Notes and References - Springer978-1-349-09084-6/1.pdf · Notes and References Introduction 1....

Notes and References Introduction

1. Quoted in John Dunmore, French Explorers in the Pacific (Oxford, Volume I, 1965, Volume II, 1969), I, pp. 110-11.

2. See Eric Vibart, Tahiti: Naissance d'un paradis au siec/e des Lumieres (Paris, 1987).

3. Pierre-Yves Toullelan, 'La Polynesie pour l'Europeen du XIXe siecle', BSEHNC, No. 61 (1984), pp. 65-7 and No. 62 (1985), pp. 58-64.

4. K. H. Howe, Where the Waves Fall (Sydney, 1984), p. 88. 5. I. C. Campbell, 'Polynesian Perceptions of Europeans in the Eight

eenth and Nineteenth Centuries', Pacific Studies 5 (1982), pp. 64-80, and Erich Scheurmann, Papalagui (Paris, 1981).

6. Henri Baudet, Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man, trans. by Elizabeth Wentholt (New Haven, 1965).

7. Paul Deschanel, La Politique fran9aise a propos du canal de Panama (Paris, 1884) and Les Interets fran9ais dans ['Ocean Pacifique (Paris, 1888).

8. Lesley Blanch, Pierre Loti: Portrait of an Escapist (London, 1983). 9. Pierre Loti, Le Mariage de Loti (Paris, 1882).

10. Paul Gauguin, Noa-Noa, ed. Jean Loize (Oxford, 1966), p. 20. On Gauguin and others in the South Seas, see Gavan Daws, A Dream of Islands (Milton, Queensland, 1980).

11. Quoted by Robert Hughes, Shock of the New (New York, 1981), p. 129.

12. Victor Segalen, Les Immemoriaux (Paris, 1907). 13. Ibid. 14. Victor Segalen, Essai sur I' Exotisme: une esthetique du divers (Paris,

1978), original edition 1890, p. 34. 15. Fran<;oise d'Eaubonne, Louise Michel la Canaque (Paris, 1985),

Jacqueline Senes, Terre violente (Paris, 1987), Fran<;ois Anthelme, VIle aux somnambules (Paris, 1985), G. Pastor, L'Homme de Clipperton (Paris, 1987), and Armand Lerco, Le Soldat et la trapeziste (Paris, 1987).

16. See E. Aubert de la Rue, L'Homme et les fles (Paris, 1935). 17. The excerpts in Anne-Marie Nisbet, Litterature neo-caledonienne

(Sherbrooke, Quebec, 1985) confirm the lack of esteem for New Caledonia, which was, in many ways, the mirror image of Tahiti.

18. Robert Aldrich, 'France and Australia', Contemporary French Civilization 10 (1986), pp. 163-73. The novel is Michel Butor's Boomerang in Repertoire III (Paris, 1986) and the academic study, Xavier Pons, Out of Eden: Henry Lawson's Life and Works (Sydney, 1984).

19. See, e.g. Georges Zeldine, L'Hemisphere Pacifique: Realites et avenirs (Noumea, 1984).

340

Notes and References 341

20. Institut du Pacifique, Le Pacifique, nouveau centre du monde (Paris, 1984; second edition, 1986). See also the special issue of Politique etrangere, No.1 (1987) on 'La France et Ie Pacifique-Sud'.

21. This is expressed by Jacques Soustelle, 'La Caledonie en feu, et Ie declin du tiers-mondisme', Revue des deux mondes, February 1985, pp.264-75.

22. Leopard Joredie, quoted in Le Monde. 23. Comte de Lambel, L'Oceanie: Geographie, histoire, colonisation

dupuis les premiers explorateurs jusqu' a nos jours (Tours, 1883). 24. Charles Lemire, Les Interets fram;ais dans Ie Pacifique: Tahiti - Nouvel

les-Hebrides - Canal de Panama (Paris, 1904). 25. Gabriel Hanotaux and Alfred Martineau (eds), Histoire des colonies

franr;;aises (Paris, 1933). 26. Hubert Deschamps and Jean Guiart, Tahiti, Nouvelle-Caledonie,

Nouvelles-Hebrides (Paris, 1957); Charles Robequain, Madagascar et les bases dispersees de I' Union Franr;;aise (Paris, 1958); A. Huetz de Lemps, L'Oceanie franr;;aise (Paris, 1963); Fran~ois Doumenge, L'Homme dans Ie Pacifique-Sud (Paris, 1966).

27. Robert Aldrich, 'The Place of New Caledonia in French Historiography', in M. Spencer, A. Ward and J. Connell (eds) , New Caledonia: Essays in Nationalism and Dependency (St. Lucia, Queensland, 1988), pp. 1-21.

28. Jean Chesneaux, Transpacifiques (Paris, 1987). 29. See K. R. Howe, 'Pacific Islands History in the 1980s: New Directions

or Monograph Myopia?', Pacific Studies 3 (1979), pp. 81-90; Jacqueline Leckie, 'Toward a Review of History in the South Pacific', Journal of Pacific Studies 9 (1983), pp. 9-69: David Routledge, 'Pacific History as seen from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Studies 8 (1985), pp. 81-99; and the comments by Bronwen Douglas and Jean Guiart quoted in Aldrich, 'The Place of New Caledonia in French Historiography'.

30. On New Caledonia, e.g., Marc Coulon, L'Irruption Kanak: de Caledonie a Kanaky (Paris, 1985), Jean-Marie Colombani, L'Utopie caledonienne (Paris, 1985), Claude Gabriel and Vincent Kermei, NouvelleCaledonie, la revolte kanake (Paris, 1985), J. C. Martinez, et al., La Nouvelle-Caledonie, la strategie, Ie droit et la Republique (Paris, 1985), Thierry Desjardins, Nouvelle-Caledonie: ils veulent rester franr;;ais (Paris, 1985), the special issue of Les Temps Modernes, No. 464, March 1985, 'Nouvelle-Caledonie: pour I'independence' and Herve CoutauBegarie and Jean-Louis Seurin, Nouvelle-Caledonie, les Antipodes de la democratie (Paris, 1986). In English, there is Martyn Lyons, The Totem and the Tricolour (Sydney, 1986) and John Connell, New Caledonia or Independent Kanaky? (Canberra, 1987). On the Rainbow Warrior, most of the works are in English, including Richard Shears and Isobelle Gidley, The Rainbow Warrior Affair (London, 1985), J. Dyson, Sink the Rainbow (Auckland, 1986), Insight Team, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London, 1986), and D. Robie, Eyes of Fire: the Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior (Auckland, 1986).

342 Notes and References

1 The Establishment of a French Empire in Oceania

1. John Dunmore, French Explorers in the Pacific (2 vols, Oxford, 1965 and 1969).

2. On Spain, O. H. K. Spate, The Spanish Lake (Canberra, 1979). On England, John M. Ward, British Policy in the South Pacific (1786-1893) (Greenwood, Conn., 1976). On overall French policy, see the old but still useful Stephen H. Roberts, The History of French Colonial Policy, 1870-1925 (London, 1929), and Jean Ingram, International Rivalry in the Pacific Islands, 1800-1875 (Berkley, 1941).

3. In addition to Dunmore, Leonce Jore, L'Ocean Pacifique au temps de la Restauration et de la Monarchie de luillet (1815-1848) (2 vols, Paris, 1959), Jean-Paul Faivre, L'Expansion fran~aise dans Ie Pacifique de 1800 a 1841 (Paris, 1953) and Alain Huetz de Lemps, L'Oceanie fran~aise (Paris, 1975). On French colonialism in general, see Jean Martin, L'Empire renaissant 17891/871 (Paris, 1987).

4. Leslie Marchant, France Australe (Perth, 1982). 5. Quoted in Edward T. Perkins, Na Motu: Reef-Rovings in the South

Seas (New York, 1854), p. 423. 6. Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the

South Seas, 1797-1860 (Oxford, 1978). 7. I have drawn on Faivre and other sources, but largely based my account

for Tahiti on Colin Newbury, Tahiti Nui (Honolulu, 1980) and PierreYves Toullelan, Tahiti colonial (Paris, 1984). For the Marquesas, see Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches (Honolulu, 1980).

8. Faivre, p. 465. 9. Faivre, p. 481.

10. For Pritchard's own highly biased account, George Pritchard, The Aggressions of the French at Tahiti and other Islands in the Pacific, ed. Paul De Deckker (Auckland, 1983).

11. The chronology is from Paul Hodee, Tahiti 1834-1984 (Papeete, 1984), pp.8~.

12. I have followed John Connell, New Caledonia or Independent Kanaky? (Canberra, 1987).

13. Quoted in Apollinaire Anova-Ataba, D'Atai a l'independence (Noumea, 1985), pp. 25-7.

14. Quoted in Claude Gabriel and Vincent Kermel, Nouvelle-Caledonie: la revolte kanake (Paris, 1985), p. 27.

15. K. R. Howe, The Loyalty Islands (Canberra, 1977). 16. Alexandre Poncet, Histoire de l'Ile Wallis (Paris, 1972) and Mgr. Blanc,

La Derniere acquisition de la France dans Ie Pacifique (Paris, 1914). 17. On the New Hebrides, see Joel Bonnemaison, La Derniere Ile (Paris,

1986) and Jeremy MacClancy, To Kill a Bird with Two Stones (PortVila, 1980).

18. Pierre-Marie Naussat, Le Lagon et l'flot de Clipperton (Paris, 1986).


2 French Missionaries in Oceania

1. Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas, 1797-1860 (Oxford, 1978).

2. Ralph M. Wiltgen, The Founding of the Roman Catholic Church in Oceania, 1825 to 1850 (Canberra, 1979). Wiltgen's comprehensive book provides useful information on almost all the subjects covered in this chapter, so I have not made further references to his work in the notes. Similarly, Hugh Laracy, Marists and Melanesians (Canberra, 1976), is a thorough treatment of the Marists in the Solomon Islands; the first two sections cover many of the same questions as the following account.

3. J. B. Piolet (ed.), Les Missions catholiques franr;aises au XIXe siecle (Paris, 1902), remains the best overall account; volume 4 provides a survey of missionary activities in Oceania, organised by island groups.

4. Information from Paul Hodee, Tahiti, 1834-1984 (Papeete, 1984). See also Piolet and the summary by Patrick O'Reilly, Le Tahiti catholique (Paris, 1969).

5. The account is from Poncet; the Resident was Charbonnier. 6. Piolet, p. 167. 7. A. Monfat, Les Premiers missionnaires de Samoa (Lyon, 1923). 8. Piolet. 9. Piolet.

10. Victor Doucere, La Mission catholique aux Nouvelles-Hebrides (Lyon, 1934).

11. The account is from Andre Dupeyrat, Papouasie: Histoire de la mission (1885-1935) (Paris, 1935), the most 'historical' of all French missionary memoirs for the South Pacific.

12. L. M. Raucaz, Vingt-cinq anm!es d'apostolat aux lies Salomon meridionales (1898-1923) (Lyon, 1925) and A. Monfat, Dix annees en Melanesie (Lyon, 1891); both accounts have also been used by Laracy.

13. Piolet. 14. A. Landes, 'Le Catholicisme en Australie', Revue d'histoire des

missions 50 (1928), pp. 161-98. See also Edmund Campion, Australian Catholics (Sydney, 1987).

15. The following information is taken from the sources on the history of missions cited in this chapter; d. Laracy and Wiltgen.

16. A. Monfat, Les Tonga ou Archipel des Amis et Ie R. P. Joseph Chevron (Lyon, 1893), p. 223.

17. Dupeyrat, p. 321. 18. Annales des Mission de la Societe de Marie, Vol. 10 (1899), p. 34. The

Annales (hereafter referred to as the AMSM) are compilations of letters and reports, almost always without notes or commentary; they should be considered, therefore, as primary sources. Pagination and volume numbering is erratic. A microfilm copy is available in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

19. A. Monfat, pp. 249-50. 20. AMSM 4 (1899), p. 191. 21. Letter of 14 December 1866. Archives du Vicari at apostolique de la


Nouvelle-Caledonie, Academie des Sciences d'Outre-Mer (hereafter Acad. SOM), MSS 524.

22. AMSM (1886), p. 308. 23. Quoted in Piolet. 24. Letter of 14 February 1866, Acad. SOM, MSS 524. 25. Letter of 8 July 1888, AMSM 1889. 26. Piolet, pp. 111-12. 27. Rougeyron, 'Journal de la Mission de Nouvelle-Caledonie d'Anatom',

Acad. SOM, MSS 524. 28. Dupreyrat, pp. 131-2. 29. Both Dupreyrat and Monfat thought thus. 30. Acad. SOM, MSS 524, p. 28. 31. Navarre, Manuel des missions du Sacre-Coeur (Lyon, 1896). 32. Dupreyrat, pp. 201-4. 33. Acad. SOM, MSS 524, p. 55. 34. AMSM 8 (1888), p. 34. 35. Letter of 16 August 1869, Acad. SOM, MSS 524. 36. Letter of 5 Janury 1887, AMSM 4 (1887). 37. AMSM 5 (1878), p. 345. 38. Dupeyrat, p. 406. 39. Quoted in Dupeyrat, p. 411. 40. Lambert account in Acad. SOM, MSS 524, p. 39. 4l. Dupeyrat, pp. 422-3. 42. Piolet, pp. 337-8. 43. AMSM 9 (1893), p. 12. 44. Victor Doucere, La Mission catholique aux Nouvelles-Hebrides (Lyon,

1934). 45. AMSM 4 (1887), p. 54l. 46. AMSM 4 (1878), p. 419. 47. AMSM 4 (1887), pp. 541-2. 48. Piolet, p. 266. 49. Letter of 18 May 1873, AMSM 4 (1878), p. 12l. 50. Letter of 18 May 1886, AMSM 3 (1886), p. 234. 51. Letter of 1873, AMSM 4 (1878), p. 235. 52. Letter of 25 January 1887, AMSM 4 (1887), p. 497. 53. Letter of 9 May 1889, AMSM 1891, p. 22. 54. Letter of 22 July 1869, Acad. SOM, MSS 524. 55. Piolet, pp. 1-31. 56. A. Monfat, Tonga. 57. Piolet, pp. 290-304. 58. Gilibert, 'Notes sur la Mission de Art', Acad. SOM, MS 542; cf.

