Non centrifugal sugar - World production and trade CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR: WORLD PRODUCTION AND TRADE...

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NON CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR: WORLD PRODUCTION AND TRADE

December 2012

Prepared by Walter Jaffé


Table of content

Introduction.............................................................................................................. 4 Production and consumption................................................................................... 6

Production............................................................................................................ 6 Consumption........................................................................................................ 8

International trade of non-centrifugal sugar ............................................................. 9 World exports....................................................................................................... 9 Most important exporters ................................................................................... 12

India ............................................................................................................... 12 China.............................................................................................................. 14 Thailand ......................................................................................................... 15 Colombia ........................................................................................................ 16 Pakistan ......................................................................................................... 17 Mexico............................................................................................................ 18 Ecuador.......................................................................................................... 19 Peru................................................................................................................ 19 Bolivia............................................................................................................. 20 Tanzania ........................................................................................................ 21 Probable exporters......................................................................................... 21

World imports..................................................................................................... 21 Custom classification and quality standards.......................................................... 25

Customs code for NCS ...................................................................................... 25 Tariffs................................................................................................................. 26 Quality standards............................................................................................... 27

References ............................................................................................................ 28 ANNEX I ................................................................................................................ 30 ANNEX II ............................................................................................................... 35 ANNEX III .............................................................................................................. 41 ANNEX IV.............................................................................................................. 46


List of tables

Page

Table 1 Names for non-centrifugal sugar (NCS) 4

Table 2 World production of NCS (1000 tons) 7

Table 3 Relative weight of NCS producing countries (% of total production) 8

Table 4 NCS consumption in the world (Kg/Capita/Year) – 2006 - 2009 8

Table 5 NCS exports by sugarcane producing countries 2007 - 2011 (Quantity - tons) 10

Table 6 NCS exports as share of world production (2007 - 2009) 10 Table 7 NCS exports by sugarcane producing countries 2007 - 2011 (Value - thousand

US$)

11

Table 8 Sugarcane producing countries – Export unit value US$/Kg 12

Table 9 List of importing markets for NCS exported by India 12

Table 10 List of importing markets for NCS exported by China 14

Table 11 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Thailand 15

Table 12 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Colombia 16

Table 13 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Pakistan 17

Table 14 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Mexico 18

Table 15 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Ecuador 19

Table 16 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Peru 20

Table 17 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Bolivia 21

Table 18 List of importing markets for NCS exported by Tanzania 20 Table 19 Raw sugar (Excluding for refining) imports of Europe, less imports from non-

sugarcane-producing countries (Value thousand $)

22

Table 20 Importing markets for NCS exported 2007-2011 (Average value - thousands US $) 23

Table 21 WCO Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System 0417-2012E

25

Table 22 Total ad valorem equivalent tariffs applied to imports from NCS exporters by some developed market countries

26

Table 23 Hygiene or quality standard for NCS 27

List of figures Page

Figure 1 % of NCS in average total world sweetener consumption 5

Figure 2 Average yearly world production of NCS 1961 - 2009 6

Note: Format for values uses points to separate thousands and comma to separate decimals


Introduction

Non-centrifugal sugar (NCS), the technical denomination used by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (FAO, 1994), is a solid product obtained by evaporating sugarcane juice, that is, it is essentially evaporated cane juice. It has been traditionally consumed as a sweetener in most sugarcane growing regions of the world, where it is known by different names (see Table 1), the most common ones being jaggery (South Asia), panela (Latin America), muscovado (Philippines) and kokuto (Japan).

Table 1 Names for non-centrifugal sugar (NCS)

Region Country Name

India, Pakistan Jaggery, Gur Thailand Namtan Tanode Japan Kokuto, Black Sugar (Kuro Sato) Philippines Moscavado, Panocha, Panutsa Sri Lanka Hakuru, Vellam Malaysia Gula Melaka

Asia

Indonesia Gula Java, Gula Merah Mexico Piloncillo Guatemala Panela, Rapadura Costa Rica, Nicaragua Tapa dulce, Dulce Panama Panela, Raspadura Colombia, Ecuador Panela Venezuela Papelón, Panela Peru, Bolivia Chancaca Brazil Rapadura

Latin America

Argentina Azúcar integral, azúcar panela Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa

Jaggery Africa

Swahili speaking countries

Sukari Njumru

UK Unrefined muscovado France Cassonade Germany Vollrohrzucker

Europe, North America

USA Raw sugar, Evaporated cane juice Another way of naming NCS is unrefined (raw, crude, complete) cane sugar, as centrifugation is used to separate sucrose crystals from the many other components of sugar cane juice. Molasses are related to NCS, as they are the non-sugar fraction of cane juice, obtained in the refining steps of white (pure sucrose) sugar production. The precursor products of NCS are sugarcane juice, its prime material, and syrups, intermediate products in its dehydration process.


NCS probably was the dominant form of cane sugar consumption before the large-scale production of refined sugar for export markets after 1700 (Galloway, 2000). The displacement of NCS by refined sugar and other sweeteners (principally corn syrups) is still going on, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

% of NCS in average total world sweetener

consumption

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

1961

-196

5

1966

-197

0

1971

-197

5

1976

-198

0

1981

-198

5

1986

-199

0

1991

-199

5

1996

-200

0

2001

-200

5

2006

-200

9

Kg

/cap

ita/y

ear

Based on FAOSTAT data, own calculations

In 1961 NCS represented 16% of total per capita sweetener consumption worldwide. For 2009 this share fell to 3%. Concluding, today it is a marginal food, basically consumed in the producing countries. But NCS is believed to have many nutritional and health advantages. For example, ancient scriptures of the Ayurvedic medicine of India states that jaggery purifies blood, prevents rheumatic affections and combats disorders of bile, among other medicinal uses (Karthikeyan and Samipillai 2010). It is still known as the “medicinal sugar” in India (Rao et al. 2007), and widely used in folk medicine in South Asia and Latin America (Ceuterick et al. 2008; Rao et al. 2007). Another example is the role of kokuto consumption within the traditional Okinawan diet in Japan, which is credited for the extraordinary longevity and health of its population (Sho, 2001). The basis of these beliefs is the fact that NCS being essentially non-refined cane sugar, it retains the many additional constituents of cane juice, principally minerals, but also vitamins and other trace substances, such as phenolic antioxidants, waxes and others, many still unknown. Scientific research has been slowly confirming significant positive health effects of NCS and its precursor products (Jaffé, 2012). The displacement of NCS by refined sugar is part of broader changes in global food consumption patterns characterized by growing consumption of fats, refined sugar and flours, leading to a large increase of the caloric intake, a “nutrition transition” linked to the development of obesity and related diseases of diabetes, strokes and others (Popkins 2006). Increasing recognition of the negative impacts of current dominant diets and sedentary behavioral patterns is a crucial precondition for their reversal and of the enabling of successful aging. “Natural” and “organic” products are increasingly popular, attaining significant market shares in many countries. Conversely, refined and “industrial” products are negatively perceived, among them specially refined sugar and non-caloric sweeteners. This opens an opportunity for the revival of NCS.


Production and consumption

The only existing global data on non-centrifugal sugar production and consumption are the statistics produced by the FAO since 1961. NCS is still mainly produced by on-farm, small-scale operations or cottage industries in NCS producing countries. This significantly difficults the collection of production data and consequentially the reliability of the final results. Nevertheless, the general magnitudes and tendencies are clear.

Production

To smooth out probably spurious variations in the yearly production data of NCS, averages for five year periods have been calculated (except the last period which is a four year period), which are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Average yearly world production of NCS, 1961 -

2009

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

1961 - 1965

1966 - 1970

1971 - 1975

1976 - 1980

1981 - 1985

1986 - 1990

1991 - 1995

1996 - 2000

2001 - 2005

2006 - 2009

10

00

to

n

Based on FAOSTAT data, own calculations

After a sustained increase from 1961-1965 to 1981-1985, the general tendency of NCS world production has been decreasing. It has fallen by 32% from its peak of 1981-1985 to 2006-2009. This is principally attributable to the large reductions of the production in India, and to a smaller degree in Myanmar and Bangladesh, as shown in Table 2 which presents the detailed production of all countries for the period 2005 to 2009, the last data available.


