Northern ireland 1 1

Northern IrelandNorthern IrelandProtestants Vs. CatholicsProtestants Vs. Catholics

Conflict in Conflict in

Multi-Ethnic SocietiesMulti-Ethnic Societies

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ObjectivesObjectives

• 1. History of Northern Ireland before the 1. History of Northern Ireland before the Conflict.Conflict.

• 2. Causes of Northern Ireland Conflict.2. Causes of Northern Ireland Conflict.

Big TermsBig Terms

• Protestants and CatholicsProtestants and Catholics

• Unionist/Loyalist VS Unionist/Loyalist VS Nationalist/RepublicanNationalist/Republican

BackgroundBackground

• During the 1100s, Ireland was a united During the 1100s, Ireland was a united countrycountry

• Subsequently it was conquered by Subsequently it was conquered by England in the 1200sEngland in the 1200s

• The Irish Catholics who stayed behind The Irish Catholics who stayed behind were given the less fertile landwere given the less fertile land

• English landlords brought in Protestant English landlords brought in Protestant Scottish and English settlers into the Scottish and English settlers into the northern parts of Ireland and pushed out northern parts of Ireland and pushed out the local Catholic farmersthe local Catholic farmers


• Northern Ireland became Northern Ireland became predominantly Protestantpredominantly Protestant

• King James II (Catholic) came to the King James II (Catholic) came to the throne and tried to defeat the throne and tried to defeat the ProtestantsProtestants

• He failed and was defeated by King He failed and was defeated by King William of Orange in the Battle of William of Orange in the Battle of Boyne in 1690Boyne in 1690


• Penal Laws were implemented Penal Laws were implemented against the Catholics by the against the Catholics by the Protestants to ensure that they had Protestants to ensure that they had complete control of Irelandcomplete control of Ireland– No Catholic can buy landNo Catholic can buy land– No Catholic shall be allowed to voteNo Catholic shall be allowed to vote– No Catholic can join the armyNo Catholic can join the army– No Catholic may receive higher No Catholic may receive higher

educationeducation


• In 1800, Ireland became part of the In 1800, Ireland became part of the United Kingdom (England)United Kingdom (England)

• In the late 1800s, local Irish Catholics In the late 1800s, local Irish Catholics sought limited self-government sought limited self-government known as Home Ruleknown as Home Rule

• Hostilities continued and were so Hostilities continued and were so bad that Britain lost control of the bad that Britain lost control of the southern part of Irelandsouthern part of Ireland


• In 1921, Ireland was divided into 2 In 1921, Ireland was divided into 2 separate parts, based on majority separate parts, based on majority religionreligion– Northern Ireland (which was Northern Ireland (which was

predominantly Protestant)predominantly Protestant)– Southern Ireland (Irish Free State)Southern Ireland (Irish Free State)

• Had their own parliament but consulted the Had their own parliament but consulted the English monarchy regarding foreign affairsEnglish monarchy regarding foreign affairs


• The Catholics in the North were The Catholics in the North were treated very unfairly by the treated very unfairly by the governmentgovernment

• In 1949, the Irish Free State cut ties In 1949, the Irish Free State cut ties with Britain and became the Republic with Britain and became the Republic of Irelandof Ireland


• Before 1972Before 1972– Northern Ireland had its own parliament in Northern Ireland had its own parliament in

StormontStormont

• Since 1972Since 1972– Northern Ireland has been ruled directly by Northern Ireland has been ruled directly by

the British parliament in Londonthe British parliament in London– Northern Ireland is in charge of commerce, Northern Ireland is in charge of commerce,

health and educationhealth and education– Ministers are predominantly protestantMinisters are predominantly protestant

Causes of Conflict in Causes of Conflict in Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland

• Catholics and Protestants see Catholics and Protestants see themselves as 2 different groupsthemselves as 2 different groups

• Lack of common identity prevents Lack of common identity prevents understanding and co-operation understanding and co-operation between the 2 groups. between the 2 groups. (This shows (This shows that Lack of Common Identity is the that Lack of Common Identity is the UNDERLYING CAUSE)UNDERLYING CAUSE)

• Religious differences cause tension Religious differences cause tension BUT ARE NOT a cause of conflictBUT ARE NOT a cause of conflict


• Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties• Unequal Allocation of HousingUnequal Allocation of Housing• Unequal Employment Unequal Employment

OpportunitiesOpportunities• Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights• Lack of Opportunities for Lack of Opportunities for

Social InteractionSocial Interaction


• Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties– Most Protestants see themselves Most Protestants see themselves

as British and do not want a as British and do not want a union with the Republic of Ireland union with the Republic of Ireland as they fear a Catholic as they fear a Catholic government would not tolerate government would not tolerate them and their beliefsthem and their beliefs


• Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties– Catholics see themselves as Irish Catholics see themselves as Irish

and want to be reunited with the and want to be reunited with the Republic of IrelandRepublic of Ireland

– Catholics are also resentful of the Catholics are also resentful of the history of English conquest where history of English conquest where Catholics were killed or ill-treatedCatholics were killed or ill-treated


• Divided Divided LoyaltiesLoyalties– Loyalty to Loyalty to

different different countries makes countries makes the Catholics the Catholics and Protestants and Protestants intolerant of intolerant of each othereach other


• Unequal Allocation of HousingUnequal Allocation of Housing– Provision of housing by city councilsProvision of housing by city councils– Public houses are partly subsidizedPublic houses are partly subsidized– Housing councils are predominantly Housing councils are predominantly

ProtestantProtestant– Large Catholic families have to wait Large Catholic families have to wait

for a long time to get housesfor a long time to get houses– Catholics are frustrated by the long Catholics are frustrated by the long

waitwait


• Unequal Employment OpportunitiesUnequal Employment Opportunities– Competition for jobsCompetition for jobs– Difficult for Catholics to get jobs in the Difficult for Catholics to get jobs in the

civil service civil service – Unequal employment opportunities for Unequal employment opportunities for

the Catholics despite having similar the Catholics despite having similar academic qualificationsacademic qualifications

– The Catholics felt resentful and frustrated The Catholics felt resentful and frustrated because they had no chance of having a because they had no chance of having a bright future and supporting their bright future and supporting their familiesfamilies


• Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights– Before 1969, voting rights were a Before 1969, voting rights were a

problem because:problem because:•Only those who owned houses and Only those who owned houses and

businesses were entitled to vote in businesses were entitled to vote in the electionsthe elections

• Each household was given 2 votes Each household was given 2 votes while business owners were given while business owners were given more votes based on the number of more votes based on the number of staff they hadstaff they had


• Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights– Before 1969, voting rights were a Before 1969, voting rights were a

problem because:problem because:•As the Protestants were richer and As the Protestants were richer and

had bigger businesses, the Catholics had bigger businesses, the Catholics lost outlost out

•Voting districts were also drawn up Voting districts were also drawn up to include more Protestantsto include more Protestants


• Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights– Since 1969, the system is fairer:Since 1969, the system is fairer:

• Everyone has a vote:Everyone has a vote:– if he or she is a British citizenif he or she is a British citizen– Was born in Northern IrelandWas born in Northern Ireland– Lived in the UK for 7 yearsLived in the UK for 7 years

•Voting districts were re-drawn to Voting districts were re-drawn to ensure fairnessensure fairness


• Lack of Opportunities for Social Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionInteraction– Fully funded public schools for Fully funded public schools for

Protestants only and partially-Protestants only and partially-funded private schools for funded private schools for Catholics onlyCatholics only

– Integrated schools set up by Integrated schools set up by private individuals only attract private individuals only attract about 5% of the total school-going about 5% of the total school-going population of Northern Irelandpopulation of Northern Ireland


• Lack of Opportunities for Social Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionInteraction– Protestant children are taught British Protestant children are taught British

history and play British sports like history and play British sports like rugby, hockey and cricketrugby, hockey and cricket

– They are loyal to the British and sing They are loyal to the British and sing the British national anthemthe British national anthem

– Nothing about the Catholics or the Nothing about the Catholics or the history of Northern Ireland is taught history of Northern Ireland is taught from a neutral perspectivefrom a neutral perspective


• Lack of Opportunities for Social Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionInteraction– Catholic children are taught Irish history Catholic children are taught Irish history

and play Irish sports like hurling and are and play Irish sports like hurling and are taught the Irish language and culturetaught the Irish language and culture

– They are loyal to the Republic of Ireland They are loyal to the Republic of Ireland and see Britain as a foreign countryand see Britain as a foreign country

– Nothing about the Protestants or the Nothing about the Protestants or the history of Northern Ireland is taught history of Northern Ireland is taught from a neutral perspectivefrom a neutral perspective


• Lack of Opportunities for Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionSocial Interaction– Catholics and Protestants live in Catholics and Protestants live in

separate residential areasseparate residential areas– Opportunities for social Opportunities for social

interaction are reducedinteraction are reduced

HomeworkHomework

• ““The Irish conflict is mainly caused by a lack of The Irish conflict is mainly caused by a lack of social interaction”. How far do you agree with social interaction”. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [12m]this statement? Explain your answer. [12m]

• Remember to deal with the lack of social Remember to deal with the lack of social interaction as one of the factors in the issue of interaction as one of the factors in the issue of The Irish Conflict.The Irish Conflict.

• Weigh your lack of social interaction factor Weigh your lack of social interaction factor against the MAIN CAUSE of the conflictagainst the MAIN CAUSE of the conflict

• Is it more important? Less important? Is it more important? Less important?

Northern ireland 1 1

Education

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