Rougeyon's letter of 14 February 1866 in Acad. SOM, MSS 524. 59. Ibid. 60. Hodee, pp. 160-1. 61. Ibid. 62. Hodee, p. 173. 63. Quoted in Hodee, p. 385. 64. Quoted in Hodee, pp. 385-6. 65. Hodee, p. 389.


66. The account is from HoMe. 67. Rougeyron, 'Journal ... Anatom', MSS 524, Acad. SOM, p. 36. 68. The books, by Jacolliot, Keraty and Goyau, are mentioned in Hodee

from whom this account is taken; Deschanel, op. cit. 69. M. R. Charbonnier, 'Aventures et mesaventures Ii Wallis et Futuna',

typescript manuscript, Acad. SOM, MNS 90. 70. H. Laurent, La Colonisation aux Nouvelles-Hebrides (Paris, 1904). 71. L'Oeuvre de la Mission en Nouvelle-Caledonie (Noumea, 1901). By

'secularising' the clergy, the author meant putting them under control of the bishop and not under that of the superiors of the religious orders.

72. Dupeyrat, pp. 269-70. 73. Letter of 3 October 1898, AMSM 10 (1899). 74. My account of French Protestants in the EFO is from Henri Vernier,

Au Vent des cyclones: Missions protestantes et I'Eglise evangelique a Tahiti et en Polynesie franc;aise (Paris, 1985); see also Daniel Mauer, L' Eglise protestante a Tahiti (Paris, 1970).

75. In addition to Leenhardt's own writings, see the biography by James Clifford, Person and Myth: Maurice Leenhardt in the Melanesian World (Berkeley, 1982) and Pierre Teisserenc, Maurice Leenhardt en Nouvelle-CaLedonie (Paris, 1977).

76. 'Rapport de E. Allegret sur son voyage en Oceanie, juillet 1926 -fevrier 1928' (Manuscript), Societe des missions evangeliques de Paris.

77. Maurice Leenhardt, Articles and brochures (bound copies and manuscripts), Societe des missions evangeliques de Paris, 12.491. III.

78. Jean Guiart, Destin d'une eglise et d'un peuple: Nouvelle-Caledonie, 1900-1959 (Paris, 1959).

79. Lambert, Acad. SOM, p. 38. 80. See Chapter 6.

3 The French Navy in the South Pacific

1. For a general history of the French Navy, see Philippe Masson, Histoire de la Marine (2 vols, Paris, 1983).

2. Commission fran<;aise du guide des sources de l'histoire des nations, Sources de l'histoire de I'Asie et de I'Oceanie dans les archives et bibliotheques franc;aises (Paris, 1981) covers the archives of the Navy in Volume I.

3. Annuaire de la Marine et des Colonies, 1873, 1883, 1893, 1903. 4. Biographical details from Etienne Taillemite, Dictionnaire des Marins

franc;ais (Paris, 1972). 5. Service historique de la Marine (the Navy Archives, SHM hereafter),

BB4 1567, Dossier Mouvements des Bfitiments. 6. See Etienne Taillemite, 'La Mission de l'Amiral du Petit-Thouars aux

Nouvelle-Hebrides', Revue maritime, No. 103 (1954), pp. 1371-84. 7. Du Petit-Thouars to his father, 29 August 1850, in Le Vice-Amiral

Bergasse du Petit-Thouars d'apres ses notes et sa correspondance (Paris, 1906).

8. Remise de Service (hereafter RS), de Lapelin (1872), SHM, BB4 1567,


No.7. The remise de service was the general report a commandant wrote for his successor and the minister.

9. Ministre de la Marine to Marq de Blond de Saint-Hilaire, 17 November 1885, SHM, BB4 1566.

10. On South American relations, RS of de Freycinet (1868) (on Mexico) and de Lapelin (1872), SHM, BB4 1567.

11. Etienne Taillemite, 'La Mission de I'Amiral du Petit-Thouars'. 12. RS of de Lapelin (1872), Serre (1878) du Petit-Thouars (1880), Bros

sard de Corbigny (1882) and Regnault de Premesnil (1890), SHM, BB4 1567.

13. On the Marquesas, Cloue (1870), Perigot (1876), Serre (1878), du Petit-Thouars (1880), SHM, BB41567; also BB41599 I (Les Marquises, 1857-83).

14. SHM, BB4 1567. 15. SHM, BB4 1605 and 1606. 16. RS of de Lapelin (1878), SHM, BB4 1567. 17. Riviere and de Pritzbuer, SHM, BB41605; on later developments, BB4

1606. 18. On Sainte-Foy, reports of the Hamelin (1870), Vaudreuil (1872-3),

Hermite (1874), Vire (1876), SHM, BB4 1605; Hussard (1881), and Limier (1883), BB4 1606.

19. On Griffin, RS of Auber (1877), SHM, BB4 1605. 20. On Rotuma, RS of Pouthier (1879), SHM, BB4 942; also BB4 1605,

Dossier Rotumah. 21. RS of du Petit-Thouars (1880), SHM, BB4 1567; Chateauminois,

tournee des missions (1883), BB4 1606; Pouthier (report to de Lapelin, 1872), BB4 942.

22. RS of Cloue (1870), SHM, BB4 1567, and BB4 1599 I. 23. Auber (1877), SHM, BB41605; Parizot (1871), Chauteauminois (1883)

and de Stabenrath (1908), SHM BB4 1606; du Petit-Thouars, BB4 1607 (letter to Ministre de la Marine, 10 August 1880); Dr Le Borgne, BB4 1599 IV.

24. SHM, BB4 1566. 25. RS of Roussin (1872), Perigot (1876), Serre (1878), du Petit-Thouars

(1880), Brossard de Corbigny (1881), SHM, BB4, 1567. 26. On Hawaii, RS of Roussin (1874) and de Saint-Hilaire (1888), SHM,

BB4, 1567. 27. Fiji: Ministre to Cmdt DNOP, 22 August 1870, SHM, BB4 1568; RS

of Parizot (1881), BB4 1606; see also, Larrieu, BB4 1567. 28. Samoa: French consul in Hamburg to Ministre, 26 February 1880, and

Ministre to Cmdt DNOP, 7 March 1880, SHM, BB4 1568; RS of Miet (1874), BB4 1605; Parizot (1881) and Menard (1882), BB4 1606.

29. Wallis and Futuna: RS of Miet (1874) and Richier (1878), SHM BB4 1605; Parizot (1881), Chateauminois (1883) and Fabert (1887), SHM BB4 1606.

30. Tonga: RS of Perigot (1876) and Marq de Blond de Saint-Hilaire (1888), SHM, BB4 1567; Dossier de guerre, BB41604; RS of de Stabenrath (1901), BB4 1606.

31. Easter Island: RS of Cloue (1870), BB4 1567; Cook Islands: Brossard


de Corbigny (1882), BB4 1567; Rapa, ibid. and de Stabenrath (1907), BB4 1606.

32. Menard (1882), SHM, BB4 1606. 33. Tulloch, pamphlet in SHM, BB4 1608; the quotations are from

pp. 12-14. 34. RS of Montesquiou-Fezensac (1886), SHM, BB4 1606; du Petit

Thouars to Ministre, 10 August 1880, BB4 1607. 35. 'Instructions en cas de guerre' (7 June 1897), SHM, BB4 1666. 36. 'Points d'appui de la France aux colonies', circular, SHM, BB4 1566;

Bayle (1897), BB4 1604 (11 March 1897); du Petit-Thouars (1880), BB4 1607.

37. Cardella to Cmdt DNOP, 12 January 1892, SHM, BB41566; Chauteau-minois (1883), BB4 1606.

38. FourTtler (1884) and Montesquiou-Fezensac (1886), SHM, BB4 1606. 39. De Stabenrath (1907), SHM, BB4 1606. 40. Serre (1878), SHM, BB4 1567. 41. Parrayon (1893) and Serre (1878), SHM, BB4 1567.

4 French Economic Interests in the Pacific Colonies

1. Quoted in Raoul Girardet, L'Idee coloniale en France, pp. 82-3. 2. On island economies, see Howe, Where The Waves Fall. 3. See the appendix on whaling in Perkins, No Motu. 4. Dorothy Shineberg, They Came for Sandalwood: A Study of the Sandal

wood Trade in the South West Pacific 1830-1865 (Melbourne, 1967). 5. Georgette Cordier-Rossiaud, Relations economiques entre Sydney et la

Nouvelle-Caledonie 1814-1860 (Paris, 1957) and Bronwen Douglas, 'The Export Trade in Tropical Products in New Caledonia, 1841-1872', JSO 31 (1971), pp. 157-69.

6. H. E. Maude, 'The Tahitian Pork Trade: 1800-1830', !SO 15 (1959), pp. 55-95.

7. My account of economic activities in the EFO owes much to Colin Newbury, Tahiti Nui, especially chs 6 and 9, and Pierre-Yves Toullelan, Tahiti colonial, especially chs V-VII, both of which contain extensive and well-documented accounts.

8. Toullelan, pp. 144-6. 9. Ernest Daville, La Colonisation fram;aise aux Nouvelles-Hebrides

(Paris, 1895), pp. 18-19. 10. Toullelan, p. 165. 11. Toullelan, pp. 147-53; Newbury, pp. 163 ff.; Eric Ramsden, 'William

Stewart and the Introduction of Chinese Labour in Tahiti, 1864-74', Journal of the Polynesian Society 55 (1946), pp. 187-214.

12. Toullelan, pp. 153-6. 13. See John Connell, New Caledonia or Independent Kanaky? (Canberra,

1987). 14. Ibid. 15. Toullelan, p. 156. 16. Toullelan, pp. 156-60. 17. Anne-Gabrielle Thompson, 'The Uses and Misuses of Capital: New


Caledonia's Mining Industry, 1870-1901', ]PH 19 (1984), pp. 66--82, is my source for much of the material in this section. On Higginson and his activities, see also A. G. Thompson, 'John Higginson, 1839-1904: Patriot or Profiteer?' (PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, 1982), an excellent study of Higginson's life and his activities in both New Caledonia and the New Hebrides.

18. Thompson, 'Capital', pp. 68-73. 19. On nickel, see Thompson's works, as well as an anonymous article,

'La Societe "Le Nickel" de sa fondation a la fin de la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale, 1880-1945', ]SO 11 (1955), pp. 97-123.

20. Thompson, 'Higginson', p. 136. 21. H. C. Brookfield, Colonialism, Development and Independence

(Cambridge, 1972), p. 49. 22. Thompson, 'Capital', p. 78. 23. Jean Bouvier, Les Rothschild (Paris, 1967), p. 257. 24. Bouvier, pp. 257-8. 25. 'La Societe "Le Nickel" " p. 102. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid., p. 105. 28. On the CFPO, see Newbury, pp. 254-67, and 'The Makatea Phosphate

Concession' in R. Gerald Ward (ed.), Man in the Pacific Islands (London, 1972); Patrick O'Reilly, 'Etienne Touze (1871-1951) et I'origine de la Societe des Phosphates de Makatea', ]SO 8 (1952), pp. 277-81; n.a., 'Makatea: Bilan socio-economique d'un demi-siecle d'experience', ]SO 15 (1959), pp. 199-210; F. Doumenge, 'L'I1e de Makatea et ses problemes', Cahiers du Pacifique, No.5 (1963), pp. 41-67; Toullelan, pp. 165-70.

29. Information courtesy of the Sydney office of Ballande; unfortunately there exists no study of the company, and Ballande officials in Bordeaux say that the business' archives were destroyed in the Second World War.

30. See Roger Carour, Sur les Routes de la mer avec les Messageries maritimes (Paris, 1968). After 1886, when the company opened a route to Madagascar, the Mauritius and Reunion stops were cut out; the new itinerary was Marseille-Port Said-Aden-Mahe-Albany-AdelaideSydney-Noumea. In 1894, Freemantle replaced Albany and Colombo, Mahe.

31. Louis Gacon, 'Cent annees de services maritimes 188111982', Courrier de la Compagnie genl?rale maritime, No. 26 (1982), pp. 18-39. (This is a special bilingual issue of the company's magazine devoted to the Australian route.)

32. AN F12 7463, memorandum. 33. AN F12 7249, memorandum. 34. See Thompson, 'Capital' and 'Higginson'. 35. Henri Baudin, La Banque de l'Indo-Chine (Paris, 1903), p. 17. 36. Yasuo Gondjo, The History of the Banque de l'Indochine (1875-1939):

French Imperialism in the Far East (Tokyo, 1985) - the study is presently available only in Japanese, but Professor Gondjo kindly translated several tables and discussed the history of the bank with me


at length during a visit to Paris in May 1987. He also gave me a French translation of chapter 8 of his work, which discusses the relations between the state and the bank from 1917 to 1931. I would like to thank him for his gracious assistance.

37. Rapports du Conseil d'Administration, Banque de l'Indochine, 1888-1900 in archives (Direction des etudes economiques et financieres, hereafter DEEF), Credit Lyonnais 19376 and 76501.