Table 2

World production of NCS (1000 tons)

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

% Change 2005 to

2009

World 11.689 12.251 9.124 8.320 7.662 -52,6

India 7.745 8.183 5.465 4.735 3.700 -109,3

Colombia 1.409 1.439 1.407 1.423 1.300 -8,4

Pakistan 417 642 523 132 748 44,3

China 400 360 240 460 440 9,1

Brazil 280 350 350 420 420 33,3

Bangladesh 462 333 365 301 316 -46,2

Myanmar 593 541 397 442 316 -87,7

Philippines 104 104 107 115 107 2,8

Venezuela 16 22 24 39 51 68,6

Guatemala 45 45 35 38 40 -12,5

Honduras 45 45 35 38 40 -12,5

Mexico 37 37 37 37 37 0,0

Kenya 23 30 30 30 32 28,1

Japan 16 18 20 20 27 40,7

Peru 15 15 15 15 15 0,0

Uganda 15 15 15 15 15 0,0

Nigeria 20 26 14 14 14 -42,9

Costa Rica 12 12 12 12 12 0,0

Haiti 12 12 12 13 11 -9,1

Nicaragua 7 7 7 7 8 12,5

Panama 5 5 5 4 4 -25,0

United R. Tanzania 4 4 4 4 4 0,0

Nepal 4 3 3 4 3 -33,3

Sri Lanka 3 3 2 2 2 -50,0 Source of data: FAOSTAT, own calculations

NCS production is relatively concentrated, as only 8 countries have significant NCS production, that is, more than 1% of world production, as shown in Table 3.


Table 3

Relative weight of NCS producing countries (% of total production)

Country 2005 2009

India 66,2 48,2

Colombia 12,0 16,9

Pakistan 3,5 9,7

China 3,4 5,7

Brazil 2,3 5,4

Bangladesh 3,9 4,1

Myanmar 5,0 4,1

Philippines 0,8 1,3 Source of data: FAOSTAT, own calculations

Consumption

The data of the food balance sheets prepared by the FAO (Table 4) give an approximation of the global consumption of NCS.

Table 4

NCS consumption in the world (Kg/Capita/Year) – 2006 - 2009

Year

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

World average 2,1 2,1 1,9 1,9 1,9 -12,4

Colombia 11,5 11,5 11,1 11,1 10,0 -15,0

Myanmar 12,8 11,6 8,5 9,4 6,6 -93,9

Pakistan 2,6 3,9 3,2 0,8 4,4 40,9

Panama 1,6 2,2 2,5 3,0 3,6 55,6

Costa Rica 2,7 2,6 2,6 2,5 2,5 -8,0

Brazil 1,5 1,9 1,8 2,2 2,2 31,8

Bangladesh 3,3 2,3 2,4 2,1 2,1 -57,1

Venezuela 0,5 0,8 0,9 1,4 1,8 72,2

India 2,9 2,4 2,3 2,5 1,5 -93,3

Haiti 1,3 1,3 1,2 1,4 1,2 -8,3

Philippines 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,2 0,0

Guatemala 1,5 1,5 0,7 0,9 1,0 -50,0

Nicaragua 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,7 0,0

Peru 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,0

China 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,0


Kenya 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 66,7

Mexico 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,0

Uganda 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,0

Japan 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 50,0

Nepal 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0

Nigeria 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0

Sri Lanka 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 -100,0

Source of data: FAOSTAT, own calculations

The consumption of NCS is decreasing worldwide, to reach a little less than 2 Kg/capita/year. Only Colombia and Myanmar present still significant, but falling, NCS consumption. Some countries increased NCS consumption, albeit from a low basis. The most important forces affecting NCS consumption are increasing urbanization and agro-industrialization which favours more convenient, easier to use food of higher perceived quality. The substitution of raw foods by more processed and refined ones combines with the increased consumption of sugars and fats.

International trade of non-centrifugal sugar

World export data on NCS are produced by the World Trade Center, based on international and national sources. No common definition of NCS is used by the different countries, which introduces errors and uncertainty. Yearly exported quantities, export value and unit values for 2007 – 2011, from all countries with customs classifications explicitly mentioning synonyms for NCS, such as jaggery, panela, chanchaca, raw brown sugar, etc., are presented in the following sections.

World exports

Since there can be no sugarcane NCS production in countries that do not produce sugarcane only exports of NCS from sugarcane producing countries have been taken into account. That is, exports from non sugarcane producing countries, which have to be reexports, have been excluded so to avoid double counting. The world exports of NCS have been in the order of 137.000 tons per year in the five years period of 2007 – 2011, as presented in Table 5. India is the most important exporter with a share of total exports of 86%, followed by Thailand, Colombia and Mexico with shares between 4 and 1%. Other consistent exporter, that is, with exports for each of the five years, are Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Kenya and Sri Lanka have exported four years of this period. World exports have fallen almost 90% in the analyzed period. This reflects principally the steep reduction of the exports of India, Pakistan and Ecuador. To the contrary, exports of Thailand, Colombia, Mexico, Bolivia and Peru have increased.


Table 5

NCS exports by sugarcane producing countries 2007 - 2011 (Quantity - tons)

Country Year

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Five-year average

% of World

exports average

% increase 2007 - 2011

World 389.534 190.720 42.400 51.710 49.051 144.683 100 -87

India 363.522 173.168 16.775 34.301 30.995 123.752 86 -91

China 9.492 6.165 4.183 4.199 4.822 5.772 4 -49

Thailand 5.570 4.799 5.217 6.106 5.876 5.514 4 5

Colombia 2.367 2.126 2.039 1.965 2.648 2.229 2 12

Mexico 513 403 7.769 659 786 2.026 1,4 53

Pakistan 4.470 0 0 0 0 894 0,6 -100

Bolivia 607 822 1.095 1.092 852 894 0,6 40

Ecuador 993 763 931 731 511 786 0,5 -49

Peru 622 620 655 778 750 685 0,5 21

Kenya 0 21 1.821 1.269 14 625 0,4

Vietnam* 378 903 1.184 0 0 493 0 -100

Philippines* 580 373 298 214 210 335 0 -64

U.R. Tanzania 78 516 297 0,2

China Taipei 78 65 134 190 790 251 0 913

Indonesia* 150 159 140 119 120 138 0 -20

Costa Rica* 79 155 90 20 43 78 0,05 -46

Brazil* 38 71 57 57 114 67 0 200

Sri Lanka 40 21 12 9 21 0,01 -100

Rwanda 25 0 0 0 0 5 0,003 -100

Venezuela 10 8 0 0 3 4 0,003 -71 Based on ITC-Trade Map data, own calculations. Data reported by exporting countries, except *

* Data reported by some importing countries

NCS exports are a small and falling fraction of NCS world production as shown in Table 6, going from 4,27% in 2007 to 0,55% in 2009, the last year production data are available.

Table 6

NCS exports as share of world production (2007-2009)

2007 2008 2009

Exports tons* 389.534 190.720 42.400

Production tons** 9.124.000 8.320.000 7.662.000

Share % 4,27 2,29 0,55

* ITC Trade Map data, own calculations ** FAOSTAT data, own calculations


The value of NCS exports for the period 2007 to 2011 has been on average US$ 56.3 million per year (Table 7). Similarly to production, it been also falling for the period 2007 to 2011, but less so. The decrease in value has been 17% smaller than the one in production, which means an increase in the value of NCS exports.

Table 7

NCS exports by sugarcane producing countries 2007 - 2011 (Value – thousand US$)

Country Year

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average % of

World exports

% increase 2007 - 2011

World 115.785 73.709 23.637 33.836 34.818 56.357 100 -70

India 100.281 53.349 8.520 19.247 15.397 39.359 70 -85

China 5.259 3.624 2.279 3.107 4.960 3.846 7 -6

Thailand 2.586 2.523 3.094 4.427 5.017 3.529 6 94

Colombia 2.861 2.980 2.529 2.431 3.761 2.912 5 31

Pakistan 977 6.027 109 318 225 1.531 3 -77

Mexico 249 148 2.968 689 1.023 1.015 1,80 311

Ecuador 1.038 861 1.038 865 725 905 1,61 -30

Peru 633 702 820 971 1.003 826 1,47 58

Bolivia 439 639 826 839 846 718 1,27 93

Philippines* 715 515 319 288 378 443 0,79 -47

U.R. Tanzania 0 1.358 0 404 441 0,78

China Taipei 123 134 257 392 649 311 0,55 428

Vietnam* 210 433 549 0 0 238 0,42

Brazil* 42 109 106 108 234 120 0,21 457

Indonesia* 107 123 112 104 117 113 0,20

Sri Lanka 161 66 29 24 70 0,12 -100

Costa Rica* 78 89 80 24 62 67 0,12

Kenya 0 14 2 2 16 7 0,01

Venezuela 10 15 0 0 1 5 0,01 -90

Rwanda 16 0 0 0 0 3 0,01 -100 Based on ITC-Trade Map data, own calculations. Data reported by exporting countries, except *

* Data reported by some importing countries

This is shown in more detail in Table 8. All consistent exporters have experienced important increases in the unit value of their NCS sugar exports.


