NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN · 2020. 12. 15. · NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN Thesis submitted in...

THE ASSESSMENT OF RIVER WATER

QUALITY IN KUANTAN

RIVER BASIN

NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN

MASTER OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we have checked this thesis, and, in our opinions, this thesis is

adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Master of Science.

_______________________________

(Supervisor’s Signature)

Full Name : DR. MOHD HASBI AB. RAHIM

Position : ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Date :

_______________________________

(Co-supervisor’s Signature)

Full Name : DR. SAIFUL NIZAM TAJUDDIN

Position : ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Date :

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for

quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has

not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti

Malaysia Pahang or any other institutions.

_______________________________

(Student’s Signature)

Full Name : NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN

ID Number : MKT 15001

Date :

THE ASSESSMENT OF RIVER WATER QUALITY

IN KUANTAN RIVER BASIN

NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Master of Science

Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

AUGUST 2019

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With the name of Allah, Most Gracious and Most Merciful.

First of all, all praises and thanks to Allah, for giving me enough time to complete my

thesis. Secondly, it is dedicated to my teachers and supervisors, Associate Professor Dr.

Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim, Dr. Daisuke Kozaki, Associate Professor Dr. Saiful Nizam

Tajuddin, and Dr. Wan Nur Syidah, the lecturers and the staff of Universiti Malaysia

Pahang, especially Ms. Anida, for teaching, assissting and guiding me in the research

works. Then specially to my lovely husband, Kang Wei, my parents, Harun Bin

Abdullah and Napisah Binti Taib, my children and my siblings for their endless support

and love. Lastly to my research team, Aini Syazana Binti Derahman, Nurul Syazwani

Binti Alias and Kee Seng Pu, for assisting me during the research.

iii

ABSTRAK

Penilaian kualiti air sungai adalah sangat penting kepada masyarakat dan alam sekitar.

Sebarang kemorosotan kualiti air sungai akan mendorong kepada risiko yang besar

kepada ekosistem hidupan serta boleh memberi kesan negatif kepada ekonomi setempat.

Oleh itu, pengawasan berterusan kualiti air serta kaedah rawatan dan pengurusan yang

sesuai adalah perlu. Maka, penyelidikan ini berfokus kepada pengawasan kualiti air

sungai di kawasan lembangan Sungai Kuantan. Ia melibatkan Sungai Galing, Sungai

Belat dan Sungai Kuantan kerana sungai- sungai ini saling berkait antara satu sama lain.

Pefahaman terhadap hubungkait antara ion inorganik dan parameter terpilih sangat

penting dan salah satu langkah penambahbaikan dalam pengurusan air sungai.

Penyelidikan ini menumpukan kepada kefahaman terhadap taburan kepekatan ion

inorganik dan parameter kualiti air yang terpilih dan pengkelasan sungai berdasarkan

Piawaian Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS). Selain itu, pengkajian pengawasan secara

terperinci juga dilakukan kepada sungai yang paling tercemar di antara sungai-sungai

yang di kaji. Sistem ion kromatografi di gunakan dalam penyelidikan ini terutamanya

dalam menganalisa sifat ion inorganik. Ion HCO3- di kaji dengan menggunakan Ion

Kromatografi Pengecualian, manakala SO42-, Cl-, NO3

-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ion

di kaji dengan menggunakan Ion Kromatografi Pengecualian/ Kation Penukaran

Kromatografi. Selain itu, analisis statistik dibuat dengan menggunakan ANOVA.

Berdasarkan penyelidikan ini, pengkelasan berdasarkan NWQS telah dibuat dan

didapati bahawa Sungai Galing adalah yang paling tercemar dalam kalangan sungai

yang dikaji. Daripada kepekatan Cl- and Na+, didapati di kawasan G2 sangat tinggi

disebabkan masalah persekitaran dan pengaruh daripada bahan buangan organik

berbanding dengan kawasan yang lain. Manakala jumlah nitrogen (TN), keperluan

oksigen kimia (COD) dan oksigen terlarut (DO), kepekatannya sangat tinggi

terutamanya pada sebelah barat Sungai Galing. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sisa buangan

yang tidak dirawat dengan sempurna daripada kawasan industri, perumahan dan

pertanian yang berdekatan seterusnya menghasilkan pengkelasan yang tinggi bagi

sebelah barat Sungai Galing berbanding kepada kawasan sebelah timur sungai Galing.