38. Ibid., 190~. 39. Ibid., 1905-13. 40. The holdings were: SFNH, 4500 F., Compagnie immobiliere agricole

de I'Oceanie, 36580 F., Societe fran<;aise immobiliere des NouvellesHebrides, 250500, Societe des lies du Pacifique, 52500, CaledoNickel, 1 393750, Compagnie cotonniere des Nouvelles-Hebrides, 250 000, and Compagnie coloniale de Vate, 56000. Gondjo, p. 382.

41. Quoted in Charles-Robert Ageron, France coloniale ou parti colonial?, p.299.

42. Martin J. Murray, The Development of Capitalism: Colonial Cochin-china (1870-1940) (Berkeley, 1980), p. 134.

43. Gondjo, pp. 198-9, 238-9 and my calculations. 44. My calculations from Gondjo's figures. 45. Pierre Denizet, Essai sur les banques coloniales (Paris, 1899), p. 43. 46. Denizet, p. 183. 47. A. E. Bollard, 'The Financial Adventures of J. C. Godeffroy and Son

in the Pacific', JPH 16 (1981), pp. 3-19. 48. Newbury, p. 243. 49. K. Buckley and K. Klugman, The History of Burns Philp (Sydney,

1981); quotations are from pp. 60 and 103. 50. Buckley and Klugman, pp. 99-103. See also Roger C. Thompson,

'Commerce, Christianity and Colonialism: The Australasian New Hebrides Company, 1883-1897', JPH 6 (1971), pp. 25-38.

51. Ibid., p. 73. 52. Quoted in ibid., p. 142. 53. Thompson, 'Higginson', p. 147; my account comes largely from this

thesis, but I have also used A. Auray, Les Nouvelles-Hebrides: Memoire de John Higginson (Coutances, 1926), a pamphlet (with no author or publisher indicated) in the Bibliotheque nationale, Paris, Les Nouvelles-Hebrides - Des Faits - Des Documents and the reports of the SFNH in DEEF, Credit Lyonnais, carton 41357.

54. Thompson, p. 230. 55. Ibid., p. 250. 56. Ibid., p. 198. 57. Ibid., p. 174. 58. Ibid., pp. 181-3. 59. Ibid., p. 260. 60. Ibid. 61. Statistics from Oceanie francaise, No.3 (September 1911). 62. Bernard Brou, 'Un Siec!e de crises et de "booms"; les hauts et les bas

de l'economie caledonienne', BSEHNC, No. 40 (1979), pp. 33-49. 63. Oceanie fran~aise, No. 76 (May, 1924).


64. On tariffs, see G. Mackay, 'French Colonial Empire Trade Policy', Australian Quarterly (September, 1936), pp. 92-4, and the numerous articles in Oceanie franf;aise.

65. Oceanie franf;aise, No.3 (September 1911). 66. Jacques Marseille, 'Les Relations commerciales entre la France et son

empire colonial de 1880 a 1913', Relations internationales, No.6 (1976), pp. 145-60.

67. Thompson, p. 233. 68. Les Nouvelles-Hebrides - Des Faits - Des Documents.

5 Colonists, Administrators and Imported Labourers

1. Michel Panoff, 'Farani Taioro: la premiere generation de colons fran<;ais a Tahiti', JSO 37 (1981), pp. 3-26 for the 1863 structure.

2. Pierre-Yves Toullelan, 'Colons fran<;ais en Polynesie orientale, 1830-1914', BSEO 18 (1982), pp. 1165-1243; see also his Tahiti colonial.

3. Toullelan, 'Colons fran<;ais'. 4. Panoff, 'Farani Taioro'. 5. Quoted by Toullelan, 'Colons fran<;ais'. 6. Louis Chevalier, Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuses a Paris

pendant la premiere moitie du XIXe siecle (Paris, 1958). 7. Paul Griscelli, 'La Transportation politique et la deportation en

Nouvelle-Caledonie', BSEHNC, No. 43 (1980), pp. 5-24. 8. Georges Pisier, 'Les Deportes de la Commune a l'Ile des Pins,

Nouvelle-Caledonie (1872-1880)', JSO, 27 (1971) 103-39 and Sian Reynolds, 'New Caledonia as a Penal Colony for the Communards, 1872-1880', Modern and Contemporary France, No. 21 (1985), pp. 14-21. See also Senes, La Vie quotidienne as well as Jean Allemane, Memoires d'un deporte de la Commune (new edition, Noumea, 1977) and Louise Michel, Legendes et chants de gestes canaques (Paris, 1885).

9. Roselene Dousset, 'L'Implantation coloniale en Nouvelle-Caledonie de la prise de possession a la grande insurrection, 1853-1878', RFHOM, 56 (1969).

10. Quoted in Brou, Histoire de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, p. 177. 11. Brou, ibid. 12. Quoted in Senes, La Vie quotidienne, p. 63. 13. Luc Chevalier, De Bourbon . .. au Caillou: les premiers Reunnionais

en Nouvelle-Ca!edonie (Noumea, 1981). 14. Brou. Dousset puts the total white population at 15 000, 10 500 of

whom were convicts or political deportees. 15. From Brou, Senes and Dousset, as well as Patrick O'Reilly, Caledon

iens (Paris, 1953), and J. C. Roux, 'La Premiere colonisation de la Nouvelle-Caledonie (1853-1872)" BSEHNC 41 (1979), pp. 33-53, 72.

16. Patrick O'Reilly, Hebridais (Paris, 1957). 17. Oceanie franf;aise, No. 601 (March, 1922). 18. Alexandre Poncet, Histoire de l'Ile Wallis (Paris, 1972), pp. 14,30. 19. See Chapter 2, above.


20. A. Gandin, De la Possibilite d'une vaste colonisation dans l'Oceanie (Paris, 1868).

21. Anny P. L. Stuer, The French in Australia (Canberra, 1982); see Chapter 7 below.

22. Brou, Histoire de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, p. 126; O'Reilly, Caledoniens; Shineberg, Sandalwood.

23. Anne-Gabrielle Thompson, 'John Higginson, 1839-1904: Patriot or Profiteer?' (PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, 1982), and 'John Higginson: vue d'ensemble et mise au point', BSEHNC, No. 35 (1978), pp. 11-21.

24. Thompson, 'John Higginson ... ', BSEHNC, p. 18. 25. The biographical information on the white elite of New Caledonia and

the EFO was compiled largely from O'Reilly's biographical dictionaries, Caledoniens and Tahitiens (Paris, 1953). (Various other sources have been used to supplement O'Reilly's information.)

26. O'Reilly, Tahitiens. 27. See Le Goupils' own account, Dans la Brousse caledonienne: souvenirs

d'un ancien planteur, 1898-1904 (Paris, 1928). 28. See Chapters 2 and 3 concerning French residents of islands outside

France's empire. 29. Colin Newbury, 'The Administration of French Oceania, 1842-1906',

(PhD Thesis, Australian National University, 1956), Tahiti Nui, and 'Aspects of French Policy in the Pacific, 1853-1906', Pacific History Review, No. 257 (1958), pp. 45-56. On the EFO, see also Pierre-Yves Toullelan, 'L'Administration fran<;aise des archipels EFO, 1865-1914', BSEO, 18 (1982), 1057-87, and Pierre Lagayette, 'La Politique coloniale fran<;aise a Tahiti jusqu'en 1914', BSEO, (1985), pp. 176~70. On New Caledonia, Pierre-Etienne Gascher, 'Implantation d'une administration locale en Nouvelle-Caledonie, 1853-1890', Cahiers d'histoire du Pacifique 2 (1975), pp. 38-47, and La Belle au bois dormant (Noumea, 1975).

30. Lagayette, p. 1766. 31. Newbury, 'The Administration of French Oceania', p. 119. 32. Gascher, 'Implantation', p. 44. 33. Newbury, 'The Administration of French Oceania', pp. 119-21. 34. Toullelan, 'L' Administration fran<;aise', p. 1066. 35. Toullelan, 'L'Administration fran<;aise'. 36. Fran<;ois Guillot, Souvenir d'un colonial en Oceanie (Annecy, 1935). 37. 'Historique des forces militaires en Nouvelle-Caledonie de 1852 a 1901',

BSEHNC, No. 31 (1977), pp. 1-22. 38. See E. W. Docker, The Blackbirders (Sydney, 1970). 39. See K. R. Howe, 'Tourists, Sailors and Labourers: A Survey of Early

Labour Recruiting in Southern Melanesia', IPH, 13 (1978), pp. 22-35. 40. J. C. Roux, 'Les Indiens de la Nouvelle-Caledonie', BSEHNC, No. 36

(1984), pp. 3-11; see also Luc Chevalier, De Bourbon . .. au Caillou; Fran<;ois Doumenge, 'Vietnamiens et Indiens en Melanesie', Bulletin de l'Association de geographes fran~ais, 1964, pp. 12-34.

41. M. Collinet, 'Les Arabes en Nouvelle-Caledonie', BSEHNC, No. 36 (1978), pp. 1-34.


42. On the Asians in the French Pacific, see Doumenge; Janine Moret, 'Les Asiatiques en Nouvelle-Caledonie', BSEHNC, No. 19 (1974), pp. 1-17; and M. Kobayashi, 'Les Japonais en Nouvelle-Caledonie', BSEHNC, No. 43 (1980), pp. 57-72.

43. Gerald Coppenrath, Les Chinois de Tahiti: de ['aversion a ['assimil-ation, 1856-1966 (Paris, 1967).

44. Quoted in Coppenrath, p. 34. 45. Coppenrath, p. 47. 46. Quoted in Coppenrath, p. 52.

6 The French and the Islanders

1. This is the central theme of Jean-Fran«ois Bare, Le Malentendu paci-fique (Paris, 1986).

2. Alan Moorehead, The Fatal Impact (Harmondsworth, 1968). 3. See Chapter 2, above. 4. Quoted in Roselene Dousset-Leenhardt, Terre natale, terre d'exil

(Paris, 1976), p. 85. 5. Ibid. On native attitudes to Europeans, see Erich Scheurman, Le

Papalagui (Paris, 1981). 6. The best general introduction in English is K. R. Howe, Where the

Waves Fall (Sydney, 1984), especially the Epilogue, 'Considering the New Historiography'. The standard French treatment is Fran«ois Doumenge, L'Homme dans Ie Pacifique-Sud (Paris, 1966). For ethnographical and anthropological work in French, the following is a very selective list: on New Caledonia, Maurice Leenhardt, Jean Guiart and Alban Bensa and Jean-Claude Rivierre; on French Polynesia, Michel Panoff, Paul Ottino, Jose Garanger, Alain Barbadzan, Claude Robineau and Jean-Fran«ois Bare; on the New Hebrides, Bernard Vienne and Joel Bonnemaison. Mention must also be made ofthe three volume work by Douglas Oliver, Ancient Tahitian Society (Honolulu, 1974). I have drawn on all these sources for this overview of traditional society.

7. Alban Bensa, course on 'Nouvelle-Caledonie: les systemes socio-politiques canaques et leur transformation', Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, February-June 1987. I am grateful to Dr Bensa for allowing me to attend his course. For a more detailed discussion, see Alban Bensa and Jean-Claude Rivierre, Les Chemins de ['alliance (Paris, 1982).

8. Jean-Marie Tjibaou and Philippe Missotte, Kanake (Papeete, 1978), p.60.

9. Dorothy Shineberg, 'Un Nouveau regard sur la demographie historique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie', lSO, 38 (1983), pp. 33-43, which revises some generally held theses.

10. Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches (Honolulu, 1980). 11. Quoted by Alan Ward, Land and Politics in New Caledonia (Canberra,

1982), p. 1. 12. I have followed the accounts in Ward and in Alain Saussol, 'Du Front

pionnier a la rMorme: colonisation et problemes fonciers en NouvelleCaledonie (1853-1985)', Cahiers d'outre-mer 39 (1986), pp. 275-312.


The most thorough treatment is Alain Saussol, L'Heritage (Paris, 1979).

13. Michel Panoff, 'Un Demi-siecle de contorsions juridiques: Ie regime foncier en Polynesie fran<;aise de 1842 a 1892', JPH 1 (1966), pp. 115-27. See also his Les Structures agraires en Polynesie franr;aise (Paris, 1964) and La Terre et ['organisation sociale en Polynesie (Paris, 1970).

14. Panoff, op. cit. 15. Fran<;ois Ravault, Le Regime foncier en Polynesie franr;aise (Papeete,

1979). 16. Barak Sope, Land and Politics in the New Hebrides (Suva, 1976). 17. Pierre Gascher, 'L'Etablissement de l'imp6t de capitation en Nouvelle

Caledonie', Cahiers d'histoire du Pacifique, No.6 (1977), pp. 31-8. 18. Jean Guiart, La Terre est Ie sang des morts (Paris, 1983) is the most

thorough indictment of French policy with regards to the indigenes. 19. Kerry Howe, 'The Fortunes of the Naisilines: Portrait of a Chieftain

ship', in Deryck Scarr (ed.), More Pacific Island Portraits (Canberra, 1978), pp. 1-17.

20. Bronwen Douglas, 'Bouarate of Hienghene: Great Chief in New Caledonia', in Scarr, More Pacific Island Portraits, pp. 35-57.

21. Colin Newbury, 'Resistance and Collaboration in French Polynesia: the Tahitian War: 1844-7', Journal of the Polynesian Society 82 (1973), pp.5-27.

