North and South take Different Paths

A Revolution in Technology Industrial Revolution

Machines taking the place of hand tools. Power now provided first by flowing water, and now through steam engines rather than by human or animal

Began in Britain Textile mills were the first factories to

benefit 1760s – Spinning Jenny 1764 – Water Frame

Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 (patented)

Took multiple strands of cotton and spun them onto spindles vast improvement on the spinning wheel which only made 1

spindle Allowed spinners to keep up with weavers It spun a weak yarn, that was suitable for filling in the main part

of fabric

Water Frame Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768 (patented in 1769)

I know your book says 1764 Made single strands of thread – but very high strength Used water power to work – more efficient than human Samuel Crompton combined the Jenny and the Frame into one

machine – many threads of high strength

Historical Note: Both inventions were stolen from Thomas Highs

Created a new system of working Factory System

Brings workers and machines together in one place Instead of cottage industry – workers showed up at

the factory Capital Problems

Factory Systems were the wave of the future Startup costs were very high Required investments from Capitalists

People who invest money in a business to turn a profit

Steam Power When was it invented? Give me some years

Would you believe Heron of Alexandria @ 50AD He invented a Steam Rocket

Steam Power contd. Improvements were made… many

improvements Thomas Newcomen made the first one for use James Watt made one that could be used in

industry

The American Industrial Revolution All of these advances were happening in England Until… 1789

Samuel Slater – apprentice of Richard Arkwright moved to the U.S. He partnered with Moses Brown (a wealthy Merchant) Brown rented a textile mill and Slater constructed a spinning

machine based in Arkwright’s The Lowell Mills

Francis Cabot Lowell – visited England and left with Ideas Founded a mill in Waltham, Massachusetts

Brought spinning and weaving together Lowell Girls

Women employed in the mills After work they could attend classes and read books Education advances for women

The Revolution Takes Hold Mass Production

Rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney)

Identical pieces that can be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

Factory Life Not everyone was like Lowell

Child Labor Textile mills, coal mines, steel foundries

Children as young as 7 No education Unsafe conditions

Factory Conditions Poorly lighted Little fresh air Machines did tasks – not protect workers 12-14 hour workdays (if the machines don’t run

there’s no profit)

Songs due Tuesday May 5th! (after NJASK)

Do Now: page 390 key terms and people

Northern Cities

Growth of Cities Urbanization

Increased city population due to movement of people from rural areas to cities

Immigrants spread westward as eastern cities became crowded Vast numbers came to America

Urban Problems Bad conditions

Dirty streets- poor sewage – lack of clean water = disease Fires were common – wooden structures close together

Growth of Northern Industry The Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse Device that used electrical signals to send messages Series of dots and dashes that represent numbers and letters

.... . .-.. .-.. --- / - .... .. ... / .. ... / -- --- .-. ... . / -.-. --- -.. . / .. - / -.-. --- -. - .- .. -. ... / .- / ... . .-. .. . ... / --- ..-. / -.. ---

- ... / .- -. -.. / -.. .- ... .... . ... / . .- -.-. .... / .-. . .--. .-. . ... . -. - ... / .- / .-.. . - - . .-. /

--- ..-. / - .... . / .- .-.. .--. .... .- -... . – In English?

Hello this is morse code it contains a series of dots and dashes each represents a letter of the alphabet

Advances in Agriculture Cyrus McCormick

Mechanical Reaper Cut stalks of wheat many times faster than humans

could Allowed larger farms to be worked by fewer people This meant more food for everyone

Threshers Separate the grains from the rest of the plant Grains were sent to mills to be ground up and

processed Eventually Reapers which cut stalks and Threshers which

separated grains from chaff were combined into one piece of equipment What was it called?

Advances in Manufacturing Elias Howe invented a machine that could sew

seams in cloth Isaac Singer improved on this design

Sewing machines were born This allowed mass production of clothing

By 1860 there was $1 billion dollars invested in business 90% of that was in the North

What would this mean for the South in the coming Civil War?

Transportation Revolution Steamboats and Clipper Ships

1807 Robert Fulton build the Clermont First practical steam powered ship Had a large paddle wheel for propulsion They were not practical for the oceans, only rivers

Clipper Ships Long, thin, sleek vessels with very tall masts Not much cargo, but very very fast boats Dominated ocean travel for a short time, until England

began making ocean going steam boats

Railroads The greatest advance in transportation of goods

and materials in the 19th century First railroad contained tracks and carts pulled

by horses Later in 1830 Peter Cooper build a steam locomotive Tom Thumb

New Wave of Immigrants The Great Hunger

Potato famine in Ireland in 1845 Caused millions to leave Ireland

A million more died of starvation Irish workers flooded to America

Many had been farm laborers at home

German newcomers Fled to the U.S. after failed rebellions

Came from all walks of life Rich and poor alike

Many settled in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes areas

Reaction against Immigrants Nativists

Wanted to preserve the country for white American born protestants.