Table 8

Sugarcane producing countries – Export unit value

US$/Kg

Country Year

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

India 0,28 0,31 0,51 0,56

Thailand 0,46 0,53 0,59 0,73 0,85

Colombia 1,21 1,40 1,24 1,24 1,42

Mexico 0,49 0,37 0,38 1,05 1,30

Peru 1,02 1,13 1,25 1,25 1,34

Bolivia 0,72 0,78 0,75 0,77 0,99

Ecuador 1,05 1,13 1,12 1,18 1,42

United Republic Tanzania 17,00 0,78

Kenya 0,66 1,10 1,58

Costa Rica 0,50 0,35 Source: ITC Trade Map data

Most important exporters

Exporters with a share of world exports of 1% or more are analyzed in more details below.

India

India is the worlds most important NCS exporter, exporting 70% of the world total average value for 2007 – 2011, that is US$ 39.359.000 (Table 9). These export went to 63 countries, 6 of them importing more than US$ 1 million on average per year, and 15 more than US$ 100.000 but less than UD$ 1 million. 20 countries importing more than 100.000 US$ yearly do it consistently, that is, all the years in the studied period. NCS importing countries from India are practically all over the world, but the more important ones are the geographically nearest.

Table 9

List of importing markets for NCS exported by India

Product : 17011110 Raw cane sugar (excl. added flavouring or colouring): Cane jaggery

Unit : US Dollar thousand

Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011

Average value

World 100.281 53.349 8.520 19.247 15.397 39.359


UAE 51.376 9.370 830 971 946 12.699

Malaysia 20.443 13.550 3.994 4.540 4.748 9.455

Bangladesh 10.483 16.016 0 0 0 5.300

Brazil 0 0 0 9.879 0 1.976

Iran (Islamic R.) 8.128 0 0 0 0 1.626

Sri Lanka 1.219 5.170 43 58 192 1.336

Saudi Arabia 435 4.584 323 329 516 1.237

USA 393 808 932 909 1.585 925

Djibouti 0 0 0 0 3.521 704

UK 341 484 896 830 572 625

Nepal 460 408 37 87 1.221 443

U.R. Tanzania 1.761 209 4 28 8 402

Canada 265 247 487 429 547 395

Egypt 643 549 0 0 0 238

Somalia 1.160 0 0 0 0 232

Indonesia 349 704 0 0 0 211

Yemen 279 345 68 161 121 195

Oman 91 217 185 232 231 191

Kuwait 141 136 139 175 246 167

Australia 50 136 160 181 272 160

Singapore 257 107 71 98 162 139

Pakistan 574 0 0 0 0 115

China 485 0 0 0 0 97

Bahrain 83 84 60 59 76 72

Qatar 28 78 97 92 67 72

Ethiopia 303 0 0 0 0 61

Kenya 203 8 20 17 19 53

Bhutan 7 0 38 39 121 41

Israel 127 0 2 0 1 26

New Zealand 40 12 26 20 27 25

South Africa 14 8 22 29 47 24

Germany 32 10 12 9 10 15

Uganda 0 0 1 1 62 13

France 32 11 8 4 2 11

Area Nes 0 0 25 32 0 11

Syrian Arab Republic 0 49 0 0 0 10

Italy 13 0 0 7 8 6

Samoa 28 0 0 0 0 6

Switzerland 3 6 4 3 9 5

Belgium 4 5 1 8 5 5

Japan 6 9 2 3 2 4

Greece 0 4 0 5 11 4

Netherlands 1 7 5 1 6 4

Seychelles 3 2 4 0 10 4

Ireland 1 2 9 2 3 3

Fiji 1 3 2 2 3 2

Nigeria 7 0 0 0 1 2

The former Yugoslav Republic of 8 0 0 0 0 2


Macedonia

Hong Kong, China 0 4 3 1 0 2

Maldives 0 0 1 2 4 1

Mauritius 0 1 1 1 3 1

Malawi 0 0 2 1 3 1

Portugal 0 1 1 1 1 1

Philippines 1 0 1 0 1 1

Lebanon 0 0 0 1 1 0

Norway 0 1 0 0 1 0

Gambia 0 0 0 0 1 0

Congo 0 0 0 0 1 0

Mozambique 0 0 0 0 1 0

Zambia 0 0 0 0 1 0

Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 1 0 0

Botswana 1 0 0 0 0 0

Brunei Darussalam 0 0 1 0 0 0

Chinese Taipei 0 1 0 0 0 0

Source: ITC Trade Map, own calculations

The UAE and Malaysia have been the most important markets for Indian NCS, although their imports have a decreasing tendency. Consistently growing importers are USA, UK, Nepal, Canada, Oman, Kuwait, Australia and Singapore. The relatively modest quantities involved point to the demand of the widely dispersed Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi diaspora.

China

The second most important world exporter of NCS is China, but its market share, 7%, is only 10% of that of India. China has exported to 32 countries, but only 9 of them import more than 1% of the total Chinese exports (Table 10). In fact, these are highly concentrated on Japan, which imported 82% of all Chinese exports. The tendency of these exports is stagnant.

Table 10

List of importing markets for NCS exported by China

Product : 17011100 Raw cane sugar, in solid form


Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 5.259 3.624 2.279 3.107 4.960 3.846

Japan 4.209 2.661 2.034 2.640 4.221 3.153

Hong Kong, China 608 169 143 10 1 186

USA 14 170 20 221 361 157

Canada 94 95 10 96 141 87

Malaysia 83 136 7 5 11 48


Macao, China 62 139 29 0 0 46

Brazil 0 0 0 64 123 37

Republic of Korea 12 71 1 22 27 27

United Kingdom 45 53 0 0 0 20

Australia 10 17 1 10 44 16

Singapore 49 20 0 0 0 14

Argentina 0 6 11 21 19 11

Mauritius 0 51 0 0 0 10

France 18 13 0 0 0 6

New Zealand 19 10 1 0 0 6

United Arab Emirates 22 0 0 0 1 5

Bangladesh 0 0 11 10 0 4

Syrian Arab Republic 0 3 6 1 0 2


Jordan 0 0 3 5 0 2

India 0 0 0 0 7 1

Suriname 5 0 0 0 0 1

Chinese Taipei 0 0 0 0 3 1

Dominican Republic 1 1 0 0 0 0

Djibouti 0 0 0 2 0 0

Thailand 2 0 0 0 0 0

Panama 0 2 0 0 0 0

Morocco 0 0 0 0 1 0

Angola 0 1 0 0 0 0

Cyprus 0 1 0 0 0 0

Viet Nam 0 0 1 0 0 0

Qatar 1 0 0 0 0 0

Malta 0 0 1 0 0 0 Source: ITC Trade Map, own calculations

Thailand

Thailand is the third most important exporter of NCS in the world, with 6% of total exports in value. Its markets are highly concentrated, Japan and Malaysia representing 91% of its total average yearly exports for 2007 – 2011 (Table 11). The tendency of these exports is positive. Japan imports an average of 2.402,000 US$ per year.

Table 11

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Thailand

Product : 17011100002 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form: raw sugar not containing added flavouring or colouring matter : cane

sugar: brown


Importers Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011

Average value


World 2.586 2.523 3.094 4.427 5.017 3.529

Japan 1.605 1.968 2.182 2.935 3.321 2.402

Malaysia 493 468 754 967 1.332 803

Chinese Taipei 124 0 24 349 101 120

Saudi Arabia 57 47 84 144 195 105

Sri Lanka 265 0 0 0 0 53

Ghana 0 10 20 26 61 23

Singapore 24 26 24 0 0 15

Lao PDR 16 0 0 0 0 3

Egypt 1 3 4 0 1 2

Turkey 0 0 0 5 0 1

USA 0 1 0 0 1 0,4

Switzerland 0 0 0 1 1 0,4

New Zealand 0 0 0 0 1 0,2

Australia 0 0 0 0 1 0,2

Cambodia 0 1 0 0 0 0,2

Maldives 0 0 0 1 0 0,2

South Africa 1 0 0 0 0 0,2

Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0,00

Macao, China 0 0 0 0 0 0,00

United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 0 0,00


Thailand exported to 17 countries in this period, but excepting Japan, Malaysia, Chinese Taipei and Saudi Arabia, all other exports were small and sporadic.

