec Data Rate

! UCOD (Ultrahigh Capacity Optical Disk)

! EHDR (Extremely High Density Recording for HDD)Currently Involves 8 companies, 15 universitiesFinishing Work On 100 Gb/in2 TargetsInvited Workshop on 1 Terabit/in2 Recording Held Research Proposals for 1 Terabit/in2 Requested and ReceivedFormal NSF Visit and Proposal for Follow-On Funding PlannedNew 1 Terabit/in2 Program Launch set for mid-2001

! NASD (Network Attached Storage Devices)

! MORE (Multiple Optical Recording Enhancements)Excellent Technical Progress Continues on Multi-Level & Near-Field Phase-Change Optical RecordingYear 4 ATP Renewal Completed

! Large Block Size (for HDD Data Transfer)White Paper Published in IDEMA Insight (July), Available via NSIC Website,

Presented and discussed at NSIC Storage Systems Workshop (June)IDEMA Standards Committee Formed, Initial Standards Workshop Held (Oct)

! TAPE (Advanced Magnetic Tape Storage Technology)Started December 1, 1999


NSIC Tape Program Update

Industrial Sponsors:

Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Imation, Quantum, Read-Rite, Seagate & StorageTek

Program received (for Year 1):- 26 research funding requests, from- 10 universities

Initial funding round completed, with:- 6 research requests selected, involving:- 8 faculty, from- 4 universities

Three Quarterly Tape Program Technical & Board meetings have been held:- IBM (San Jose), Monterey, Imation (St. Paul)

Next Quarterly Meeting on January 30th at H-P.- losing one sponsor for Year 2, now

seeking additional sponsors- finalizing selection process for Year 2

research projects


History! NSIC Research Program in Extremely High Density

Recording for hard disk drive (HDD) technology, started in 1996 with 4 industrial sponsors

! Expanded in 1998 with addition of NSF funding, under the “Frontiers of Magnetic Recording”Initiative

Objectives! Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Recording at 100 Gbits/in2

Areal Density! Nanometer Head Structures with High Sensitivity! Head & Media Materials for >1 GHz Frequencies! Channels for Very Low SNR! Servo at Track Pitch Approaching 100 Nanometers

Status! Currently with 8 industrial sponsors and roughly

$1.7M annual budget (approx. one third from NSF)

! Supported 36~40 graduate students in 1999-2000

EHDR – Frontiers of Magnetic Recording Program


NSIC EHDR Program

HDD Technology Demonstrations

NSIC Target

1.0

10.0

100.0

Jan-90 Jan-92 Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00Date

Area

l Den

sity

(Gbi

ts p

er s

quar

e in

ch)

Note: all data points in red involved NSIC/EHDR sponsor organizations

* CurrentProducts

*First 1 Gbpsi Product


NSIC EHDR PROGRAM MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

Technical Area Working Teams

STRATEGYGROUP

NSICSR. PROGRAM

MANAGER(Sharon Rotter)

SPONSOREDRESEARCH

HEADSTEAM

(Matt Gibbons)

SPONSOREDRESEARCH

MEDIATEAM

(Mary Doerner)

SPONSOREDRESEARCH

SERVOTEAM

(Alexei Sacks)

SPONSOREDRESEARCH

HEAD/DISKINTERFACE

TEAM(C. Singh Bhatia)

SPONSOREDRESEARCH

SIGNALPROCESSING

TEAM(R. New, Interim)

TECHNICALPROGRAMDIRECTOR(Mark Kryder)

PROGRAMBOARD

OFDIRECTORS

SPONSOR TECHNOLOGYEXECUTIVES


EHDR Success in InvolvingUniversity Research

• During 1999-2000, the NSIC EHDR Frontiers of Magnetic Recording Program supported research at a total of 17 Universities:

- University of Alabama- University of Alberta- University of Arizona- University of California, Berkeley- University of California, San Diego- University of Colorado- Carnegie Mellon University- Georgia Institute of Technology- Harvard University- University of Illinois- Massachusetts Institute of Technology- University of Minnesota- University of Nebraska- Northwestern University- Stanford University- Vanderbilt University- University of Virginia


Examples of EHDR Accomplishments

GENERAL

• Consensus model/targets for 100Gb/in2

• Push-out of Superparamagnetic “Limit”

• Next: 1 Terabit/in2

HEADS

• Design/Modeling of 100Gb/in2 Read and Write Heads

• High Bsat Write Head Materials and Heads

• High-Frequency Write Head Structures

• Higher-Sensitivity GMR Spin-Valve Materials/Structures

• Investigation of TMR Barrier Materials/Structures

• Investigation of Alternative Read Head Structures

• Measurement of Magnetization Dynamics of Write Heads

• Measurement of Switching Speed Limits for Head Materials

HEAD/DISK INTERFACE (TRIBOLOGY)