They were especially against the Irish immigrants They were roman catholic

One NY band formed a secret order Know nothings

African Americans in the North Faced more discrimination than immigrants

Denial of equal rights or treatment to certain groups of people Many freed African Americans were at a disadvantage

Unable to vote Not allowed to work in factories or skilled labor Other employers hired new immigrants over African Americans

This discrimination led to racial segregation

Homework: Read pages 396-398, explain how cotton began to effect the south. How did slave labor contribute to the “cotton kingdom”?

Do Now: Take out page 395, 1 & 2 from Friday

Homework: page 400 1 & 2

Do Now: Have out homework from last night

The Cotton Kingdom The Cotton Gin

Removed seeds from cotton fibers Before the gin, the seeds had to be

removed by hand This was a very slow and labor

intensive process It limited the availability of cotton The Gin allowed greater

production – lowering prices of clothing and letting cotton growers produce more

Slave Labor In order to grow more cotton, planters used

more slaves In 1790 there were 498,000 slaves By 1860 there were 4 million

Cotton was the greatest source of wealth for the U.S. Enriched planters, ship owners, bankers, and merchants

Society was divided States that raised cotton had large numbers of slaves Other states didn’t

Defending Slavery Many southerners accepted the

system as it was Many northerners urged that

slavery be banned Supporters argued:

More humane than factory conditions in the north

Slaves never had to worry about unemployment

Critics argued: Northern workers were free to quit a

job and take another People held in slavery were open to

physical abuse There was no substitute for freedom

The original caption on this 1863 photograph of a slave read: "Overseer Aarayou Carrier whipped me. I was two months in bed sore from the whipping. My master come after I was whipped; he discharged the overseer The very words of Peter, taken as he sat for his picture."

African Americans in the South Restrictions on free African Americans

Laws denied basic rights to even freed African Americans Excluded from all but the most menial jobs Children could not attend public schools Could not vote Could not serve on juries Could not testify against whites in court Freed African Americans were discouraged from even

traveling Still, free African Americans made valuable

contributions to society Norbert Rillieux

Revolutionized the way sugar was refined Henry Blair

Developed a seed planting device that reduced time a farmer spent sowing a crop

Life Under Slavery Slave Codes

Laws that controlled every aspect of a slave’s life 1828 Kentucky Court Ruling – A slave by our code is not

treated as a person but as a thing. Some slaves were skilled workers on plantations The majority did heavy farm labor Slaves had only one protection from major mistreatment

Owners considered them valuable property This was only true as long as the slave could continue to

work Families were often broken up

Children were sold No more slaves could be imported after 1808 (legally

anyway) This cut contact with others coming from Africa

Still their culture survived

Many slaves composed spirituals Religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the

realities of slavery Resistance to Slavery

Many slaves resisted the slave holders Some worked slowly Some pretended not to understand what they were being

told to do Some deliberately broke equipment Many fled their owners and went to the north

Occasionally there were rebellions Nat Turner

Led the most famous revolt He and his followers killed @60 whites In retaliation, many innocent African Americans were killed

Turner was executed in 1831

Homework: page 405 1-3

Do Now: Have out last night’s homework (page 401)

Moving West Daniel Boone – famous early pioneer

Cleared the wilderness road A growing population

Steady growth of western territories led to new states 8 new states from 1792 – 1818

KY, TN, OH, LA, IN, MS, IL, AL Travel was difficult

Paths west had begun as animal trails Soon wagons were rolling over them

Turnpikes Toll roads

Privately owned roads built by companies that charged people to travel over them

Corduroy Roads Roads made of sawed off logs laid side by side –

used for traveling over marshy areas The National Road

First federally funded road Began in 1811 by Cumberland, MD and reached

Wheeling, WV (1818) and to Vandalia, IL in 1850

Canals Channel that is dug across land and filled

with water DeWitt Clinton

Governor of NY who proposed to dig a canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson River

Work began in 1817 – critics called it Clinton’s Ditch

Canal contained many locks By 1825 the canal had paid for itself NY became a very rich state and city

Extension of Slavery In 1819 there were 11 slave states and 11 free

states Missouri had been seeking admission to the

Union as a slave state since 1817 Allowing Missouri in would upset the ‘balance’

Make the south more powerful than the north

James Tallmadge (NY) made a proposal MO admitted as a slave state – but no more slaves

brought into that state Resolution passed in the house – failed in the senate

Southern Senators felt that it threatened slavery and thus the southern economy

The Missouri Compromise 1820 – Henry Clay

Permitted Main to be admitted to the Union as a free state Missouri admitted as a slave state Louisiana Territory divided at 36° 30’

North of that line would be free South would be slave

Also gave southern slave owners the right to pursue escaped slaves into free regions and return them to slavery

The slavery debate re-ignited an old debate – States Rights The issue of states rights would continue to divide the nation