Colombia

The fourth most important NCS exporting country is Colombia, with a yearly average for 2007 – 2011 of US$ 2.912.000 exports (Table 12). This represents 5% of world exports value. These exports were highly concentrated to the USA and Spain, which together represent 87.4% of the average exports. Canada and Australia import 7% of the average exports. A total of 24 countries imported Colombian NCS, 10 of them more than 10.000 US$ per year.

Table 12

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Colombia

Product : 1701111000 Azúcar de caña o de remolacha y sacarosa químicamente pura, en estado solido: Azúcar en bruto sin adicion de aromatizante ni colorante:

De caña: Chancaca (panela, raspadura)


Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 2,861 2,980 2,529 2,431 3,761 2,912


USA 1.935 2.185 1.646 1.717 2.618 2.020

Spain 430 540 606 354 697 525

Canada 135 115 127 131 184 138

Australia 44 35 68 60 96 61


UK 30 23 34 30 36 31

Italy 18 30 13 42 26 26

Netherland Antilles 26 2 8 16 20 14

Free Zones 66 0 0 0 0 13

Ecuador 0 0 0 49 0 10 Syrian Arab Republic 46 0 0 0 0 9,2

Germany 32 0 0 0 1 6,6

Chile 0 6 3 12 9 6,0

South Africa 0 27 0 0 0 5,4

Aruba 2 9 0 0 13 4,8

Mexico 14 0 0 0 9 4,6

Hungary 8 0 0 0 0 1,6

Portugal 0 0 0 0 7 1,40

Japan 1 1 3 2 0 1,40

Switzerland 1 1 2 1 0 1,00

France 0 4 0 0 0 0,80

Myanmar 0 1 0 0 0 0,20

Netherlands 0 0 1 0 0 0,20

Area Nes 0 1 0 0 0 0,20

Source: ITC Trade Map, own calculations The NCS exports of Colombia were stagnant during the analyzed period.

Pakistan

Pakistan is the fifth most important exporter of NCS, with a 3% market share. Its average export for 2007 – 2011 was US$ 1.531.000 (Table 13). 94% of these exports went to only two countries, Bangladesh and Afganistan. The tendency of Pakistan´s NCS exports is negative.

Table 13

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Pakistan

Product : 17011100 Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form: Raw sugar not containing added flavouring or colouring matter: Cane sugar


Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 977 6.026 108 320 224 1.531

Bangladesh 0 3.676 0 0 0 735


Afganistán 835 2.317 82 202 61 699

Malaysia 0 0 0 76 57 27

Italy 15 0 0 17 79 22,2

UK 77 19 1 2 1 20

Germany 0 3 15 3 25 9,2

Saudi Arabia 27 0 0 0 0 5,4 United States of America 5 0 4 14 0 4,6

Qatar 1 3 3 3 0 2

Canada 5 3 0 2 0 2

UAE 5 2 0 0 0 1,4

Norway 1 1 0 1 1 0,8

Kuwait 2 2 0 0 0 0,8

Greece 0 0 3 0 0 0,6

Denmark 2 0 0 0 0 0,4

Oman 1 0 0 0 0 0,2

Bahrain 1 0 0 0 0 0,2


Mexico

Mexico is the sixth exporting country, with 1.8% of total exports, a yearly average of 1.015.000 US$ (Table 14). Practically all of these exports (99%) go to the U.S.A. showing a growing tendency.

Table 14

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Mexico

Product : 17011103 Azucar de cana en bruto sin aromatizar ni colorear, en estado solido: azucar cuyo contenido en peso de sacarosa, en estado seco,

tenga una polarizacion inferior a 96 grados


Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 249 149 2.967 688 1.023 1.015

USA 234 135 2.967 657 1.018 1.002 Dominican Republic 0 0 0 31 5 7




Ecuador

Ecuador exported in 2007 – 2011 a yearly average of 905.000 US$ to 10 countries (Table 15). Its exports were relatively diversified, Italy, Spain, Germany and France taking 92% of its total exports. This places Ecuador as the seventh world exporter, with a 1.61% market share. The tendency of its exports was clearly negative.

Table 15

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Ecuador

Product : 1701111000 Azúcar de caña solido, en bruto, sin adicion de aromatizante ni colorante: chancaca (panela, raspadura)


Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 1.039 861 1.037 865 724 905

Italy 482 363 424 434 395 420

Spain 248 237 273 247 215 244

Germany 158 95 171 118 41 117

France 38 55 88 39 35 51

Netherlands 70 73 77 19 0 48

USA 10 38 1 8 20 15

Colombia 33 0 0 0 0 7

Peru 0 0 0 0 18 4

Belgium 0 0 2 0 0 0,40

Portugal 0 0 1 0 0 0,20


Peru

Peru was the eighth exporter of NCS in the period 2007 – 2011, exporting US$ 826.000 yearly on average (Table 16). It exported to 10 countries, two of them (Italy and France) concentrating 90% of exports. Peru´s exports of NCS show a clear growing tendency.


Table 16

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Peru

Product : 1701111000 Azúcar de caña o de remolacha y sacarosa químicamente pura, en estado solido.: Azúcar en bruto sin adicion de aromatizante ni colorante: De

caña: Chancaca (panela, raspadura)


Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 633 702 820 971 1.003 826

Italy 346 470 583 643 573 523

France 252 162 142 214 299 214

Croatia 13 38 50 52 56 42

Canada 0 0 23 49 46 24

Finland 0 30 0 0 0 6

Malaysia 0 0 0 0 26 5


Spain 18 0 0 0 0 4 United States of America 4 2 0 5 3 3

Australia 0 0 2 8 0 2


Bolivia

The ninth exporter of NCS for 2007 – 2011 was Bolivia, with a 1.27 % share of the world exports. It exported a yearly average of 718.000 US$, practically all (92%) to Japan and the rest to Finland (Table 17). Its exports show a small growing tendency.

Table 17

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Bolivia

Product : 1701111000 Azucar de caña en bruto sin adicion de aromatizante ni colorante, chancaca (panela,raspadura)


Importers

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 438 639 826 839 846 718

Japan 414 575 776 792 757 663

Finland 21 59 50 47 89 53

France 3 5 0 0 0 2



Tanzania

Tanzania was the ninth exporter of NCS, with a yearly average of 353.000 US$ (Table 18). Practically all of it (93%) was exported to Oman during one year. Tanzania´s NCS exports have been sporadic and show no clear tendency.

Table 18

List of importing markets for NCS exported by Tanzania

Product : 17011110 Raw cane sugar (excl. added flavouring or colouring): Jaggery


Importers Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

Exported value in

2010

Exported value in

2011 Average

value

World 0 1.359 0 0 404 353

Oman 0 1313 0 0 328

Rwanda 0 0 0 392 98

D.R. Congo 0 46 0 0 12

Comoros 0 0 0 12 3


Probable exporters

There are sugarcane producing countries which are not reported as exporters, but which probably export NCS. The most important one is Brazil, which is an important NCS producer but which does not report exports, when some countries report imports from it. The reason for this is that Brazil does not distinguish centrifugal from non-centrifugal raw sugar in its trade statistics. The same is the case for the Philippines, Vietnam and Central American countries like Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Other important producers of NCS and possible exporters do not report any trade data for the period 2007 – 2011, like Bangladesh and Myanmar.

World imports

World imports of NCS are difficult to quantify because no non-sugarcane-producing countries do have specific customs codes for it. It is generally classified as “raw sugar, cane”, that is, it is lumped together with raw centrifugal sugar which trades in large amounts to be further refined in importing


countries. The closest code to NCS is the one used by European countries to differentiate between raw sugar used for refining and raw sugar not used for refining. Table 19 presents the European imports under this customs code (Product: 17011190 Raw Cane Sugar (Excl. for refining and added flavouring or colouring), of which the imports from non-sugarcane producing countries have been subtracted so to avoid double counting.