22. John Connell, New Caledonia or Independent Kanaky? (Canberra, 1987).

23. Quoted in Dousset-Leenhardt, Terre natale, terre d'exil, p. 168. 24. Trentinian's report is reprinted in Dousset-Leenhardt, Colonialisme et

contradictions (Paris, 1978), pp. 127-59. 25. Subsequent commentators have advanced varying interpretations of

1878. Roselene Dousset-Leenhardt, who has done the most extensive research on the insurrection (and who brought the Trentinian report to light), sets the rebellion in the context of settler spoliation of Melanesian land and aggression against the islanders which culminated in the 1870s and sees the rebellion as inevitable. Alain Saussol and Jean Guiart concur in seeing the actions of 1878 as a large-scale uprising against European colonisation of New Caledonia. Apollinaire AnovaAtaba, a Melanesian priest and author of D'Atai a l'independance (Noumea, 1984), regards the insurrection as one episode - the major one up to the time of his writing in the 1960s - in continued Melanesian resistance against the French; Anova-Ataba underlines the importance of 1878 in developing Melanesian nationalism. The independantiste activists of recent years have also seen in Atai a political and ideological ancestor and have made him a symbol of their struggle. Other writers, however, have emphasised the particular circumstances in which the rebellion took place and stressed the internecine struggle in the Melanesian population; Linda Latham, in particular, looks at the systems of alliances and the 'hasty settling of old feuds' among the various tribes for which the affair provided the occasion in La Revolte de 1878 (Noumea, 1978). She also points out that much of the fighting was


done by the Melanesians and argues that the repression was 'slow' and says that the Melanesian death total was closer to 400 than 1200. Her revisionist thesis led to a polemical debate between Latham and Guiart, with the conservative and pro-Caldoche Societe d'etudes historiques de la Nouvelle-Caledonie coming to the support of Latham. (See BSEHNC, No.4, 1979.)

26. I have followed Connell, New Caledonia or Independent Kanaky?; the major study is Jean Guiart, 'Les Evenements de 1917 en NouvelleCaledonie', ISO 26 (1970), pp. 265-82.

27. Fran<;ois Ravault, in a conversation with the present author, Papeete, May 1985.

28. Alain Saussol, 'Peut-on parler de "creolite" en Nouvelle-Caledonie?', in J.P. Doumenge et al. (eds), Iles tropicales: insularite, "insularisme" (Bordeaux, 1987), pp. 157-64.

29. Claude Robineau, 'Du coprah a l'atome: synthese du systeme traditionnel', BSEO, No. 227 (1984), pp. 1574-84.

30. Bengt Danielsson, Work and Life on Raroia (London, 1955), especially pp. 223 and 230.

31. Claude Robineau, Du Coprah a l'atome, Vol. I, (Paris, 1984), p. 6. 32. Alain Barbadzan, Naissance d'une tradition (Paris, 1982), pp. 281,

275-6,287. 33. Robineau, Vol. I, pp. 220-50. 34. Jean-Fran<;ois Bare, Tahiti, les temps et les pouvoirs (Paris, 1987),

p. xvi. 35. Jean-Marie Kohler, Profil sociologique de l'eglise catholique de Wallis

et Futuna (Noumea, 1986), pp. 5-10. 36. Jean-Marie Kohler, Christianity in New Caledonia and the Loyalty

Islands, trans. by Charles Verlingue and Fran<;ois-Xavier Zewen (Noumea, 1981), p. 1.

37. Oliver, Vol. I, p. 250. 38. Bare, Tahiti, pp. 198-209. 39. K. R. Howe, The Loyalty Islands, p. 114.

7 France, Australia and New Zealand

1. For an overview, A. M. Nisbet and Maurice Blackman (eds), The French-Australian Cultural Connection (Sydney, 1984).

2. Anny P. L. Stuer, The French in Australia (Canberra, 1982). 3. VC Melbourne to MAE, 11 December 1905, AN f12 7122. 4. 14 August 1885, MAE CP Angleterre 64. 5. Correspondence between CG Sydney and MAE, 3 October 1899-6

January 1900, MAE NS Australie 9. 6. CG Melbourne to MAE, 21 October 1896, MAE NS Australitt 8. 7. CG Sydney to MAE, 19 December 1905, MAE NS Australie 9. 8. MAE to CG, 37 November 1900, MAE NS Australie 9. 9. Alan Barnard, The Australian Wool Market, 1840-1900 (Melbourne,

1958). 10. French manufacturers there increasingly refined their technology,

making it easier to process Australian wool; see Barnard, p. 30.


11. 'Mazamet Industries', Bulletin mensuel de la Chambre de Commerce Franfaise en Australie, March 1948.

12. See Barnard, Chapter 7. 13. Wenz and Co. 11111, University of Melbourne Archives. 14. On the centenary of its establishment in Australia, the BNP published

a portfolio of maps, illustrations and commentary, Early French Voyages to Australia (Sydney, 1981).

15. See the articles on the history of the Messageries maritimes in Australia in the Courrier de la Campagnie generale maritime, No. 26 (SummerAutumn 1982) and Chapter 4, above.

16. See Angus Martin, 'France/Australia: A Comparison of Cultures', Macquarie University French Monographs 5 (1979).

17. On the last point, see Margaret Kerr, 'The Teaching of French Literature at the University of Sydney, 1887 to 1955' (MA thesis, Monash University, 1972).

18. 'History of the French Chamber of Commerce in Australia', Bulletin de la Chambre de Commerce, special issue on the French Exhibition, 1972.

19. On the underestimates of trade, see particularly the Courrier Australien issues of 16 January 1897 and 7 April 1900.

20. Courrier Australien, 4 April 1894. Here and elsewhere the references are to reports of the French Chamber of Commerce printed in the Courrier Australien.

21. Courrier Australien, 22 May 1896. 22. Figures from the Courrier Australien. 23. Keith Sinclair, A History of New Zealand (Harmondsworth, 1959),

p.70. 24. New Zealand Census and New Zealand Official Year Book. 25. Dossier Auckland (1907), AN pt2 7249. 26. Emile de Harven, La Nouvelle-Zelande (Anvers, 1883), p. 98, and

Rapport General: Mission commerciale en Nouvelle-Zelande (Brussels, 1887), pp. 280-3.

27. Goods which passed through Australian ports were not always recorded as coming from or going to France.

28. New Zealand Official Year Book, 1903 and 1913. 29. Henry D. Baker, New Zealand: The Resources, Industries, and Trade

(Washington, 1912), p. 29. 30. Dossier Wellington, AN pt2 7122. 31. MAE to Ministre du Commerce, 5 April 1905, AN F12 7121. 32. Angus Ross, New Zealand Aspirations in the Pacific in the Nineteenth

Century (Oxford, 1964). 33. See Ross, pp. 164-5; Newbury, Tahiti Nui, p. 236. 34. Courrier Australien, 26 November 1904. 35. Various letters and documents, especially CG Sydney to MAE, 28

October 1907, in MAE NS Australie 17. 36. VC Melbourne to MAE, 6 May 1907, AN F12 7249. 37. Courrier Australien, 25 September 1897, 17 May 1900, 28 October

1899, 27 January 1900, 4 January 1902.


38. The wool traders, however, still sometimes hired ships to send wool to France.

39. Directeur des Affaires commerciales et economiques to MAE, 21 September 1889, AN F12 7122.

40. Quoted in Courrier Australien, 12 January 1901. 41. CG Sydney to Ministre du Commerce, 24 September 1908, AN f12

7521. 42. CG Sydney to Ministre du Commerce, 15 December 1908, AN F12

7521. 43. C Auckland to MAE, 24 June 1912, AN f12 7441. 44. 'Progres de l'influence allemande en Australie', 31 August 1888 (CG

to MAE), AN f12 7122. 45. H. P. Armand, 'La Rivalite commerciale de la France et de I'Alle

magne en Oceanie', 31 October 1911, MAE NS Australie 18. 46. CG Sydney to MAE, 12 August 1915, MAE NS Australie 18. 47. Mathieu to Ministre de I'Agriculture et du Commerce, 1879, AN f12

7122; CG Melbourne to MAE, 30 March 1912, AN f12 7250. 48. Ungher to MAE, 11 June 1886, AN f12 7121. 49. 'L'Expansion fran«aise dans Ie Pacifique', 10 November 1887, AOM

Oceanie 21. 50. Brochures as well as other documents for the companies are in AN f12

7122. 51. The Argus, 17 August and 30 November 1892, in MAE NS Australie

94. 52. In The Argus, 22 November 1883, in MAE CP Angleterre 62. 53. Ibid. 54. Clem Lack, 'The Problem of the French Escapees from New Cale

donia', The Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 5 (1955).

55. CG Sydney to MAE, 26 November 1889, MAE CP Angleterre 87. 56. CG to MAE, 30 March 1882, MAE CP Angleterre 62. On Australian

fears of Russia, see also CG to MAE, 26 March 1885, MAE CP Angleterre 62.

57. Argus, 27 April 1891 in MAE CP Angleterre 88. 58. CG Melbourne to MAE, 23 June 1887, MAE CP Angleterre 87. 59. See Roger C. Thompson, Australian Imperialism in the Pacific

(Melbourne, 1980), and Xavier Pons, Le Geant du Pacifique (Paris, 1988).

60. ry~ Sydney to MAE, 8 January 1874, MAE CP Angleterre 65. 61. Cli Sydney to MAE,S February 1885, MAE CP Angleterre 65. 62. CG Sydney to MAE, 9 June 1883, MAE CP Angleterre 62. 63. CG Sydney to MAE, 3 October 1883, MAE CP Angleterre 65. 64. CG Melbourne to MAE, 22 November 1883, MAE CP Angleterre 62. 65. Materials on the conference from MAE CP Angleterre 62. 66. CG Melbourne to MAE, 20 February 1886, MAE CP Angleterre 64. 67. Ibid. 68. Reports of the 1886 Federal Council, the report to the Victorian Parlia

ment on the New Hebrides and various communications from the French consul in Melbourne, MAE CP Angleterre 64.


69. Argus, 14 April 1890 in CG Melbourne to MAE, 14 April 1890, MAE CP Angleterre 88.

70. CG Melbourne to MAE, 27 August 1889, MAE CP Angleterre 87. 71. CG Melbourne to MAE, 1 September 1890, MAE CP Angleterre 88. 72. CG Sydney to MAE, 14 April 1890, MAE CP Angleterre 101. 73. CG Sydney to MAE, 17 March 1893, MAE CP Angleterre 101. 74. CG Sydney to MAE 21 September 1893, MAE CP Angleterre 101. 75. CG Sydney to MAE, 9 May 1894, MAE CP Angleterre 101. 76. CG Sydney to MAE, 30 July 1894, MAE CP Angleterre 101. 77. CG Sydney to MAE, 14 October 1894, MAE CP Angleterre 101- this

forty-eight page letter is a comprehensive review of the New Hebrides question.

78. CG Melbourne to MAE, 4 October 1874, MAE CP Angleterre 62. 79. Various papers, MAE CP Angleterre 62. 80. CG Melbourne to MAE, 23 May 1883, MAE CP Angleterre 64. 81. CG Melbourne to MAE, 1 September 1890, MAE CP Angleterre 88

and CG Melbourne to MAE, 1 September 1890, MAE CP Angleterre 88 and CG Melbourne to MAE, 1893, MAE CP Angleterre 94.

82. Argus, 20 September 1893, in MAE CP Angleterre 94. 83. CG Melbourne to MAE, 25 February 1885, MAE CP Angleterre 62. 84. De Coubertin's article in Le Figaro was reprinted in the Courrier

Australien, 2 April 1904; Eugene Metin, Socialisme sans doctrines (Paris, 1902) described Australia as a workers' paradise.

8 The Oceanic Lobby in Paris

1. On the colonial lobby, see Charles-Robert Ageron, France coloniale ou parti colonial? (Paris, 1978), Raoul Girardet, L'idee coloniale en France (Paris, 1978) and Stuart Michael Persell, The Colonial Lobby in France, 1889-1938 (Stanford, 1983).

2. Memoir of D. de Rienzi to Ministre de la Marine, 1833, AOM Oceanie 29.

3. Quoted in Edward T. Perkins, Na Motu: Reef-Rovings in the South Seas (New York, 1854), p. 423.

4. Fabre to Ministre de la Marine, 22 March 1844, AOM Oceanie 29 Dossier J4.

5. Vincendon-Dumoulin and C. Desgraz, lles Tafti. Esquisse historique et geographique precedee de considerations generales sur fa colonisation fran~aise dans I'Oceanie (Paris, 1844).

6. Contre-Amiral Page, 'Note sur la valeur des EFO', February 1856, AOM Oceanie 13.

7. Preface to Deschanel, La Politique fran~aise en Oceanie ii propos du Canal de Panama. Paul Deschanel (1855-1922), in addition to his books on Oceania, wrote La Question du Tonkin. In 1885, he was elected a member of the French Chamber of Deputies and held a seat until 1920; for twelve years he was president of the Assembly. In 1920, Deschanel was elected President of the Republic but had to resign six months later after he suffered a mental breakdown.

8. Deschanel, pp. 611-14.


9. Deschanel, Les. Intl!rets franf:ais dans ['Ocean Pacifique, pp. 379, 368, 374.

10. Deschanel, PolWque franf:aise, p. xix. 11. E.g., CG Sydney tp MAE, 14 October 1895, MAE CP Angleterre 101. 12. De Lanessan, pp. 623, 628, 659. B. Paul Gauffarel, Les Colonies franf:aises (Paris, 1899), pp. 505, 509. 14. Charles Lemire, Les Interets franf:ais dans Ie Pacifique: Tahiti - Nouvel

les-Hebrides - Canal de Panama (Paris, 1904), and 'La Transformation de l'Oceanie et nos interets dans Ie Pacifique', Bulletin mensuel de la Societe de geographie commerciale de Paris 18 (1906), pp. 313-27.