Nilai pH di kawasan pangkal sungai di sebelah barat Sungai Galing (G1a-1 and G1a-2)

di kawasan industri dikelaskan dalam kelas V atau dekat dengan kelas V. Secara

umumnya, penyelidikan ini menunjukkan status terkini bagi kualiti air sungai di

kawasan Kuantan. Selain itu, penggunaan Ion Pengecualian Kromatografi di dapati

mampu menjadi rujukan untuk penyelidik alam sekitar yang lain dan juga institusi

berkaitan dalam proses pengawasan kualiti air sungai.

iv

ABSTRACT

Assessing water quality is of crucial importance to both society and the environment.

Deterioration in water quality induces substantial risk to the living ecosystem and can

have detrimental effects on the local economy. Therefore continuous water monitoring

with appropriate treatment and management approach is necessary. Thus, the current

study focuses on the assessment of river water quality in Kuantan River basin. It

involved Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers that link to each other. Understanding the

relationship of inorganic ions and selected parameters are important and one of the

improvements for river water management. Thus, the research focuses on understanding

the distribution of inorganic ions concentrations and its relationship with selected water

quality parameters subsequently classification of the monitored rivers was made based

on the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS). The detail monitoring was done to

the most polluted river among the study area. The ion chromatographic systems were

used for analyzing the behavior of inorganic ions. The HCO3- ion concentration was

determined using Ion Exclusion Chromatography. Meanwhile, SO42-, Cl-, NO3

-, Na+,

NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ions were identified by Ion-Exclusion Chromatography/Cation-

Exchange Chromatography. The statistical analysis was made by using ANOVA. The

classification was made based on the NWQS indicates that the Galing River is the most

polluted river in the study area. Thus, detail monitoring on Galing River is done and

from the obtained results, the concentration of Cl- and Na+, is high due to the

environmental burden and anthropogenic influence that was detected in G2 compared to

the rest of the Galing River area. In terms of total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen

demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO), the western side of the Galing River was

affected by higher human activity such as wastewater from industrial, household, and

agricultural, which classify within higher class compared to the eastern side. Class V or

near Class V for pH values were obtained at upstream on the western side of the Galing

River (G1a-1 and G1a-2) in the industrial area. In general, the study provides the

current status of river water quality on Kuantan river basin. On top of that, the

application of ion exclusion chromatography can be used as the reference for other

environmental researcher and related institutional bodies in water monitoring process.

v

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION

TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRAK ii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENT v

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of study 1

1.2 Problem statement 3

1.3 Research objectives 4

1.4 Scope of study 4

1.5 Significance of study 5

1.6 Thesis summary 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Introduction 7

vi

2.2 Overview of selected water quality parameters practiced in Malaysia 7

2.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 8

2.2.2 pH 9

2.2.3 Total Nitrogen (TN) 10

2.2.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 12

2.2.5 Total Phosphorus (TP) 13

2.3 The relationship between inorganic ions with river water quality 13

2.4 The relationship between different seasons and water quality 15

2.5 General water quality status of selected rivers in Malaysia 16

2.6 Geographical structure of study area 17

2.7 Ion Exclusion Chromatography (IEC) 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 21

3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 Water sampling area and filtration method 21

3.3 Reagents 25

3.4 IEC/CEC systems for inorganic ions 25

3.5 Water quality parameters for water quality standard 30

3.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 30

3.5.2 pH 30

3.5.3 Total Nitrogen (TN) 30

3.5.4 The statistical analysis 32

3.6 The classification of the monitored rivers based on National Water

Quality Standards (NWQS) 32

3.7 Detailed monitoring of the most polluted river in the study area 33

3.7.1 The sampling map for detailed monitoring of the most polluted

river in the study area 33

vii

3.7.2 The water quality parameters in detailed monitoring of Galing

River 36

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 36

Total Phosphorus (TP) 37

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39

4.1 Introduction 39

4.2 The distribution of inorganic ions concentration in Galing, Belat and

Kuantan rivers 39

4.3 The distribution of water quality parameters in Galing, Belat and

Kuantan rivers 51

4.4 The relationship between NO3-, NH4

+ and DO 56

4.5 The classification of monitored rivers using National Water Quality

Standards (NWQS) in Malaysia 61

4.6 The statistical analysis 62

4.7 The detailed monitoring of the most contaminated river 65

4.7.1 Details monitoring of inorganic ions concentration in Galing River 66

4.7.2 The distribution of water quality parameters in detail monitoring of

Galing River 70

4.7.3 The detailed monitoring of relationship between NH4+, NO3- and

DO in Galing River 71

4.7.4 The water quality classification using National Water Quality

Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia 72

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 75

5.1 Conclusion 75

5.2 Recommendation 76

viii

REFERENCES 77

APPENDIX A 84

APPENDIX B 89

ACHIEVEMENT 92

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) Classes and Uses 8

Table 2.2 Dissolved Oxygen value classification based on Water Quality

Index and National Water Quality Standards 9

Table 2.3 The pH value classification based on Water Quality Index and

National Water Quality Standards 10

Table 2.4 The ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrite ions (NO2) and nitrate