Table 19

Raw sugar (Excluding for refining) imports of Europe, less imports from non-sugarcane-producing countries (Value thousand $)

Country Year

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average

Europe 214.240 194.869 268.322 361.161 326.349 272.988

UK 60.609 68.856 98.798 219.662 117.909 113.167

Germany 22.283 36.085 25.871 19.489 23.469 25.439

France 38.976 16.744 17.419 15.122 21.844 22.021

Finland 1.133 3.084 26.998 15.787 49.263 19.253

Portugal 29.291 8.141 20.975 19.020 14.172 18.320

Spain 14.087 9.275 19.396 16.990 23.127 16.575

Italy 9.574 10.838 12.179 13.576 17.093 12.652

Belgium 11.926 12.668 9.458 11.973 16.898 12.585

Netherlands 10.640 8.724 8.776 10.784 11.113 10.007

Denmark 3.869 3.498 9.209 2.994 11.728 6.260

Austria 5.252 7.039 7.305 5.321 6.085 6.200

Switzerland 4.688 6.721 4.452 5.022 5.054 5.187

Sweden 1.383 2.068 6.391 3.870 6.149 3.972

Poland 379 934 927 1.414 2.114 1.154

Norway 150 166 167 132 258 175

Czech Republic 0 28 1 5 73 21


This table shows the relatively large imports of “raw sugar not for refining” compared to reported exports of NCS. Some of these imports are certainly NCS but most is probably raw sugar used as fermentation stock or other specialized industrial uses. An indirect way of estimating the import markets is to aggregate the exports of NCS to specific countries reported by the exporter. This information is presented in Table 20, organized by regions. According to this method, total world imports of NCS would be only 19.2 % of the European imports of “raw cane sugar not for refining”. The information in Table 20 does not include data reported by important sugar exporting countries, such as Brazil, Philippines, Malawi, Guatemala, Mauritius, among others. This permits to conclude that this information is the lower limit for a market that probably is significantly larger.


Table 20

Importing markets for NCS exported 2007 - 2011 (Average value - thousands US $)

Region Country Import %

World 52.485 100,0

East Asia Subtotal 17.267 32,9

Malaysia 10.263

Japan 6.352

Indonesia 211

Singapore 154

China Taipei 120

China 97

Korea Republic 64

Lao RDR 3

Hong Kong 2

Philippines 1

Middle East Subtotal 16.414 31,3

UAE 12.699

Iran 1.626

Saudi Arabia 1.347

Yemen 195

Oman 191

Kuwait 167

Bahrain 72

Qatar 72

Israel 26

Siria 19

South Asia Subtotal 8.719 16,6

Bangladesh 6.031

Sri Lanka 1.389

Afganistán 699

Nepal 443

Pakistan 115

Bhutan 41

Maldives 1

North America Subtotal 4.887 9,3

USA 4.223

Canada 664

Europe Subtotal 3.056 5,8


Italy 975

Spain 773

UK 696

France 283

Germany 148

Finland 59

Netherlands 56

Croatia 42

Belgium 5

Switzerland 5

Greece 4

Ireland 3

Portugal 2

Hungary 2

Macedonia 2

Turkey 1

Africa Total 1.855 3,5

Djibuti 704

Tanzania 402

Egypt 240

Somalia 232

Rwanda 98

Etiopía 61

Kenya 53

South Africa 29

Uganda 13

Congo RD 12

Seychelles 4

Comores 3

Nigeria 2

Mauritius 1

Malawi 1

Pacific Total 286 0,5

Australia 259

New Zeland 25

Fiji 2



Custom classification and quality standards

International trade in NCS, as shown above, is small and as such no international regulations did exit for it, before very recent initiatives to create a specific customs code and food quality norm for NCS. The few existing non tariff measures for NCS are presented below.

Customs code for NCS

As this report makes clear, NCS production and trade is heavily underreported because of the lack of a specific customs code for it. This recognition led to a proposal to create a customs code for panela, made by Colombia in November 2003. It is a crucial step in the international recognition of NCS as a discrete and unique product and to overcome the widespread confusion between the different sugars products, with different degree of purification and colour. The World Customs Organization (WCO), in the meeting No. 40 of July 2007 of its Harmonized System (HS) Committee, approved the creation of a new subheading within the heading “Sugars”, latter specified as subheading 1701.13, which specifically refers to NCS (WCO, 2007). NCS has different names in different countries, and not always it is recognized that these names refer to the same product. After several amendments and changes the current definition of NCS by the WCO was published in their 2012 HS Nomenclature Edition detailed below (WCO, 2012).

Table 21

WCO Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System 0417-2012E

Chapter Heading/Subheading Definition 17 1701.13 Cane sugar obtained without centrifugation,

whose content of sucrose by weight, in the dry state, corresponds to a polarimeter reading of 69° or more but less than 93°. The product contains only natural anhedral microcrystals, of irregular shape, not visible to the naked eye, which are surrounded by residues of molasses and other constituents of sugar cane

Source: http://www.wcoomd.org The amendments to the HS Convention become binding for all Contracting Parties two years after they are notified by the Secretary General of the WCO. However, the decisions concerning the management and interpretation of the Convention are generally deemed to have been accepted by all Contracting Parties two months after the decision by the HS Committee. For example, the US Customs and Border Protection notified in January 2012, that from February 3, 2012 “Chapter 17 of the U.S. HTS will occur to separate the classification of non-centrifugal sugar such as panella (sic), from other (centrifugal) raw cane sugars” (CBP 2012). The misspelling of panela and the failure to include other important names for NCS, like jaggery, gur, kokuto or rapadura, for example, points to the challenge ahead in establishing a product identity to NCS. It will be important for countries where NCS is significant, to make the specific link between this international norm and its local product.


Tariffs

The international sugar trade is extensively controlled with tariffs barriers, to protect national sugar producers. Since NCS is included in this trade, generally within the customs code for raw cane sugar, it also has high tariffs. The application of the new specific code beginning in 2013 will not change this situation, as long as producing countries can make a compelling argument to differentiate NCS from other sugars. Table 22 illustrates the levels of common tariffs to imports of NCS with the example of three important developed market economies.

Table 22

Total ad valorem equivalent tariffs applied to imports from NCS exporters by some developed market

countries

Europe – Imports of (170113)

NCS - 2013

USA – Imports of (170111)

Raw sugar - 2011

Japan – Imports of (170113) NCS - 2008

India 60.00% 20.36% 60.00%

China 50.00% 40.72% 50.00%

Thailand 29.59% 20.36% 29.59%

Colombia 15.00% 20.36% 15.00%

Pakistan 15.00% 20.36% 15.00%

Mexico 63.66% 0.00% 63.66%

Ecuador 22.50% 20.36% 22.50%

Peru 0.00% 20.36% 0.00%

Bolivia 10.00% 20.36% 10.00%

Philippines 57.50% 20.36% 57.50%

U.R. Tanzania 67.50% 20.36% 67.50%

China Taipei 6.25% 40.72% 6.25%

Vietnam 25.00% 40.72% 25.00%

Brazil 16.00% 20.36% 16.00%

Indonesia 27.84% 20.36% 27.84%

Sri Lanka 28.76% 20.36% 28.76%

Costa Rica 45.00% 20.36% 45.00%

Kenya 67.50% 20.36% 67.50%

Venezuela 40.00% 20.36% 40.00%

Rwanda 67.50% 20.36% 67.50%

Source: ITC Trade Map The tariffs on NCS applied by these three countries to all countries are presented in Annexes I to III.


Quality standards

Consistent and certified quality is a crucial requisite for trade of any product. In the case of NCS, to December 2012 only national official quality standard exist, although an international Codex Alimentarius norm is in the process of discussion and is expected to be approved by July 2013. The proposed draft Codex Standard for non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juices, the name proposed for NCS by the Codex, is presented in Annex IV. The existing national quality standards for NCS are listed next in Table 23.

Table 23

Hygiene or quality standard for NCS

Country Type of regulation Identificaction Adoption

date

Ministerial decree

Resolution No. 02546 Issuing the Emergency Technical Regulation

Establishing the Sanitary Requirements for the Production and Marketing of Panela Cane Sugar for Human Consumption and Adopting

2004

Colombia

Mandatory quality standard Norma Técnica NTC 1311 Productos

agrícolas: Panela 2009

Costa Rica Mandatory quality standard Reglamento Técnico RTCR 396-2006.

Tapa de Dulce y Dulce Granulado. Especificaciones

2007

Ecuador Mandatory quality standard

INEN (Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización), “Panela Granulada.