• Magnetic Separation Budget for 100Gb/in2

• Ultra-thin Head/Media Overcoats

• 5 nm Fly Height CSS Air Bearings

• 7 nm Fly Height Load/Unload Air Bearings

• Lube/Overcoat Chemistry Fundamentals

• Measurement of Head Contact Force



SERVO

• Servo/Tracking Budget for 100 Gb/in2

• Servo Head Test Procedure Proposed

• Dual-Stage Actuation Algorithms and Analysis Software

• Micromagnetic & Quasi-micromagnetic Servo Track Writingand Position Error Signal Simulations

• Servo Patterned Media Experiments

• Next: Fundamental Studies of Windage Effects

MEDIA

• Nanocomposite Media

• Fundamental Studies of Media Noise

• Media Modeling for 100 Gb/in2

• Development of Dynamic Coercivity Model

• Microstructural Characterization of Media

• Superlattice Perpendicular Media

• Perpendicular Media Underlayer Stabilization Investigations

TEST

• EHDR Test Stand at CMU



SIGNAL PROCESSING

• Development of:

- Media Noise Model

- Transition and Pulse-Broadening Model

- Micro-Track Model

- Auto-Regressive Signal Model

• Investigation of Series of Detection Schemes, Resulting inPredicted 8+ dB Improvement in SNR over PR4:

- Fixed Delay Tree Search

- RAM-DFE

- Reduced State Sequence Estimation

- Noise Prediction

- Signal-Dependent Detection

- Turbo Codes Applied to Partial Response Channels

- LDPC Codes Applied to Partial Response Channels

- LDPC Codes Combined with Signal-Dependent Detection

• High-Speed Hardware Implementation Studies

• Programmable Hardware for Evaluation of Detection Schemes


What’s Next?

New Objectives

! Stable Recording for HDDs at up to 1 Terabit/in2

! High Data Rates

Primary Areas of Investigation ! Perpendicular Recording

! Patterned Media

! Hybrid Magnetic/Optical Approaches

EHDR Extended2001 - 2006



As recently as 18 months ago, organizing a joint, pre-competitive research program for 1 Tb/in2 recording was largely unthinkable.

What’s changed?

! August 1999: Roger Wood presents “The Feasibility of Magnetic Recording at 1 Terabit per Square Inch” at TMRC, which was presented again at the September 1999 EHDR meetings and published in the January 2000 IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. [Ref. 1]

! September 1999: EHDR Sponsor Executives address concerns about 100 Gb/in2 becoming competitive. Proposed solution: raise the target, perhaps to 500 Gb/in2 or higher.

! January 2000: EHDR Strategy Group meets, discusses 500 Gb/in2 or 1 Tb/in2 as possible new targets. Agreement reached on 1 Tb/in2, most likely using perpendicular recording.



What’s changed? (continued)

! April 2000: Hitachi announces 52.5 Gb/in2

demonstration using perpendicular recording. H. Takano presents results at Intermag and again at DiskCon (September 2000). [Ref. 2 & 3]

! August 2000: NSIC Workshop held on topic of 1 Tb/in2 recording. Discussion rapidly changes from “if” to “how” we can achieve 1 Tb/in2. Three basic technology approaches defined.

! September - October 2000: NSIC calls for and receives proposals for university-based research into fundamentals of 1 Tb/in2 recording.

! November 2000: Preliminary discussions held with NSF on proposal for additional funding. Formal presentation and proposal planned for CQ1 2001.



The Terabit WorkshopThe Terabit WorkshopIBM AlmadenIBM Almaden

August 23August 23--24, 200024, 2000

Total Attendance: 64

Breakdown:

Industry (8 organizations): 42Universities (10): 20Government Labs (1, NIST): 2



HDD Technology Demonstrations

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

Jan-90 Jan-92 Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06

Date

Are

al D

ensi

ty (G

bits

per

squ

are

inch

)

New NSIC Target

Note: all data points in red involved NSIC/EHDR sponsor organizations



RWW, 10/4/00

Approach: High Ku, low-noise, perpendicular recording medium with pole-head/soft-underlayer, plus aggressive signal processing– Pole-head/soft-underlayer configuration

• Higher head fields allow high Hc and high Ku media leading to smaller ‘grains’, higher SNR, and higher areal densities (estimated 2 to 5x longitudinal)

• Sharp transitions and sharp track-edges in thick media (if Hc/4pMs is high)thick media => more grains/in2; sharp edges => good at low bit aspect ratio

– Powerful channel code / detector & error-correction (low-rates) • Required to operate at very poor SNR anticipated at 1 Terabit/sq.in.

