RADIOLOGY

HARUN YILDIZ

Context

I. RadiologyII. Methods of Radiological Images III.Effects of Radiation on the Human Body

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1. Radiology

Radiology is a medical specialty. It uses imaging to diagnose and heal disease. To diagnose or treat diseases, radiographers use a variety of imaging techniques

such as X-ray radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR). 

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1. Radiology

Medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer. Then, radiologist interprets or "reads" the images and produces a report of their findings and diagnosis.

This report is then transmitted to the physician who ordered the imaging. Specialist physicians often look at images themselves although are less expert than radiologists.

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2. Methods of Radiological Images

1.Projection radiography2.Computed tomography3.Magnetic resonance4.Ultrasound 5.Fluoroscopy

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Projection Radiography• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895

and received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery in 1901. Radiographs (or roentgenographs) are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient. In film-screen radiography, an X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays. The X-rays strike a plate of sensors that converts the signals generated into digital information, which is transmitted and converted into an image displayed on a computer screen.

• Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs, radiography is often the first-line test of choice in radiologic diagnosis. It is used various types of bone diseases, bone tumors (especially benign bone tumors), fractures, congenital skeletal anomalies, etc.

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Computed Tomography• Tomography was the first invented by the

French physician Boccage in 1915. The first commercially useful CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in 1972.  Hounsfield and Allan McLeod Cormack shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1979.

• It is a medical imaging device. It is capable of images of cross-section between 1 mm and 10 mm. It provides three-dimensional (3D) images. Radiation (X-ray) in Tomography is available. According to projection radiology, radiological patient is exposed to relatively more X-rays. 7/16

Magnetic ResonanceMR uses strong magnetic fields to make them parallel hydrogen protons within body tissues. It uses a radio signal. An advantage of MR is its ability to produce multi-directional images. It provides three-dimensional (3D) images. MR gives the best soft tissue. MR has great benefit in imaging the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. No radiation is involved. There are no side effects.

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Ultrasound Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No radiation is involved. It is used to view internal organs in the abdomen. There are no side effects. The first ultrasound images were static and two-dimensional (2D), but with modern ultrasonography, it can be observed as 3D and 4D.

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FluoroscopyFluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging. This allows real-time imaging of structures with a radiocontrast agent. Radiocontrast agents (such as barium sulfate) are usually administered by swallowing. It was used for evaluation of the gastrointestinal system.

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3. Effects of Radiation on the Human Body

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(1) Hair: Losing of hair.

(2) Brain: Since brain cells do not reproduce, radiation kills nerve cells and small blood vessels.

(3) Thyroid: The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive iodine. It can destroy all or part of the thyroid. (4) Blood System: It reduces blood's white cell and then the victim more susceptible to infection.

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(5) Heart: damaging to small blood vessels and probably causing heart failure.

(6) Gastrointestinal System: Radiation damages to the intestinal system lining such as bloody vomiting and diarrhea. (7) Reproductive System: It causes sterile (no children)

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Thanks for listening..

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• Heal: to treat, to cure • Intervene: to become involved in a situation in

order to try to stop a disease• Benign: not likely to kill you• Fracture: to break something in the body• Congenital: people have from when they are

born• Diarrhea: your solid waste is more liquid than

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• Air travel round trip (London-New York): 40 microSv

• Chest X-ray: 100 microSv

Sv (sievert): a measure of the health effect of low levels of radiation on the human body

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