Requisitos,” Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana NTE INEN 2332:2002

2002

Ministerial decree Regulation 5.7.6 - GUR OR JAGGERY 2010

India

Ministerial decree Jaggery Grading and Marking Rules 2008

Nicaragua Mandatory quality standard

Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaraguense - Panela (Tapa de Dulce) y panela granulada (Dulce

granulado). Requisitos NTON 03 098 - 11

2011

Panama Mandatory quality standard

Reglamento Técnico DGNTI - COPANIT 80 - 2007. Tecnología de los

alimentos. Productos de azúcar. Panela

2007

Source: Panela Monitor data base The creation of a Codex Alimentarius food quality standard for panela was an initiative of the government of Colombia, part of its long range strategy to valorize NCS. The FAO/WHO Codex


Alimentarius is an important reference for national food quality systems, as well as for foreign trade. The proposed norm has been submitted for observations to the international community in January 2012 and will be considered by the Codex Commission for adoption by the 36th Session of the Commission in 2013 (FAO/WHO 2012b). The definition for NCS being proposed in this process will align the Codex with the production and trade statistics FAO has produced since 1961 and the customs code for NCS established recently by the WCO. The FAOSTAT carries NCS under the code 0163 as “sugar, non-centrifugal, generally derived from sugar cane through traditional methods, without centrifugation” (FAO 1994). The principal defining criteria for these sugars then, both for the WCO and FAO, is the production process, and not physical or chemical characteristics. This is sensible because of the wide variations in the presentation of NCS, many of them produced by cottage industries, which can be solid (“lump sugar”) or granulated, with relatively wide ranges of its principal constituents (sucrose, reducing sugars, ashes, minerals). The difficulty NCS producing countries face in aligning their definition to a international agreed one are illustrated by the case of India, which, for example, has a food quality norm for gur or jaggery. It states that these names means “the product obtained by boiling or processing juice pressed out of sugarcane or extracted from Palmyra palm, date palm or coconut palm. It shall be free from substances deleterious to health and shall conform to the following analytical standards, on dry weight basis : …” (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 2011). That is, it includes sugars obtained for palms and does not specify non-centrifugation as a key criterion, in variance with the new international agreements. The broader challenge is to establish NCS as a legitimate and healthier alternative to conventional centrifugal sugars, which means overcoming the negative view the traditional sugar industry has of NCS (primitive, low-grade), exemplified by the definition of sugar used in the International Sugar Agreement of 1992 : “Sugar” means sugar in any of its recognized commercial forms derived from sugar cane or sugar beet, including edible and fancy molasses, syrups and any other form of liquid sugar, but does not include final molasses or low-grade types of non-centrifugal sugar produced by primitive methods (International Sugar Agreement 1992).

References

Customs and Border Protection (2012) 2012 Sugar Harmonized Tariff Schedule Changes, Department of Homeland Security, USA http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/2012-sugar-harmonized-tariff-schedule-changes.pdf Ceuterick M., Vandebroek I., Torry B., Pieroni A. (2008) Cross-cultural adaptation in urban ethnobotany: The Colombian folk pharmacopoeia in London. Journal of Ethnophamacology 120: 342-359. FAO (1994) Definition and Classification of Commodities, 3. Sugar Crops and Sweeteners and Derived Products http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/definition-and-classification-of-commodities-sugars-fao.pdf


FAO/WHO (2012a) Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, 35th Session, Rome, Italy, 2-7 July 2012. Matters referred to the Commission by Codex Committees and Task Forces, (April to May 2012), Agenda Item 9 CX/CAC 12/35/10-Add.2, www.fsis.usda.gov/...CAC/cac35_10_add2e.pdf FAO/WHO (2012b) Codex Alimentarius Commission, Proposed draft Codex standard for non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice, CX 5/10.2 CL 2012/35-CS, December 2012, Rome, Italy Galloway J.H. (2000) Sugar. In: The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, UK Jaffé W.R. (2012) Health effects of non-centrifugal sugar (NCS): A review, Sugar Tech 14(2): 87-94. Karthikeyan J, and Samipillai S.S. (2010) Sugarcane in therapeutics. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology 4(1): 4-14. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2011) Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Regulations, http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/regulation-5.7.6-gur-or-jaggery.pdf Popkins B.M. (2006) The nutrition transition in the developing world. Development Policy Review 21 (5-6): 581-597. Rao J., Das M., Das S.K. (2007) Jaggery: A traditional Indian sweetener. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6(1): 95-102. Sho H. (2001) History and characteristics of Okinawan longevity food. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 10 (2): 159–164. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1992) International Sugar Agreement http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/international-sugar-agreement-_-public-international-law.pdf World Customs Organization (2008) Classification decisions taken by the Harmonized System Committee (40th Session, October 2007) on specific products (including panela) http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/wco-classification-decisions-taken-by-the-harmonized-system-committee-%2840th-session-october-2007%29.pdf World Customs Organization (2012) Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System 0417-2012E Chapter 17 http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/harmonized-commodity-description-and-coding-system-0417-2012e-chapter-17.pdf


ANNEX I

Tariffs, based on the data from using Harmonised System Nomenclature that the country European Union (EU) applies to imports of (170113) Raw

cane sugar, in solid form, not containing added flavouring or colouring matter, obtained without centrifugation, with sucrose content 69° to 93°,

containing only natural anhedral microcrystals (see subheading note 2.) originating from all possible countries.

Exporting country

Total ad valorem

equivalent tariff (estimated)

Level of protection

Albania 0.00%

Level of Protection

Legend Algeria 5.00% > 50% Angola 2.00%

41 - 50%

Antigua and Barbuda 40.00%

31 - 40%

Argentina 16.00%

21 - 30%

Armenia 10.00%

16 - 20%

Araba 1.25%

11 - 15%

Australia 0.00% 6 - 10% Austria 0.00% 0 - 5% Azerbaijan 7.50% Bahamas 0.00% Bahrain 0.00% Bangladesh 10.83% Barbados 40.00% Belarus 31.88% Belgium 0.00% Belice 40.00% Benin 20.00% Bermuda 0.00% Bhutan 30.00% Bolivia 10.00% Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.50% Botswana 0.00% Brazil 16.00% Brunei Darussalam 0.00% Bulgaria 0.00% Burkina Faso 20.00%


Burundi 67.50% Cambodia 7.00% Cameroon 30.00% Canada 2.77% Cape Verde 5.00% Central African Republic 30.00% Chad 30.00% Chile 6.00% China 50.00% Chinese Taipei 6.25% Colombia 15.00% Comoros 0.00% Congo 30.00% Congo, Democratic Republic of 20.00% Cook Islands 0.00% Costa Rica 45.00% Côte d'Ivoire 20.00% Croatia 13.17% Cuba 30.00% Cyprus 0.00% Czech Republic 0.00% Denmark 0.00% Djibouti 9.75% Dominica 0.00% Dominican Republic 14.00% Ecuador 22.50% Egypt 2.00% El Salvador 40.00% Equatorial Guinea 30.00% Eritrea 2.00% Estonia 0.00% Etiopía 5.00% Fiji 32.00% Finland 0.00% France 0.00% French Polynesia 0.00% Gabon 30.00% Gambia 10.00% Georgia 0.00% Germany 0.00% Ghana 10.00% Greece 0.00% Grenada 40.00% Guatemala 20.00% Guinea 20.00% Guinea-Bissau 20.00%


Guyana 40.00% Haiti 3.50% Honduras 40.00% Hong Kong (SAR China) 0.00% Hungary 0.00% Iceland 0.00% India 60.00% Indonesia 27.84% Iran (Islamic Republic of) 20.00% Ireland 0.00% Israel 0.00% Italy 0.00% Jamaica 40.00% Japan 19.53% Jordan 0.00% Kazakhstan 31.88% Kenya 67.50% Kiribati 40.00% Korea, Republic of 2.99% Kosovo 10.00% Kuwait 0.00% Kyrgyzstan 0.00% Lao People's Democratic Republic 10.00% Latvia 0.00% Lebanon 5.00% Lesotho 0.00% Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.00% Liechtenstein 0.00% Lithuania 0.00% Luxembourg 0.00% Macao (SAR China) 0.00% Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of