1 Terabit/sq.in. on Random Granular Medium with Perpendicular Orientation

track-width

bit-length perpendicularmedium

softunderlayer

Source: Roger Wood, IBM [Ref. 1]



10/4/00

Track-pitch47 nm

Probe Head

6.5 nm

Soft underlayer

Write-width37nm

30 nm read width

9 nm

11 nm

perpendicular medium

8x8grain

Channelbit-cell

Areal Density: 1 Terabit/sq.in. (1.6 Gbit/mm2) (including Channel overhead; excluding ECC overhead)= 1.85 Mbits/inch (73 Kbits/mm) x 540 Ktracks/inch (21 Ktracks/mm)

(Bit aspect ratio is 3.5:1; required racking accuracy =0.3 µ” (7 nm) 3σ-2pass) Medium: Perpendicular with soft underlayer: Hc=12,000 Oe (1 MA/m); Mr=6360 Gauss (510 EMU/cc)

Thickness = 0.36 microinches (9 nm); Mrt = 0.45 mEMU/cm2

Grain-diameter: 8 nm ± 1nm (1-sigma) - random position and size distribution Read Head: Read-width: 1.2 microinches (30 nm), Sensitivity:1 mV peak-peak; Resistance: 50 ohmsWrite Head: Write-width: = 1.5 microinches (37nm); Saturation: Bs = 20,000 Gauss (2 T)Head/Disk Interface: Magnetic Spacing: 0.26 microinch (6.5nm) to top of medium; 1600 inches/s (40 m/s) max.Read Channel: Detector SNR: 9.5 dB (rms/rms) allowing ~ 3dB system margin; Max. data-rate = 3 Gbit/s;

Channel: 5/6-rate simple parity; ECC: RS(556, 410), GF210, overhead = 35%

Example Perpendicular System at 1 Terabit/sq.in.




1 Terabit/sq.in. on Random Granular Medium with Perpendicular Orientation

Key Technology Challenges• New Recording Medium

– Hard layer: high Ku, high Hc/4πMs, small grains, low noise– Soft underlayer: high permeability, high saturation, low noise

• New Write and Read Heads:– Lithography/fabrication with better than 30nm feature size!– Write head: shielded pole for sharper field gradients?

• head-skew, sidewriting, field risetimes? domain control? – Read element: dual stripe differential for better resolution?

• >30mV/µm sensitivity, ~20nm gap, side-reading?

• Track-following with extreme precision – Ultra-high bandwidth secondary actuator/controller (~1.7 nm rms error!)

• Ultra-low-flying Head/disk Interface– 3.5nm flying height @ 40m/s, 6.5nm magnetic spacing!

• New Read/Write Electronics – new codes, detectors, and error-correction for very low SNR!– new equalization/target response; new code to limit max. demag?




Comparison of HDD Progress to Other Measures

of Computer Technology Progress

Since 1991:

! PC microprocessor “speed” has increasedfrom approximately 40 MHz to 1.5 GHz, for an improvement of nearly 40x

! CD-ROM “speed” has increased from the original 1x data transfer rate of 150 KB/secto 72x (over 10 MB/sec), an improvementof 72x

! HDD areal density has increased from 100 Mbits/in2 to 18 Gbits/in2, an improvement of 180x!



HDD vs. DRAM Areal Density

Note that since 1991-92, DRAM areal density has increased only about 20xwhile HDD areal density has increased about 180x

Source: Ed Grochowski, IBM [Ref. 5]



• In 2001, it is estimated that the HDD industry will deliver products with a total storage capacity of nearly 5 exabytes (5 billion gigabytes or 5 x 1018 bytes), which is:

more than 3x the total amount of unique new information currently generated every year,

more than 6 Gbits for every human being, or

roughly equivalent to the total number of words ever spoken by all human beings that have lived.

• “No storage medium has ever seen the explosive growth demonstrated by the hard disk.”

Source: “How Much Information”, a study by the School of Information Management and Systems, UC Berkeley, October 2000. [Ref. 6]



ReferencesReferences1. Wood, Roger, “The Feasibility of Magnetic Recording at 1

Terabit per Square Inch,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. MAG-36, no. 1, part 1, pp. 36-42, January 2000

2. Takano, Hisashi et al., “Possibilities of 40 Gb/in2

Perpendicular Recording,” Digests of the 2000 IEEE International Magnetics Conference, paper AD-06, April 2000

3. Takano, Hisashi et al., “Realization of 52.5 Gb/in2

Perpendicular Recording,” Proceedings of the DiskCon International Technical Conference, September 2000

4. Terris, Bruce D., “Advanced Media Approaches: 1 Tb/in2,” Proceedings of the NSIC Manufacturing Symposium 2000, paper III.3, June 2000

5. Grochowski, Ed, IBM storage web site, see URL: www.storage.ibm.com/technolo/grochows/grocho01.htm

6. Lyman, Peter et al., “How Much Information?” see URL: www.sims.berkeley.edu/how-much-info


NSICTake Home Message

! NSIC’s Approach Is Unique

! It Works

! It Will Evolve to Meet theData Storage Industry’s

Future Needs & Interests

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