15. Henri Bare, Les Colonies franf:aises au debut du vingtieme siecle, Vol. III (Marseille, 1906), p. 281.

16. Union agricole caledonienne, Notice sur la Nouvelle-Caledonie (Paris, 1900), pp. viii-ix.

17. 'Situation de la France en Oceanie', Biard, sent to MAE and forwarded to Ministre des Colonies, March 1905, AOM Oceanie 103.

18. Buchard to Ministre de la Marine, 5 February 1905, AOM Oceanie 114.

19. Ibid., 9 February 1908. 20. Actually, he refers in this last one, of 14 October, to reports of 5

October 1907, 5 February 1908,21 April 1908 and 21 May 1908; the ones quoted here are those remaining in AOM Oceanie 114.

21. Ministre de la Marine to Ministre des Colonies, 15 October 1907 and Ministre des Colonies to Ministre de la Marine, 21 December 1907, AOM Oceanie 114.

22. Ministre des Colonies to Ministre de la Marine; 6 June 1908, AOM Oceanie 114.

23. Jusserand to Pichon, 10 March 1908; Ministre des Colonies to Ministre de la Marine and to MAE, both 6 July 1908, AOM Oceanie 114.

24. Minstre des Colonies (Note pour la 2e Direction), 9 October 1908; Note from the Chef des Services Militaires to the Ministre des Colonies, 24 December 1908; Note from the Directeur des Affaires politiques et administratives, 26 January 1909; Ministre des Colonies to Ministre de la Marine, 5 June 1909, all AOM Oceanie 114.

25. Cmdt DNOP to Ministre de la Marine, 10 August 1906 (including clipping from the San Francisco Chronicle, 5 August 1906), AOM Oceanie 99.

26. Sydney Morning Herald, 18 July 1907, CG Sydney to MAE, 18 July 1907, MAE NS Australie 9.

27. VC Honolulu to MAE, 31 October 1907, AOM Oceanie 99. 28. C Auckland to MAE, 13 November 1907, AOM Oceanie 99. 29. Ministre des Colonies to MAE, 22 January 1908, AOM Oceanie 99. 30. Governor EFO to Ministre des Colonies, 19 April 1908, AOM Oceanie

99. 31. See Chapter 9. 32. Statement in Le Mois colonial et maritime, 1905. 33. The complete list of office-bearers and members, as printed in OF, 138

(September-October 1934), was as follows (including the professions of the individuals listed): President d'Honneur: Albert Lebrun (Presi-


dent de la Republique); President: General Messimy (senateur, ancien Ministre); Vice-President: Lucien Humbert (senateur, ancien Ministre); Secretaire-General: E. Pelleray; Tresorier: Pinelli (ancien Conseiller-general de la Nouvelle-Caledonie); Leon Archimbaud (depute, delegue de la N ouvelle-Caledonie) [who was also editor of the Revue du Pacifique]; L. Ballande (ancien depute); Auguste Brunet (depute, ancien gouverneur de la N ouvelle-Caledonie); Robert de Caix (ancien secretaire-general du Haut -Commissariat de Syrie); Gratien Candace (depute, ancien delegue de Tahiti); H. Demoinet (president du Conseil d'administration de la Societe havraise caledonienne); Albert Favre (ancien depute); Jacques Feillet (avocat a la Cour d'appel); Alfred Fourcade (administrateur des colonies); Camille Fidel (secretairegeneral de la Societe des Etudes coloniales et maritimes); Eugene Godeffroy (avocat a la cour); General Gournaud (gouverneur militaire de Paris); Guillaume Grandidier (secretaire-general de la Societe de geographie); Guillain (ancien administrateur de la Compagnie concessionaire du Port de Papeete); Rene La Bruyere (administrateur de la Compagnie des Messageries maritimes); P. Lacave-Laplagne (ancien depute, ancien delegue de la Nouvelle-Caledonie); A. Laeuffer (negociant), Edmond Levy (negociant, import-export); Jean Masse (avocat a Noumea); Henri Mager (explorateur), Antoine Menier (industriel); Petithuguenin (directeur de la Compagnie generale des colonies); G. Philippar (president de la Compagnie des Messageries maritimes); H. Picot (administrateur de societes); Prudhomme (directeur du Jardin colonial de Nogent-sur-Marne); L. Reallon (directeur des finances de Madagascar); Gustave Regelsperger (docteur en droit, publiciste); Revel (administrateur-delegue de la Compagnie cotonniere des Nouvelles-Hebrides); Maurice Rondet-Saint (directeur de la Ligue Maritime et coloniale franc;aise); Gaston Seurat (maitre de conferences a l'Universite d'AIger); Andre Siegfried (ancien secretaire-general de la Mission franc;aise en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zelande); Pierre Tandonnet (administrateur-delegue de la Compagnie navale de I'Oceanie); Tarbe des Sablons; Lionel de Tastes (depute, delegue des Etablissments Franc;ais d'Oceanie); E. Touze (administrateur-delegue de la Compagnie franc;aise des phosphates de l'Oceanie). There was also a Comite du Tourisme consisting of A. Auscher (vice-president du Touring Club de France), Lacave-Laplagne, Pelleray, Philippar, Rondet-Saint and Touze.

34. See C.M. Andrew and A.S. Kanya-Forstner, 'The French "Colonial Party": Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1915', Historical lournal14 (1971), pp. 99-128.

35. OF, No. 35, May 1914. 36. OF, No. 143, August 1935. 37. Letter of Eugene Pelleray to the Union coloniale franc;aise, 9 March

1945, AOM Union coloniale 371. 38. G. Regelsperger, E. Pelleray and G. Froment-Guieysse, Notre domaine

colonial: T. X. L'Oceanie franfaise (Paris, 1922); Louis Cros, NouvelleCaledonie et Tahiti pour taus (Paris, 1925). Cros was the author of the 'colonies pour tous' series, publishing books on Morocco, Canada,


Argentina, Madagascar, Algeria and Tunisia and Oceania, 'consecrated to the only countries where Frenchmen can settle'. Froment-Guieysse, incidentally, also wrote books on Savorgnan de Brazza, Jules Ferry, La Perouse, Africa and Victor Hugo.

39. OF, No. 53, August-October 1920. 40. OF, No.1, July 1911. 41. OF, No. 12, June 1912. 42. OF, No.2, August 1911. 43. OF, No.1, July 1911. 44. OF, No.2; August 1912. 45. OF,No. 34, April 1914. 46. OF, No. 83, April 1924. 47. OF, No. 96, May-June 1927. 48. OF, No. 36, July 1914, No. 48, May-September 1919, No. 135, March-

April 1934. 49. See Chapter 9 below, for a detailed discussion. 50. OF, No.3, September 1911. 51. OF, No. 21, March 1913. 52. OF, No. 125, May-June 1932. 53. OF, No. 49, September-December 1919. 54. See particularly, OF, No. 60, January-February 1922, and No. 68,

March-April 1923. 55. On shipping, see Chapters 4 and 9. 56. OF, No.9, March 1912. 57. OF, No.4, October 1911. 58. OF, No.6, December 1911. 59. OF, No. 24, June 1913. 60. OF, No. 91, July-August 1926. 61. OF, No. 11, May 1911. 62. OF, No. 96, May-June 1927, and No. 101, March-April 1928. 63. OF, No. 13, July 1912. 64. OF, No. 50, January-March 1920. 65. OF, No. 103, July-August 1928. 66. OF, No. 66, December 1922. 67. OF, No. 71, November-December 1923. 68. OF, No. 56, March-April 1921. 69. OF, No. 71, November-December 1923. 70. OF, No. 38, August 1916. 71. OF, No. 123, January-February 1931. 72. Ibid. 73. OF, No. 21, March 1913, No. 44, January-May 1918. 74. OF, No. 21, March 1913. 75. OF, No. 115, August-September 1930, No. 158, September-October

1938. 76. OF, No. 17, November 1912. 77. OF, No.8, February 1912. 78. OF, No. 44, January-May 1918. 79. OF, No. 126, July-August 1932. 80. OF, No. 27, September 1913, No. 103, July-August 1928.


81. OF, No. 54, November-December 1920. 82. OF, No. 78, August-September 1924. 83. OF, No. 73, February 1924. 84. Albert Sarraut, La Mise en valeur des colonies fram;aises (Paris, 1923). 85. Michalina Vaughan, 'Assimilation versus Association: Separate

Recipes for Failure', Modern and Contemporary France, No. 21 (1985), pp.3-8.

86. Publications of other colonial groups included articles on French Oceania, and Louis Archimbaud edited a Revue du Pacifique, published in the 1920s and 1930s. Almost all of its articles, however, concerned the northern Pacific and Asia.

9 France in the South Pacific in the Early Twentieth Century

1. Jacques Marseille, L'Age d'or de la France coloniale (Paris, 1987). 2. Chris Coulthard-Clark, 'Australia's Monroe Doctrine: An Attempt to

Keep the Islands English', Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1986, pp.40-42.

3. Directeur du Service de l'Amerique et de l'Oceanie to MAE, 9 August 1913, MAE NS Australie 9.

4. Ministre de la Marine to MAE, 1 November 1912, MAE NS Australie 9.

5. Jean-Marie Dallet, Bengt Danielsson and Philippe Mazellier, Le Memorial polynesien, Vol. V, 1914-39 (Papette, 1977).

6. Ibid., pp. 112 ff. 7. Ibid. 8. OF, January-March 1920. 9. Jean Colonna, 'Etude sur la maniere dont la question des Nouvelles

Hebrides et des lies conquises a l'Allemagne dans l'Ocean Pacifique pourrait etre resolue a la fin des hostilites actuelles' (25 March 1916), Adad. SOM, MS 407.

10. Note to Metin, 18 May 1918, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40 Australie 9.

11. Documents relating to the French mission of 1918 are in MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40 Australie 9 and 10 and reports of the mission are in Australie 11 of the same series. The reports, incidentally, provide a comprehensive and interesting overview of Australian society from a French perspective.

12. Robin de Morhery, La Maftrise du Pacifique et Ie peril jaune (Rouen, 1930), pp. 34, 25.

13. Note (unsigned), 12 January 1925, quoting speech of Mushakoji of 4 December 1924, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 1.

14. Article of 6 March 1925 and commander's report of 15 November 1925, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 1.

15. French Ambassador, United States, to MAE, 3 October 1927, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 1.

16. CG Melbourne to MAE, 10 May 1927, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40. lies d'Oceanie 2.


17. The American annexation is noted in MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, nes d'Oceanie 54.

18. Ministre de la Marine to MAE, 11 October 1934, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, nes d'Oceanie 52.

19. President du conseil, Sous-secretaire d'Etat charge des affaires d'Alsace et Lorraine to MAE, 1 October 1935, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 52.

20. Albert Sarraut, La Mise en vaLeur des coLonies fran~aises (Paris, 1924). 21. Brou, pp. 35-43, provides an account of the mise en vaLeur of the

colony, from which the following account is taken. 22. Moret, 'Les Asiatiques en Nouvelle-Caledonie', says there were 3897

Javanese in 1938. 23. Statistics from Brou. Moret, 'Les Asiatiques en Nouvelle-Caledonie',

has quite different figures for the Indochinese: 6230 in 1929, 1841 in 1932, 3960 in 1939.

24. On the mise en vaLeur of New Caledonie, see also Emile Arene, La Mise en valeur de La Nouvelle-Caledonie (Paris, 1927) and P.M. Cousot, L'Oeuvre caledonienne du Gouverneur Guyon (Paris, n.d.).

25. On developments at the beginning of the century, see Pierre-Yves Toullan, 'La Mise en valeur des EFO de 1870 it 1914', BSEO 18 (1981), pp. 885-914 ..

26. Dallet, Danielsson and Mazellier, pp. 242-51. The government discouraged overtures by an Englishman who wanted to settle between 50 and 300 of his compatriots in the Marquesas Islands in 1920. The Minister of Colonies wrote: 'The Anglo-American influence is already too preponderant in our Pacific possessions, and we must not risk increasing it further by favouring the dispatch and establishment of Englishmen and Americans in this colony.' (Ministre des Colonies to MAE, 18 September 1920 and 5 February 1921, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 4.)

27. Coppenrath, Les Chinois de Tahiti. 28. Poncet, ch. XVII. 29. Bernard Brou, 'Un Siecle de crises et de "booms": les hauts et les bas

de l'economie caledonienne', BSEHNC 40 (1979), pp. 33-49. 30. Annual reports, Banque de I'Indochine, 1900-40, DEEF, Credit Lyon

nais, carton 66940. 31. OF, No. 113, March-April 1930; No. 118, January-March 1931; No.

128, November-December 1932; No. 143, October-December 1935; No. 146, March-April 1936; No. 152, June-August 1937.

32. 'La Societe "Le Nickel" " pp. 7-17. 33. Wilfred G. Burchett, Pacific Treasure IsLand (Melbourne, 1941), pp.

52-8. 34. Burchett, pp. 148-9. 35. British Embassy, Paris, to MAE, 28 March 1918 and 26 August 1918;

Governor New Caledonia to Ministre des Colonies, 28 August 1918; Ministre des Colonies to MAE, 18 September 1918; Charge d'affaires, Japan, to MAE, 28 January 1919, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 2.


36. British Embassy, Paris, to MAE, 19 September 1918, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Iles d'Oceanie 2.

37. Ministre des Colonies to MAE, 12 January 1931 and French Ambassador, Japan, to MAE, 5 April 1931, MAlE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Iles d'Oceanie 52.