0.00%

Madagascar 5.00% Malawi 25.00% Malaysia 0.00% Maldives 0.00% Mali 20.00% Malta 0.00% Mauritania 5.00% Mauritius 0.00% Mayotte 0.00% Mexico 63.66% Micronesia (Federated States of) 3.00% Moldova, Republic of 30.00% Mongolia 5.00% Monserrat 40.00%


Montenegro 0.00% Morocco 35.00% Mozambique 7.50% Myanmar 0.50% Namibia 0.00% Nepal 15.00% Netherlands 0.00% New Zealand 0.00% Nicaragua 55.00% Níger 20.00% Nigeria 5.00% Norway 20.60% Oman 0.00% Pakistan 15.00% Palau 0.00% Panama 144.00% Papua New Guinea 40.00% Paraguay 30.00% Peru 0.00% Philippines 57.50% Poland 0.00% Portugal 0.00% Qatar 0.00% Romania 0.00% Russian Federation 31.88% Rwanda 67.50% Saint Kitts and Nevis 40.00% Saint Lucia 40.00% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 40.00% Saudi Arabia 0.00% Senegal 20.00% Serbia 20.00% Seychelles 0.00% Sierra Leone 20.00% Singapore 0.00% Slovakia 0.00% Slovenia 0.00% Solomon Islands 5.00% South Africa 0.00% Spain 0.00% Sri Lanka 28.76% Sudan 21.50% Suriname 40.00% Swaziland 0.00% Sweden 0.00% Switzerland 0.00%


Syrian Arab Republic 3.00% Tajikistan 5.00% Tanzania, United Republic of 67.50% Thailand 29.59% Timor-Leste 2.50% Togo 20.00% Tonga 0.00% Trinidad and Tobago 40.00% Tunisia 15.00% Turkey 135.00% Turkmenistan 0.00% Tuvalu 0.00% Uganda 67.50% Ukraine 50.00% United Arab Emirates 0.00% United Kingdom 0.00% United States of America 40.72% Uruguay 5.00% Uzbekistán 30.00% Vanuatu 30.00% Venezuela 40.00% Viet Nam 25.00% Yemen 5.00% Zambia 25.00% Zimbabwe 20.00%

Source: ITC Trade Map


ANNEX II

Tariffs, based on the data from 2011 using Harmonised System Nomenclature Rev. 07, that the country United States of America applies to imports of (170111) Raw

sugar, cane originating from all possible countries.

Exporting country No. of Lines

Total ad valorem

equivalent tariff

(estimated)

Level of protection

United States of America's imports from

partner country

(value 2009 in US$

thousand)

Afghanistan 3 20.36%

Albania 3 20.36%

Algeria 3 20.36%

American Samoa 1 40.72%

Andorra 1 40.72%

Angola 3 20.36%

Anguilla 3 20.36%

Antigua and Barbuda 3 20.36%

Argentina 3 20.36% 37.955

Armenia 3 20.36%

Araba 3 20.36%

Australia 2 20.36% 64.542

Austria 1 40.72%

Azerbaijan 3 20.36%

Bahamas 3 20.36%

Bahrain 3 20.36%

Bangladesh 3 20.36%

Barbados 3 20.36%

Belarus 1 40.72%

Belgium 1 40.72%

Belice 3 20.36% 10.498

Benin 3 20.36%

Bermuda 1 40.72%

Bhutan 3 20.36%

Bolivia 3 20.36% 7.688

Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 20.36%

Botswana 3 20.36%


Bouvet Island 1 40.72%

Brazil 3 20.36% 86.296

British Indian Ocean Territory 3 20.36%

Brunei Darussalam 1 40.72%

Bulgaria 1 40.72%

Burkina Faso 3 20.36%

Burundi 3 20.36%

Cambodia 3 20.36%

Cameroon 3 20.36%

Canada 3 20.36%

Cape Verde 1 40.72%

Cayman Islands 1 40.72%

Central African Republic 3 20.36%

Chad 3 20.36%

Chile 3 20.36%

China 1 40.72% 240

Chinese Taipei 1 40.72% 6.697

Christmas Island 3 20.36%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3 20.36%

Colombia 3 20.36% 48.482

Comoros 3 20.36%

Congo 3 20.36%

Congo, Democratic Republic of 3 20.36%

Cook Islands 3 20.36%

Costa Rica 3 20.36% 36.469

Côte d'Ivoire 3 20.36%

Croatia 1 40.72%

Cuba 1 47.90%

Cyprus 1 40.72%

Czech Republic 1 40.72%

Denmark 1 40.72%

Djibouti 3 20.36%

Dominica 3 20.36%

Dominican Republic 3 20.36% 118.695

Ecuador 3 20.36% 9.530

Egypt 3 20.36%

El Salvador 3 20.36% 29.662

Equatorial Guinea 3 20.36%

Eritrea 3 20.36%

Estonia 1 40.72%

Ethiopia 3 20.36%

Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 3 20.36%

Faroe Islands 1 40.72%

Fiji 3 20.36% 6.582

Finland 1 40.72%

France 1 40.72% 51


French Guiana 1 40.72%

French Polynesia 1 40.72%

French Southern territories 1 40.72%

Gabon 3 20.36%

Gambia 3 20.36%

Georgia 3 20.36%

Germany 1 40.72%

Ghana 3 20.36%

Gibraltar 3 20.36%

Greece 1 40.72%

Greenland 1 40.72%

Grenada 3 20.36%

Guam 1 40.72%

Guatemala 3 20.36% 71.085

Guinea 3 20.36%

Guinea-Bissau 3 20.36%

Guyana 3 20.36% 11.569

Haiti 3 20.36%

Heard and McDonald Islands 3 20.36%

Honduras 3 20.36% 20.795

Hong Kong (SAR China) 1 40.72% 18

Hungary 1 40.72%

Iceland 1 40.72%

India 3 20.36% 3.059

Indonesia 3 20.36%

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1 40.72%

Iraq 3 20.36%

Ireland 1 40.72%

Israel 3 20.36%

Italy 1 40.72%

Jamaica 3 20.36% 2.939

Japan 1 40.72%

Jordan 3 0.00%

Kazakhstan 3 20.36%

Kenya 3 20.36%

Kiribati 3 20.36%

Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of 1 47.90%

Korea, Republic of 1 40.72%

Kosovo 3 20.36%

Kuwait 1 40.72%

Kyrgyzstan 3 20.36%

Lao People's Democratic Republic 1 40.72%

Latvia 1 40.72%

Lebanon 3 20.36%

Lesotho 3 20.36%

Liberia 3 20.36%


Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1 40.72%

Liechtenstein 1 40.72%

Lithuania 1 40.72%

Luxembourg 1 40.72%

Macao (SAR China) 1 40.72%

Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of

3 20.36%

Madagascar 3 20.36%

Malawi 3 20.36% 5.322

Malaysia 1 40.72%

Maldives 3 20.36%

Mali 3 20.36%

Malta 1 40.72%

Marshall Islands 1 40.72%

Mauritania 3 20.36%

Mauritius 3 20.36% 4.412

Mayotte 1 40.72%

Mexico 3 0.00% 64.209

Micronesia (Federated States of) 1 40.72%

Midway Islands 1 40.72%

Moldova, Republic of 3 20.36%

Mongolia 3 20.36%

Monserrat 3 20.36%

Montenegro 3 20.36%

Morocco 3 20.36%

Mozambique 3 20.36% 12.217

Myanmar 1 40.72%

Namibia 3 20.36%

Nauru 1 40.72%

Nepal 3 20.36%

Netherlands 1 40.72%

Netherlands Antilles 3 20.36%

New Caledonia 1 40.72%

New Zealand 1 40.72%

Nicaragua 3 20.36% 28.488

Níger 3 20.36%

Nigeria 3 20.36%

Niue 3 20.36%

Norfolk Island 3 20.36%

Northern Mariana Islands 1 40.72%

Norway 1 40.72%

Oman 3 20.36%

Pacific Islands 1 40.72%

Pakistan 3 20.36%

Palau 1 40.72%

Palestine 3 20.36%

Panama 3 20.36% 25.187


Papua New Guinea 3 20.36% 3.402

Paraguay 3 20.36% 6.626

Peru 3 20.36% 41.654

Philippines 3 20.36% 101.234

Pitcairn 3 20.36%

Poland 1 40.72%

Portugal 1 40.72%

Puerto Rico 1 40.72%

Qatar 1 40.72%

Romania 1 40.72%

Russian Federation 3 20.36%

Rwanda 3 20.36%

Saint Helena 3 20.36%

Saint Kitts and Nevis 3 20.36%

Saint Lucia 3 20.36%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1 40.72%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 20.36%