ions (NO3) value classification based on National Water Quality

Standard and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) value classification

based Water Quality Index. 11

Table 2.5 Chemical Oxygen Demands value classification based on Water

Quality Index and National Water Quality Standards 12

Table 3.1 The sampling time 21

Table 3.2 The sampling point and coordinate 24

Table 3.3 The list of system involved in ion chromatography 25

Table 3.4 List of the samples point that need to be diluted 27

Table 3.5 The list of Test 'N Tube Low Range Total Nitrogen Reagent Set 31

Table 3.6 The classification of the monitored river based on the National

Water Quality Standards 32

Table 3.7 The details monitoring for Galing River and its coordinate 33

Table 3.8 The geographical structure of the detailed sampling point of

Galing River 36

Table 3.9 The list of Chemical Oxygen Demand Reagent Set 38

Table 3.10 The list of Total Phosphorus TNT Reagent Set 39

Table 4.1 The average concentration of inorganic ions in Galing, Belat and

Kuantan rivers 50

Table 4.2 The classification of Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers based on

National Water Quality Standards 61

Table 4.3 The National Water Quality Standards in Malaysia 61

Table 4.4 The ANOVA Two- Factor with replication for water quality

parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen in

Galing River 62

Table 4.5 The ANOVA Two-Factor with replication for water quality


Belat River 67

Table 4.6 The ANOVA Two-Factor with replication for water quality


Kuantan River 68

x

Table 4.7 The average concentration of inorganic ions in detail monitoring

of Galing River 70

Table 4.8 The average value of selected water quality parameters 73

Table 4.9 The classification of the details monitoring of Galing River based

on the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) in Malaysia 76

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 The sampling map of Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers 23

Figure 3.2 The IEC schematic diagram for bicarbonate ion 28

Figure 3.3 The IEC/CEC schematic diagram for inorganic ions 29

Figure 3.4 The detailed sampling map for Galing River 35

Figure 4.1 The sulphate ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan

rivers 41

Figure 4.2 The chloride ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan

rivers 42

Figure 4.3 The nitrate ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan

rivers 43

Figure 4.4 The sodium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers 44

Figure 4.5 The ammonium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan

rivers 45

Figure 4.6 The potassium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers 46

Figure 4.7 The magnesium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan

rivers 47

Figure 4.8 The calcium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan

rivers 48

Figure 4.9 The bicarbonate ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan

rivers 49

Figure 4.10 The dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen values in Galing

River 52

Figure 4.11 The dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen values in Belat

River 54

Figure 4.12 The dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen values in Kuantan

River 55

Figure 4.13 The relationship between NO3-, NH4+ and dissolved oxygen in

Belat River 57

Figure 4.14 The relationship between NO3-, NH4+ and dissolved oxygen in

Kuantan River 58

Figure 4.15 The relationship of NH4+-NO3- -DO concentration of Galing River 60

Figure 4.16 The average inorganic ions concentration in Galing River:

a) SO42-, b) Cl2-,c) NO3-, d) Na+, e) NH4-, f) K+, g) Mg2+, h)

Ca2+ 67

Figure 4.17 The relationship of NH4+, NO3- and dissolved oxygen in detail

monitoring of Galing River 72

xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Ca+ Calcium ion

Cl- Chloride ion

HCO3- Bicarbonate ion

H+ Hydrogen ion

K+ Potassium ion

Mg/L Miligram per liter

Mg2+ Magnesium ion

Min Minute

Na+ Sodium ion

NH4+ Ammonium ion

NO3- Nitrate ion

SO4+ Sulphate ion

mM mili Molar

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AEC Anion Exchange Chromatography

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO Dissolved Oxygen

EC Electrical Conductivity

G1 Galing 1

G2 Galing 2

IC Ion Chromatography

IEC Ion Exclusion Chromatography

IEC/CEC Ion Exclusion Chromatography/ Cation Exchange Chromatography

pH Alkalinity and acidity

TP Total Phosphate

TN Total Nitrogen

UV-Vis Ultra Violet-Visible

NWQS National Water Quality Standards Malaysia

SCX Column Strongly Cationic Exchange Column

WCX Column Weakly Cationic Exchange Column

77

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