38. Eugene Pallu de la Barriere to MAE, 14 July 1881, AOM Oceanie 21. 39. Marcq to Ministre de la Marine, 10 November 1886, AOM Oceanie

113. 40. AOM Oceanie 113, various papers. 41. Messageries maritimes to Ministre des Colonies, 10 July 1893 (copy),

AOM Oceanie 113. 42. CG San Francisco to Ministre des Colonies, 30 March 1901, AOM,

Oceanie 115. 43. Muriel F. Lloyd Prichard, An Economic History of New Zealand to

1939 (Auckland, 1970), p. 168. 44. The Chargeurs reunis operated a line from France to Indochina;

however, it was not interested in the South Pacific. The Compagnie trans atlantique sailed from France to North and South America, and its route could be prolonged through the Straits of Magellan to Tahiti. Government officials contacted the Compagnie transatlantique but in 1902 reported that 'this company declared that it cannot accept the undertaking because of the relative smallness of the subsidy offered and small amount of traffic on which it could count'. Notes to Ministre des Colonies, 27 August 1902, AOM Oceanie 115.

45. Ministre du Commerce et d'Industrie to MAE, 16 November 1897; Governor EFO to Ministre des Colonies, AOM Oceanie 113.

46. Lecat, directeur-general of the Messageries maritimes, to Soussecretaire d'Etat, 15 December 1898, AOM Oceanie 113.

47. Ballande to Ministre des Colonies, 6 February 1899; Governor EFO to Ministre, 17 November 1900; Ministre to Ballande, 20 January 1901; Ballande to Ministre, 9 August 1901; Ministre de la Marine to Ministre des Colonies, 6 October 1901; Ballande to Ministre des Colonies, 1 October 1901, 16 April 1902 and 26 July 1902; note of Ministre des Colonies, 18 August 1902; Ministre des Colonies to Governor EFO, 5 March 1903; Governor to Ministre, 28 August 1903; Ballande to Ministre, 9 January 1904; contract with Martin, 10 September 1907, AOM Oceanie 115, 126, 127.

48. A. Saurs to Ministre des Colonies,S August 1903, AOM Oceanie 115. 49. Vice-Consul Honolulu to MAE, 10 April 1907; C Auckland to MAE,

undated copy of dispatch; Comite central des armateurs de France to MAE,S August 1907; Messageries maritimes to MAE 13 May 1907; AN p2 7249.

50. Directeur du Commerce Exterieur, Ministere du Commerce et d'Industrie to MAE 20 October 1895, AN F12 7122.

51. Frederic Bohn,'Renouvellement de la concession des services postaux exploites par la Compagnie des Messageries maritimes' (pamphlet, Marseille, 1908) and various letters, AN F12 7464.

52. AN p2 7463. 53. See note 54, below.


54. Rapport Laguarigue de Survilliers, 8 July 1909, AOM Oceanie 127. 55. Note, Ministere des Colonies (including debates of Noumea Chambre

de commerce, undated, and Papeete Chambre de commerce, 16 June 1908; Ballande to Ministre, 9 July 1910; Governor EFO to Ministre, 26 November 1910; Ballande to Charles Humbert, 15 November 1910 and Humbert to Ministre, 18 November 1910; Ministre to Humbert, 7 April 1911 and Ballande, 7 April 1911; Union Steam Ship Company to Governor EFO, 25 May 1910; Governor EFO to Ministre, 10 August 1910; Directeur de comptabilite, 2e Bureau, Ministere des Colonies, note, 6 March 1911; Compagnie navale de l'Oceanie to Ministre des Colonies, 23 July 1912 and 17 November 1915, AOM Oceanie 127.

56. MAE to Ministre des Colonies, 12 October 1911, AOM Oceanie 126. 57. Rapport Jullidiere, lIe Partie: EFO, AOM Oceanie 126. (The report

was also printed in the Journal Officiel, 19 May 1913.) 58. 'Les "Messageries maritimes" et la Nouvelle-Caledonie', JSO 10

(1954), pp.183-4. 59. There were rumours that the company would abandon the route.

Attache commercial aux Etats-Unis to Ministre du Commerce, 16 October 1936, AOM Oceanie 126.

60. 'Shipping Rearrangement: Burns Philp May Invade New Caledonia', Pacific Islands Monthly, August 1931, in AOM, Union coloniale 553.

61. Adolphe Brunet, Le Regime international des Nouvelles-Hebrides (Paris, 1907).

62. Philippe Grignon-Dumoulin, Le Condominium des Nouvelles-Hebrides (Paris, 1928), p. 51 note.

63. Ballande to Sous-directeur d' Asie et d'Oceanie, MAE, 19 October 1928, AOM Union coloniale 553.

64. 'La Question des Nouvelles-Hebrides', Annales coloniales, 30 June 1930, in AOM Union coloniale 553.

65. Grignon-Dumoulin, p. 110; on the reorganisation of the SFNH, pp. 101-10.

66. Grignon-Dumoulin, pp. 142-4. 67. Grignon-Dumoulin, pp. 161-77. 68. Ballande to secretary-general, Union coloniale fran~aise, 27 February

1928, AOM Union coloniale 553. 69. MacClancy, p. 89. 70. DEEF, Credit Lyonnais, carton 41357 (SFNH). 71. Klein, quoted in an unsourced article of M. Aupied, 15 June 1939 in

DEEF, Credit Lyonnais, carton 41357 (SFNH). 72. Les Nouvelles-Hebrides - Des Faits - Des Documents, appendix (letter

of 21 April 1908). 73. Quoted in 'Proces-verbal de la Conference des Nouvelles-Hebrides'

(June 1914), MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Iles d'Oceanie 27. 74. OF, No. 61, March 1922. 75. OF, No. 115, July-August 1930. 76. Pau to MAE, 20 November 1918 (telegram) and 29 November 1918

(telegram); MAE to CG Sydney, 10 December 1918 (telegram); Pau to MAE, 20 December 1918, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Australie 15.


77. CG Melbourne (Turck) to MAE, 24 April 1925, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Australie 15.

78. CG Sydney to MAE, 20 August 1930, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Australie 22.

79. 'Extraits d'un rapport d'un officer superieur qui vient d'effectuer (premier trimestre 1936) une mission dans Ie Pacifique' (marked 'secret'), Ministre de la Marine to MAE, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Australie 23.

80. 'Pourquoi la France ne vend-elle pas davantage a I' Australie?', Bulletin de la Chambre de Commerce fram;aise en Australie, 1938.

81. Aldrich, 'Commercial Relations between France and Australia'. 82. CG Melbourne to MAE, 19 November 1931 (telegram) and 1 October

1932; CG Sydney to MAE, 7 December 1932, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Australie 22.

83. CG Melbourne to MAE, 29 December 1931; CG Sydney to MAE, 5 January 1933; CG Melbourne to MAE, 7 April 1933; CG Sydney to MAE, 7 October 1933 (telegram), MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Australie 22; Rapport de bateau en Australie et en Nouvelle-Guinee, 12 January 1939, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Australie 23.

84. C New Zealand to MAE, 1 February 1913, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, Nouvelle-Zelande 3.

85. Millar Smith, pp. 160, 191. 86. Statistics from New Zealand Official Yearbook. 87. New Zealand to MAE, 5 March and 13 June 1901, MAE

Asie/Oceanie 1918--40, Nouvelle-Zelande 1. 88. Brou, ch. 1, 3e partie. 89. Gerald Coppenrath, 'Evolution politique de la Polynesie fran«aise

depuis la Premiere Guerre Mondiale', JSO 15 (1959), pp. 237-65; Dallet, Danielsson and Mazellier, Le Memorial polynesien.

90. Coppenrath, 'Evolution politi que de la Polynesie fran«aise'; Dallet, Danielsson and Mazellier, Le Memorial polynesien; on the Courrier du Pacifique, governor EFO to CG San Francisco, 25 March 1935 and related documents, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 52; CG San Francisco to MAE, 10 February 1936, MAE Asie/Oceanie 1918-40, lies d'Oceanie 53.

91. Poncet, chs X and XVI. 92. 'Etude sur les lies du Pacifique', 20 January 1927, MAE Asie/Oceanie

1918--40, lies d'Oceanie 1. 93. OF, No. 119, April-June 1931. 94. OF, No. 127, September-December 1931. 95. OF, No. 78, August-September 1924. 96. OF, No. 24, June 1913. 97. OF, September-October 1931. 98. OF, No. 121, September-October 1931. 99. Newbury, Tahiti Nui, p. 298.

100. OF, No. 99, November-December 1927.


Conclusion

1. Jean-Claude Guillebaud, Les Confettis de ['empire (Paris, 1978). 2. David Fieldhouse, 'Can Humpty-Dumpty be put together again?

Imperial History in the 1980s', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 12 (1984), pp. 9--23. See also H. L. Wesseling (ed.), Expansion and Reaction (The Hague, 1978).

3. Auguste Vallet, Un Nouvel aperf:u du probleme colonial (Paris, 1925), quoted in Constant Southworth, The French Colonial Venture (London, 1931), pp. 194-5.

4. See my 'The Place of New Caledonia in French Historiography', in M. Spencer, A. Ward and J. Connell (eds) , New Caledonia: Essays in Nationalism and Dependency (St. Lucia, Queensland, 1988), pp. 22-37; M. Spencer, 'Seven Books on the New Caledonia Crisis', Australian Journal of Politics and History 32 (1986), pp. 119-24; and John Connell, 'Towards Kanaky: Politics and Land in New Caledonia', Oceania 57 (1987), pp. 294-303.

5. Among the publications to be referred to in the following pages are: Raoul Girardet, L'Idee coloniale en France de 1871 a 1962 (Paris, 1972); Charles-Robert Ageron, France coloniale ou parti colonial? (Paris, 1978); Christopher S. Andrew and Sydney Kanya-Forstner, France Overseas: The First World War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion (London, 1981), 'French Business and the French Colonialists', The Historical Journal 19 (1976), pp. 981-1000, 'The French Colonial Party and French Colonial War Aims, 1914-1918', The Historical Journal 19 (1974), pp. 79--106, 'The French "Colonial Party": Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1915', The Historical Journal 14 (1971), pp. 99-128, 'The Groupe colonial in the French Chamber of Deputies, 1892-1932', The Historical Journal 17 (1974), pp. 837-66 and (with P. Grupp), 'Le Mouvement colonial fran<rais et ses principales personnalites (1890-1914)', Revue franf:aise d'histoire d'Outre-Mer 61 (1975), pp. 640-73; Jean Bouvier and Rene Girault (eds), L'Imperialisme franf:ais d'avant 1914 (Paris, 1976); Jacques Thobie, La France imperiale 1880-1914 (Paris, 1982); Jean Bouvier, Rene Girault and Jacques Thobie, L'Imperialisme a la franf:aise, 1914-1960 (Paris, 1986); Jacques Marseille, Empire colonial et capitalisme franf:ais: Histoire d'un divorce (Paris, 1984) and L'Age d'or de la France coloniale (Paris, 1987); Raymond Betts, Tricouleur (London, 1978); Stuart Michael Persell, The French Colonial Lobby 1889-1938 (Stanford, 1983); Thomas G. August, The Selling of the Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890-1940 (Westport, Conn., 1985). Several important theses on areas outside the Pacific have aided in the formulation of the new theories: Jacques Thobie, Interers et imperialisme franf:ais dans I' Empire ottoman (1895-1914) (Paris, 1977); Rene Girault, Emprunts russes et interers franf:ais en Russie, 1887-1914 (Paris, 1973), and Catherine CoqueryVidrovitch, Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionnaires, 1898-1930 (Paris, 1972). The two series edited by Bernard Lauzanne are 'L' Aventure coloniale de la France', of which two


volumes have been published - Jean Martin, L'Empire renaissant, 1789/1871 (Paris, 1987), and Gilbert Comte, L'Empire triomphant 187111936 (Paris, 1988) - and 'Destins croises', in which to date three volumes have appeared, Jean-Pierre Biondi, Saint-Louis du Senegal: Memoires d'un metissage (Paris, 1987), and Andre Picciola, Missionnaires en Afrique 184011940 (Paris, 1987), and Henri Brunschwig, VAfrique noire au temps de ['empire franr;ais (Paris, 1988). For summaires of the arguments, see the special issue of Histoire, 'Le Temps des colonies', No. 69 (1984).

6. Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher (with Alice Denny), Africa and the Victorians (Oxford, 1961); Thomas August, 'Locating the Age of Imperialism', 1tinerario 10 (1986), pp. 85-97. See also the works of D. K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires (London, 1966) and Economics and Empire, 1830---1914 (London, 1973).

7. Pierre Guillen, 'Les Relations commerciales entre la France et son empire colonial de 1880 a 1913', Relations internationales, No.6 (1976), pp.145-60.

8. Ibid. 9. Jacques Marseille, 'The Phases of French Colonial Imperialism:

Towards a New Periodization', The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13 (1985), pp. 127-4l.

10. Marseille, Empire colonial. 11. See note 5, above; Pierre Nora (ed.), Les Lieux de memo ire (Paris,

1984-7). 12. Andre Nouschi, 'Notes on French Expansion in the Mediterranean

during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries', Mediterranean Historical Review 1 (1986), pp. 86-99.

13. 'It is very true that a large majority of Caldoches are completely anchored and rooted in New Caledonian ways of life to such an extent that they would not be able to setle back in Metropolitan France. Only a few of them have travelled back to France for holidays or short visits. For families settled there for more than a century, Metropolitan France is nothing more than a far-reaching ancestral reference as for many Australians or New Zealanders.' Presence, No.5 (1987), p. 69.

14. Robert Aldrich, 'L' Australie et la France dans Ie Pacifique: contentieux actuel et arriere-plan historique', Journal de la Societe des Oceanistes, No. 84 (1987), pp. 93-8.

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dependances (1768-1908) (Paris, 1911). Sope, Barak, Land and Politics in the New Hebrides (Suva, 1976).

378 Bibliography

Spencer, Michael, 'Seven Books on the New Caledonia Crisis', Australian lournal of Politics and History, 32(1986) 119-24.

Spencer, Michael; Ward, Alan; and Connell, John (eds), New Caledonia: Essays in Nationalism and Dependency (St. Lucia, Queensland, 1988).

Stuer, Anny P. D., The French in Australia (Canberra, 1982). The Sunday Times Insight Team, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to

Sink Greenpeace (London, 1986). Taillemite, E., Dictionnaire des marins franfais (Paris, 1972). Taillemite, Etienne, 'Inventaire du fonds Oceanie (Polynesie fran«aise)

conserve aux Archives du Ministere de la France d'Outre-mer', ISO, 15 (1959) 267-320.

Taillemite, Etienne, 'La Mission de l'Amiral Dupetit-Thouars aux Nouvelles-Hebrides en 1879', Revue maritime, 103 (1954) 1371-84.

Teisserenc, Pierre, Maurice Leenhardt en Nouvelle-Caledonie: Sciences sociales, politique coloniale, strategies missionnaires (Paris, 1977).

Thompson, Anne-Gabrielle, 'Une Escroquerie a la colonisation: l'entreprise du marquis de Rays a "Port-Breton" " RFHOM, 65 (1978) 21-39.

Thompson, Anne-Gabrielle, 'John Higginson, 1839-1904: Patriot or Profiteer?' (PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, 1982).

Thompson, Anne-Gabrielle, 'John Higginson: vue d'ensemble et mise au point', BSEHNC, 35 (1978) 11-2l.

Thompson, Anne-Gabrielle, 'The Uses and Misuses of Capital: New Caledonia's Mining Industry, 1870--1901', The lournal of Pacific History, 21 (1984) 66-82.

Thompson, Virginia and Adloff, Richard, The French Pacific Islands: French Polynesia and New Caledonia (Berkeley, 1971).

Tjibaou, Jean-Marie, 'Etre Melanesien aujourd'hui', Esprit, 57 (1981) 81-94. Tjibaou, Jean-Marie, 'Recherche d'identite melanesienne et societe tradi

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Nouvelle-Caledonie (Papeete, 1978). Toullelan, Pierre-Yves, 'L'Administration fran«aise des archipels E.F.O.

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BSEHNC, 61 (1984) 65-7 and 62 (1985) 58-64. Toullelan, Pierre-Yves, Tahiti colonial (1860-1914) (Paris, 1984). Union agricole caledonienne, Notice sur la Nouvelle-Caledonie, ses rich esses,

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1978). Le Vice-amiral Bergasse du Petit-Thouars d' apres ses notes et sa correspon

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Ward, Alan, Land and Politics in New Caledonia (Canberra, 1982).

Bibliography 379

Ward, Gerald (ed.), Man in the Pacific Islands (Oxford, 1972). Zeldine, Georges, L'Hemisphere pacifique: Realites et avenirs (Noumea,

1984).

III Other works on the South Pacific

Baker, Henry D., New Zealand: Its Resources, Industries and Trade (Washington, 1912).

Barclay, Glen, A History of the Pacific from the Stone Age to the Present Day (London, 1978).

Barnard, Alan, The Australian Wool Market, 1840-1900 (Melbourne, 1958). Blainey, Geoffrey, The Tyranny of Distance (Sydney, 1966, revised edition,

1982). Boutillier, James, A.; Hughes, Daniel T. and Tiffany, Sharon W. (eds),

Mission, Church and Sect in Oceania (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1978). Brookfield, H. c., Colonialism, Development and Independence: The Case

of the Melanesian Islands in the South Pacific (Cambridge, 1972). Buckley, K. and Klugman, K., The History of Burns Philp. The Australian

Company in the South Pacific (Sydney, 1981). Commonwealth Trade and Customs Excise Revenue, 1906-1942. Crocombe, Ron, The South Pacific: An Introduction (Auckland, 1983). Daws, Gavan, A Dream of Islands (Milton, Queensland, 1980). Docker, E. W., The Blackbirders (Sydney, 1970). Doumenge, Fran<;ois, L'Homme dans Ie Pacifique-Sud (Paris, 1966). Dousset, Roselene and Taillemite, Etienne, Le Grand Livre du Pacifique

(Paris, 1976). Duboscq, Andre, Le Probleme du Pacifique (Paris, 1927). Finney, Ben R., Polynesian Peasants and Proletarians (Cambridge, Mass.,

1973). Guillebaud, Jean-Claude, Un Voyage en Oceanie (Paris, 1980). Gunson, Niel, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the South

Seas, 1799-1860 (Oxford, 1978). Howe, K. R., 'Pacific Islands History in the 1980s: New Directions or

Monograph Myopia?', Pacific Studies, 3 (1979) 81-90. Howe, K. R., Where the Waves Fall: A New South Sea Islands History from

First Settlement to Colonial Rule (Sydney, 1984). Ingram, Jean, International Rivalry in the Pacific Islands, 1800-1875 (Berk

eley, 1941). Leckie, Jacqueline, 'Towards a Review of History in the South Pacific',

Journal of Pacific Studies, 9 (1983) 9-69. Lochore, R. A., From Europe to New Zealand: An Account of Our Conti

nental Settlers (Wellington, 1951). Maber, John M., From North Star to Southern Cross (Prescot, 1967). Moorehead, Alan, The Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the

South Pacific, 1767-1840 (Harmondsworth, 1968). Morhery, Robin de, La Maftrise du Pacifique et Ie peril jaune (Rouen, 1930). Morrell, W. P., Britain in the Pacific Islands (Oxford, 1960). New Zealand Official Year Book, Wellington, 1894-1945. Oliver, Douglas L., The Pacific Islands (Honolulu, 1961).

380 Bibliography

Pacific Islands Monthly (Sydney). Perkins, Edward T., Na-Motu: Reef-Rovings in the South Seas (New York,

1854). Pons, Xavier, Le Geant du Pacifique (Paris, 1988). Prichard, M. F. L., An Economic History of New Zealand to 1970 (Auck

land, 1970). Ross, Angus, New Zealand Aspirations in the Pacific in the Nineteenth

Century (Oxford, 1964). Routledge, David, 'Pacific History as seen from the Pacific Islands', Pacific

Studies, 9 (1985) 81-99. Scarr, Deryck, Fragments of Empire: A History of the Western Pacific High

Commission, 1877-1914 (Canberra, 1967). Sinclair, Keith, A History of New Zealand (Harmondsworth, 1969). Smith, Bernard, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768-1850: A Study

in the History of Art and Ideas (Oxford, 1960). Thompson, Roger c., Australian Imperialism in the Pacific: The Expansionist

Era, 1820-1920 (Melbourne, 1980). Thompson, Roger c., 'Commerce, Christianity and Colonialism: the Austra

lasian New Hebrides Company, 1883-1897', JPH, 6 (1971) 25-38. Ward, John M., British Policy in the South Pacific, 1786-1893 (Sydney,

1950, Greenwood, Connecticut, 1976). Wiltgen, Ralph M., The Founding of the Roman Catholic Church in Oceania,

1825-1850 (Canberra, 1979).

IV General Works on Colonialism and Imperialism (and other works cited)

Abrams, L. and Miller, D. J., 'Who were the French Colonialists? A Reassessment of the Parti Colonial, 1890-1914', The Historical Journal, 19 (1976) 685-725.

Ageron, Charles-Robert, L'Anticolonialisme en France de 1871 a 1914 (Paris, 1973).

Ageron, Charles-Robert, France coloniale ou Parti colonial? (Paris, 1978). Andrew, C. M., and Kanya-Forstner, A. S., France Overseas: The First

World War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion (London, 1981). Andrew, C. M., and Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 'French Business and the

French Colonialists', The Historical Journal, 19 (1976) 981-1000. Andrew, C. M. and Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 'The French Colonial Party and

French Colonial War Aims, 1914-1918', The Historicallournal, 19 (1974) 79-106.

Andrew, C. M. and Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 'The French "Colonial Party": Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1914', The Historical Journal, 14 (1971) 99-128.

Andrew, C. M. and Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 'The Groupe colonial in the French Chamber of Deputies, 1892-1932', The Historical Journal, 17 (1974) 837-66.

Andrew, C. M.; Grupp, P.; and Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 'Le Mouvement colonial fran«;ais et ses principales personnalites (1890-1914)" RFHOM, 62 (1975) 640-73.

Bibliography 381

August, Thomas, G., 'Locating the Age ofImperialism', Itinerario, 10 (1986) 85-97.

August, Thomas, G., The Selling of Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890-1940 (Wesport, Conn., 1985).

Baudet, Henri, Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man, trans. Elizabeth Wentholt (New Haven, 1965).

Baumgart, Winfried, Imperialism: the Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914 (Oxford, 1982).

Betts, Raymond, F., Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890-1914 (New York, 1961).

Betts, Raymond, Tricouleur: The French Overseas Empire (London, 1978). Betts, Raymond F., Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the

Twentieth Century (Minneapolis, 1985). Bouvier, Jean, 'Encore sur l'imperialisme: des rapports entre banque et

industrie dans I'expansion fran~aise (1880--1914)" RFHOM, 67 (1980) 217-26.

Bouvier, Jean, Les Rothschild (Paris, 1967). Bouvier, Jean, 'Les Traits majeurs de l'imperialisme fran~ais d'avant 1914',

Mouvement social, 86--9 (1974) 3-24. Bouvier, Jean and Girault, Rene (eds), L'lmperialismefran~ais d'avant 1914

(Paris, 1976). Bouvier, Jean; Girault, Rene; and Thobie, Jacques, L'Imperialisme a la

franr;aise, 1914-1960 (Paris, 1986). Braillard, Philippe and de Senarclens, Pierre, L'lmperialisme (Paris, 1980). Brunschwig, Henri, La Colonisation franr;aise du Pacte colonial a l'Union

franr;aise (Paris, 1949). Brunschwig, Henri, Mythes et realites de l'imperialisme colonial franr;ais,

1871-1914 (Paris, 1960). Cohen, W. B., Rulers of Empire: the French Colonial Service in Africa

(Stanford, 1971). Comte, Gilbert, L'Empire triomphant 187111936 (Paris, 1988). Cooke, James J., New French Imperialism, 1880-1910: The Third Republic

and Colonial Expansion (Newton Abbot, 1971). Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies

concessionnaires, 1890-1930 (Paris, 1972). Demangeon, A., Le Dec/in de I'Europe (Paris, 1920 and 1975). Doyle, Michael W., Empires (Ithaca, NY, 1986). Fieldhouse, D. K., 'Can Humpty-Dumpty be put together again? Imperial

History in the 1980s', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 12 (1984) 9-23.

Fieldhouse, D. K., The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (London, 1982).

Fieldhouse, D. K., Colonialism, 1870-1945: An Introduction (London, 1983).

Fieldhouse, D. K., Economics and Empire, 1830-1914 (London, 1984). Ganiage, J., L'Expansion coloniale de la France sous la Troisieme Repu

blique (Paris, 1968). Girardet. Raoul, L'Jdee coloniale en France de 1871 a 1962 (Paris, 1972). Girardet, Raoul, Mythes et mythologies politiques (Paris, 1986).

382 Bibliography

Girault, A., The Colonial Tariffs Policy of France (London, 1916). Girault, Rene, Emprunts russes et intl?rets franfais en Russie, 1887-1914

(Paris, 1973). Gottman, Jean, Les Relations commerciales de la France (Montreal, 1941). Guillebaud, J. c., Les Confettis de ['Empire (Paris, 1976). Guillen, Pierre, 'Milieux d'affaires et imperialisme colonial', Relations inter

nationales (1974) 57-69. Hanotaux, Gabriel and Martineau, Alfred (eds), Histoire des colonies fran

faises et de ['expansion de la France dans Ie monde (Paris, 1933). Holland, R. F., European Decolonisation, 1918-1981: An Introductory

Survey (London, 1985). Hughes, Robert, Shock of the New (New York, 1981). Julien, Charles-Andre, Les Techniciens de la colonisation (Paris, 1945). Levy-Leboyer, Maurice (ed.), La Position internationale de la France.

Aspects economiques et financiers, XIXe-XXe siecles (Paris, 1977). Marseille, Jacques, L'Age d'or de la France coloniale (Paris, 1986). Marseille, Jacques, Empire colonial et capitalisme franfais: Histoire d'un

divorce (Paris, 1984). Marseille, Jacques, 'The Phases of French Colonial Imperialism: Towards a

New Periodisation', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13 (1985) 127-4l.

Marseille, Jacques, 'Les Relations commerciales entre la France et son empire colonial de 1880 a 1913', Relations internationales, 6 (1976) 145-60.

Martin, Jean, L'Empire renaissant: 178911871 (Paris, 1987). Murphy, Agnes, The Ideology of French Imperialism, 1871-1891 (New York,

1968). Murray, Martin J., The Development of Capitalism: Colonial Cochinchina

(1870-1940) (Berkeley, 1980). Nora, Pierra (ed.), Les Lieux de memoire (Paris, 1984-7). Persell, Stuart Michael, The French Colonial Lobby, 1889-1938 (Stanford,

1983). Roberts, Stephen H., History of French Colonial Policy, 1870-1925

(London, 1919; new edition, 1963). Robinson, Ronald and Gallagher, John (with Alice Denny), Africa and the

Victorians (Oxford, 1961). Sarraut, Albert, La Mise en Valeur des colonies franfaises (Paris, 1923). Southworth, Constant, The French Colonial Venture (London, 1931). 'Le Temps des colonies', special issue of Histoire, 69 (1984). Thobie, Jacques, La France imperiale, 1880-1914 (Paris, 1982). Thobie, Jacques, Interets et imperialisme franfais dans ['Empire ottoman

(1895-1914) (Paris, 1977). Vaughan, Michaline, 'Assimilation versus Association: Separate Recipes for

Failure', Modern and Contemporary France 21 (1985): 3-8. Wesseling, H. L. (ed.), Expansion and Reaction (The Hague, 1978). Yacono, X., Histoire de la colonisationfranfaise (Paris, 1973).

Index

Action coloniale et maritime 254 Administration 157-61 Africa, French 18,261,318-20,

322, 325, 330 Alliance Fran<;aise 206 Amelie, Queen 28,42,95-6 Antilles, French 18, 162, 261, 283,

318-22, 325 Arabs in New Caledonia 163 Archimbaud, Louis 314, 359 n33 Atai, Chief 189 Australia 8, 17, 32, 40, 98-9, 150,

262, 274-6, 292-3, 337 and France 199-210, 213-36,

279-81, 306-11 French mission of 1918 279-81

Australian New Hebrides Co. 130 Austral Islands 35, 142, 159,

195-6 see also Establissements Fran<;ais

d'Oceanie

Ballande Co. 118-9, 121-2, 130, 131,137,205,256,290-1,293, 295, 301, 304

Ballande family 154 Bambridge family 153 Banking 124-8

Banque de l'Indochine 124-8, 131, 288-90, 301, 349 n30

Banque des Antipodes 222 Comptoir national

d'escompte 124, 133, 137, 205 Rothschild bank 124, 137

Barrau family 154 Bataillon, Mgr 35, 36 Becharde family 154-5 Belland, Captain 53 Bernheim, Lucien 148, 155, 254,

290

Biard d'Aunet, Consul 233, 247-8 'Blackbirding' 161 Bouarate, Chief 180-7 Bougainville, Commander 2 Brander family 152-3, 162 Bruat, Governor 188 Buchard, Captain 248-51 Burns Philp 121, 129-30, 301

Cantonnement 179-80 Cardella, Mayor 100 Castex, Admiral 268 Cession of colonies, rumours

of 252-3, 283, 302 Chanel, Pierre 26,41, 43 Charbonnier, Robert 58-9 Chesse, Governor 78-9, 254 Chesterfield islands 26 Chile 19, 24, 73, 75-6, 97 China 98, 127,238,239,260 Chinese in French Oceania 143,

165-7,266 Cities 335 Clipperton Island 7, 31, 283 Cloue, Admiral 71, 89-90 Cobalt 4, 115 Code de l'indigenat 183 Coffee 4, 113 Colonial Exhibition of 1931 273,

323 Colonialism, theories of 32, 105,

237,243,323, 326-8 Colonna, Jean 279 Co mite de l'Oceanie fran<;aise 4,

247,254-72,284,324,359 n33 Commerson, J. 2 Commune, Paris (1871) 145-6 Compagnie transatlantique 297,

363 n44 Consuls, French 200-2

383

384 Index

Cook Islands 24, 97, 162 Coppenrath family 153, 277 Copper' 4, 116 Copra 111-2 Cotton 4, 112-3, 304, 318 Coubertin, Pierre de 235-6 Courrier Australien, Le 206, 207,

216 Cros, Louis 254,256-7, 259

Daly family 154 Demis 192-3 Demography of islander

populations 176-7 Deschanel, Paul 4, 242-5, 255,

259, 333, 357-8 n7 Desgraz, M. 238-40 Desmazures family 154 Destremau, Maxime 277-8 Diderot 2 Dillon, Consul 229 Douarre, Mgr 37 Doucere, Mgr 48 Drollet family 153, 277

Easter Island 24, 32, 97, 152, 162 Economic development of French

Oceania agriculture 110-15 capital 106, 116, 124-8, 267,

303 labour 106, 162, 182-3, 266-7,

303-4 markets 107, 120 mining 115-20 see also banking, mise en valeur,

shipping Economies, traditional

island 108-10 Education 46-7 Entr'aide coloniale 271, 286, 324 Etablissements fram;ais d'Oceanie

(EFO) 24 economics 110-13, 119-20,

125-8, 134-5, 180-1, 286, 288-90, 294-301

1840 resistance 187-8 French takeover 19-24

indigenous population 171, 174-6,177,180-1,184,193-8

missionaries 35-6,55-7, 63-4 political evolution 313, 314-7 settlers 141-4, 165-7, 286-7

Exploration of Pacific, French 2, 15, 17, 323

Fabre, Consul 238 Fauchery, Antoine 200 Fawtier, Governor 277-8 Febvrier-Despointes, Admiral 24,

69 Feillet, Gdvernor 156, 157 Ferry, Jules 105 Fesche, M. 2 Fiji 28, 37, 43, 93 First World War 8, 268, 277-8,

300 Friendly Islands see Tonga Froment, Georges 254 Froment-Guieysse, Paul 257,259,

263

Gaffarel, Paul 10-11 Gambier Islands 19, 23, 24, 35,

142 see also Etablissements fran<;ais

d'Oceanie Garnier, Joseph 116 Gauguin, Paul 5-6 Gerbault, Alain 317 Germany 92, 95-6, 99-100, 216,

218-20, 262, 276-7, 291 Gilbert Islands 40, 162 Godeffroy firm 78-82, 92, 128-9 Gold 4, 32, 115, 119 Goupils, Marc Le 156, 158 Governors 157-8 Grande Terre see New Caledonia Great Britain 17, 19, 23, 91-2, 98,

226-8, 233, 261, 274-6 Guedes, Governor 315 Guillain, Governor 53-5, 157,

178,179,186-7 Guillot, Fran<;ois 159 Guizot, Fran<;ois 18, 238 Guyane, French (Guyane) 26, 162

Index 385

Guyon, Governor 285,304, 313-14

Hawaiian Islands 17, 35, 51, 93 Higginson, John 28-31, 116-19,

131-4, 151-2, 179, 232, 234, 302

Historiography of Pacific 10-4, 169-70, 352 n6

Humbert, Lucien 254,257,359 n33

Images of South Pacific, French 1-14,43-4, 169-71,269

Imperial rivalry in South Pacific 91-104, 223-36, 261-2

India, French 162 Indians in French Oceania 162 lndivision (of land-

holdings) 180-1 Indochina, French 32, 127,267,

318-22, 325 Indochinese in French

Oceania 164, 286, 304 Isle of Pines 24, 145-6, 179

see also New Caledonia Issoudum Order 35

Japan 260, 262-3, 280-2, 290-4 Japanese in New

Caledonia 163-5, 286 Jaussen, Mgr 55 Javanese in New Caledonia 165,

286 Jouffroy d'Abbans, Consul 221

Kong Ah 315-17

Lafleur family 118 Lambel, Comte de 9 Land Question 178-82 Lanessan, J. L. de 10,245 Lapelin, Admiral de 71, 74 Laroque family 154, 155 Laval, R. P. 57-8 Lebrun, Albert 256, 359 n33 Leenhardt, Maurice 11-12,64-7,

156,191,257

Leeward Islands 23, 24, 35, 77-9, 159, 187-8

see also Etablissements fran<;ais d'Oceanie

Lemire, Charles 10, 245-6, 254 Lesseps, Ferdinand de 4, 242-3 London Missionary Society 19,

21,34 Loti, Pierre 5,7,69,268 Louis-Philippe, King 238 Loyalty Islands 26, 162, 177, 179,

184-6 see also New Caledonia

Luckner, Felix von 278

MacGregor, Governor 39-40 McIlwraith, Thomas 227-8 Mager, Henri 10, 254, 359 n33 Makatea 119-20, 159,250 Mangareva 19, 23, 57-8, 195 Marist Order 35-62 Marq de Blond de Saint-Hilaire,

Admiral 72, 74 Marquesas Islands 6, 21-2, 79-81,

142, 158-9, 238, 248, 362 n26 see also Etablissements fran<;ais

d'Oceanie Melanesians 3, 169-98, 269-70 Messageries Maritimes 121,

122-3, 131, 205, 208, 255, 286, 295-301, 348 n30

Messimy, General 256,257,267, 359 n33

Metin, Eugene 236, 279 Mexico 75 Michel, Louise 145, 189 Mise en valeur 11, 264, 273, 284-7 Missionaries

background and activities 41-7 Catholic 3, 17-18, 19-22, 24,

26-8, 30, 34-68, 82, 103, 159, 168, 196-7, 324

Protestants 47-9, 61-7 relations with government 51,

53-5 Moerenhout, Consul 22 Montagne, Governor 316 Moorea 159, 192, 196 Mururoa 8

386 Index

Naisiline family 184-6 Napoleon III, Emperor 32 Navarre, Mgr 39, 45 Navigator Islands see Samoa Navy, French 18,55,57,69-104,

237, 240, 248-50 Division navale de l'Ocean

Pacifique 69-76 relations with other colonial

groups 89-91 tournee des missions 81-91

New Caledonia 26 economics 113-14, 115-19,

121-3, 125-8, 135, 178-80, 285, 288-90

1878 rebellion 188-91, 353-4 n25

French takeover 24-6 indigenous population 170-1,

172-7,178-80,182-7 missionaries 24, 37, 45-6,

59-61, 64-7 1917 rebellion 191 political evolution 313-4 settlers 144-8, 162-5, 285-6,

367 n13 New Guinea see Papua New

Guinea New Hebrides

condominium 30-31, 132, 301-2,305

French interests 28-31, 37-8, 59,77,131-4,135,181-2,263, 302-3, 306

rivalry in 1880s 227-34 settlers 148-9, 305, 306 Societe franc;aise des Nouvelles-

Hebrides 102, 131-4, 137, 302-3

New Zealand 8, 17,40,98, 149 relations with France 210-13,

312-13 trade with French

Oceania 212-13, 312-13 Nickel 4, 116-19, 290-4 Norddeutscher-Lloyd Line 121,

219

Oceanic Steam Ship Co. 121,295, 297,300

Oceanie Fran9aise 255-72 Olry, Governor 160

Paddon, James 110, 150-1 Page, Commander 240-2 Panama Canal 4, 10, 32, 242-5,

255,261-2,287,299,300, 321-2

Papua New Guinea 32,38-40, 61-2

Parti colonial 237, 246 Pau, General 306 Pearl-fishing 4, 115 Pelleray, Eugene 257,259,268-9,

359 n33 Penitentiary in New Caledonia 4,

26, 144-5, 224-5 Pentecost family 115, 118 Perouse, J. F. La 2, 17 Petits mineurs 118 Petit-Thouars, Admiral A. N. du

71-2, 77-81, 91, 101 Petit-Thouars, Admiral B. du

21-2, 37, 51, 69, 74, 187 Phosphate 119-20, 319 Picpus Order 34 Polynesians 2, 169-98, 269 Pomare, King 103 Pomare, Queen 21-2, 187-8 Pritchard, George 21-2

Raiatea 78 Raoulx family 153-4 Rapa island 23, 97 Raroia 193-4 Rays, Marquis de 38, 149 Reunion 147, 162, 261 Richerie, Governor de la 58 Rochefort, Henri de 145, 225 Roosevelt, Theodore 246 Rotuma 86-9 Rougeyron, R. P. 37,42,43,50,

54 Rougier, Emmanuel 155-6, 316 Russia 98, 262 Russier, Henri 10

Index 387

Sainte-Foy, Emile 84-5 Saint-Paul and Amsterdam

islands 223-4 Salmon family 152-3 Samoa 32,36-7, 84-6,94-5 Sandalwood 4, 24, 108-9 Sandwich islands see Hawaiian

islands Sarrault, Albert 11, 271, 284, 325 Segalen, Victor 6-7,69 Service, James 228-9, 231-2 Settlement in French Oceania

Asian 162-7 European 139-61

Society, traditional island 171-6 Shipping 18, 24, 109-10, 120-3,

249, 265, 286, 294-301 Siegfried, Andre 256, 279, 359 n33 Smith-Proctor Affair 83-4 Societe Commerciale de

l'Oceanie 129, 152, 166 Societe Le Nickel 116-19, 138,

168,290-4 Society Islands see Tahiti;

Etablissements fran«ais d'Oceanie

Soldiers 159-60 Solomon islands 40 Stewart, William 112-13 Strategic value of

colonies 98-104, 319-20, 336-7

Suez Canal 72 Syncretism in Island

Culture 193-8 Tahiti 2, 19-24, 74

see also Etablissements fran«ais d'Oceanie

Tariff policy 135-6, 265-6, 309 Tokelau 40 Tonga 32, 51-3, 96-7 Touze, Etienne 119, 359 n33 Trade, French

practices 215-23, 309-11 with Australia 202-10, 306-9 with colonies 136-7,264,

318-19, 320-2, 325, 329, 330 Trentinian, General 146, 189-91 Trepang 4,24, 109 Tuamotu islands 35, 142, 159

see also Etablissements fran«ais d'Oceanie

Union Agricole Caledonienne 247 Union Steam Ship Co. 295-7,301,

313 United States 85-6, 92-3, 216,

226,249,261, 283

Vanilla 4, 113 Vanuata see New Hebrides Verjus, Mgr 38 Vincendon-Dumoulin, M.

238-40,333

Wallis and Futuna 26-8, 36, 58-9, 73, 83-4, 95--6, 149, 181-2, 195, 197,261,269, 270, 287, 317-18

Washington Treaty (1922) 262 Wenz & Co. 204-5, 259 Whaling 108 Wool-buying 202-5, 212, 306

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