Samoa 3 20.36%

San Marino 1 40.72%

Sao Tome and Principe 3 20.36%

Saudi Arabia 1 40.72%

Senegal 3 20.36%

Serbia 3 20.36%

Seychelles 3 20.36%

Sierra Leone 3 20.36%

Singapore 3 20.36%

Slovakia 1 40.72%

Slovenia 1 40.72%

Solomon Islands 3 20.36%

Somalia 3 20.36%

South Africa 3 20.36% 22.449

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

1 40.72%

Spain 1 40.72%

Sri Lanka 3 20.36%

Sudan 1 40.72%

Suriname 3 20.36%

Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands 1 40.72%

Swaziland 3 20.36% 14.871

Sweden 1 40.72%

Switzerland 1 40.72%

Syrian Arab Republic 1 40.72%

Tajikistan 1 40.72%

Tanzania, United Republic of 3 20.36%

Thailand 3 20.36% 11.383

Timor-Leste 3 20.36%


Togo 3 20.36%

Tokelau 3 20.36%

Tonga 3 20.36%

Trinidad and Tobago 3 20.36%

Tunisia 3 20.36%

Turkey 3 20.36%

Turkmenistan 1 40.72%

Turks and Caicos Islands 3 20.36%

Tuvalu 3 20.36%

Uganda 3 20.36%

Ukraine 3 20.36%

United Arab Emirates 1 40.72%

United Kingdom 1 40.72%

United States Minor Outlying Islands

1 40.72%

Uruguay 3 20.36%

Uzbekistan 3 20.36%

Vanuatu 3 20.36%

Venezuela 3 20.36%

Viet Nam 1 40.72%

Virgen Islands, British 3 20.36%

Virgen Islands, U.S. 1 40.72%

Wallis and Futuna 3 20.36%

Western Sahara 3 20.36%

Yemen 3 20.36%

Zambia 3 20.36%

Zimbabwe 3 20.36% 17.387


Level of Protection Legend

> 50%

41 - 50%

31 - 40%

21 - 30%

16 - 20%

11 - 15%

6 - 10%

0 - 5%


ANNEX III

Tariffs, based on the data from 2008 using Harmonised System Nomenclature Rev. 07, that the country Japan applies to imports of (170113) Raw cane sugar, in solid form,

not containing added flavouring or colouring matter, obtained without centrifugation, with sucrose content 69° to 93°, containing only natural anhedral microcrystals (see

subheading note 2.) originating from all possible countries.

Exporting country No. of Lines

Total ad valorem

equivalent tariff

(estimated)

Level of protection

Japan's imports

from partner country (value 2009 in

US$ thousand)

Afghanistan 1 2.50%

Albania 2 2.00%

Algeria 1 5.00%

Angola 1 2.00%

Antigua and Barbuda 1 40.00%

Argentina 1 16.00%

Armenia 1 10.00%

Araba 1 1.25%

Australia 1 0.00%

Austria 2 50.70%

Azerbaijan 2 7.50%

Bahamas 1 0.00%

Bahrain 2 0.00%

Bangladesh 1 10.83%

Barbados 1 40.00%

Belarus 34 31.88%

Belgium 2 50.70%

Belice 1 40.00%

Benin 1 20.00%

Bermuda 1 0.00%

Bhutan 1 30.00%

Bolivia 2 10.00%

Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 10.00%

Botswana 1 0.00%

Brazil 1 16.00%

Brunei Darussalam 1 0.00%

Bulgaria 2 50.70%

Burkina Faso 1 20.00%

Burundi 2 67.50%


Cambodia 1 7.00%

Cameroon 1 30.00%

Canada 6 2.77%

Cape Verde 1 5.00%

Central African Republic 1 30.00%

Chad 1 30.00%

Chile 1 6.00%

China 1 50.00% 6

Chinese Taipei 1 6.25% 62

Colombia 2 15.00%

Comoros 1 0.00%

Congo 1 30.00%

Congo, Democratic Republic of 1 20.00%

Cook Islands 1 0.00%

Costa Rica 2 45.00%

Côte d'Ivoire 1 20.00%

Croatia 2 13.17%

Cuba 1 30.00%

Cyprus 2 50.70%

Czech Republic 2 50.70%

Denmark 2 50.70%

Djibouti 4 9.75%

Dominica 2 40.00%

Dominican Republic 1 14.00%

Ecuador 2 22.50%

Egypt 1 2.00%

El Salvador 1 40.00%

Equatorial Guinea 1 30.00%

Eritrea 1 2.00%

Estonia 2 50.70%

Etiopía 1 5.00%

Fiji 1 32.00%

Finland 2 50.70%

France 2 50.70%

French Polynesia 3 15.00%

Gabon 1 30.00%

Gambia 1 10.00%

Georgia 2 0.00%

Germany 2 50.70%

Ghana 1 10.00%

Greece 2 50.70%

Grenada 3 40.00%

Guatemala 1 20.00%

Guinea 1 20.00%

Guinea-Bissau 1 20.00%

Guyana 3 40.00%


Haiti 1 3.50%

Honduras 1 40.00%

Hong Kong (SAR China) 1 0.00%

Hungary 2 50.70%

Iceland 1 0.00%

India 3 60.00%

Indonesia 2 27.84%

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1 20.00%

Ireland 2 50.70%

Israel 1 0.00%

Italy 2 50.70%

Jamaica 2 40.00%

Jordan 1 0.00%

Kazakhstan 34 31.88%

Kenya 2 67.50%

Kiribati 1 40.00%

Korea, Republic of 2 3.00%

Kosovo 2 10.00%

Kuwait 2 0.00%

Kyrgyzstan 18 0.00%

Lao People's Democratic Republic 1 10.00%

Latvia 2 50.70%

Lebanon 1 5.00%

Lesotho 1 0.00%

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1 0.00%

Liechtenstein 1 0.00%

Lithuania 2 50.70%

Luxembourg 2 50.70%

Macao (SAR China) 1 0.00%

Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of

2 0.00%

Madagascar 2 5.00%

Malawi 1 25.00%

Malaysia 1 0.00%

Maldives 1 0.00%

Mali 1 20.00%

Malta 2 50.70%

Mauritania 1 5.00%

Mauritius 3 0.00%

Mayotte 2 0.00%

Mexico 3 63.66%

Micronesia (Federated States of) 1 3.00%

Moldova, Republic of 2 30.00%

Mongolia 1 5.00%

Monserrat 1 40.00%

Montenegro 2 0.00%


Morocco 2 35.00%

Mozambique 1 7.50%

Myanmar 1 0.50%

Namibia 1 0.00%

Nepal 2 15.00%

Netherlands 2 50.70%

New Zealand 1 0.00%

Nicaragua 1 55.00%

Níger 1 20.00%

Nigeria 1 5.00%

Norway 2 20.60%

Oman 2 0.00%

Pakistan 1 15.00% 20

Palau 1 0.00%

Panama 1 144.00%

Papua New Guinea 1 40.00%

Paraguay 1 30.00%

Peru 2 0.00%

Philippines 1 57.50%

Poland 2 50.70%

Portugal 2 50.70%

Qatar 2 0.00%

Romania 2 50.70%

Russian Federation 34 31.88%

Rwanda 2 67.50%

Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 40.00%

Saint Lucia 1 40.00%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 40.00%

Saudi Arabia 2 0.00%

Senegal 1 20.00%

Serbia 2 20.00%

Seychelles 1 0.00%

Sierra Leone 1 20.00%

Singapore 1 0.00%

Slovakia 2 50.70%

Slovenia 2 50.70%

Solomon Islands 1 5.00%

South Africa 1 0.00%

Spain 2 50.70%

Sri Lanka 1 28.76%

Sudan 2 21.50%

Suriname 1 40.00%

Swaziland 1 0.00%

Sweden 2 50.70%

Switzerland 1 0.00%

Syrian Arab Republic 2 3.00%


Tajikistan 4 5.00%

Tanzania, United Republic of 2 67.50%

Thailand 1 29.59%

Timor-Leste 1 2.50%

Togo 1 20.00%

Tonga 1 0.00%

Trinidad and Tobago 2 40.00%

Tunisia 2 15.00%

Turkey 2 135.00%

Turkmenistan 2 0.00%

Tuvalu 1 0.00%

Uganda 2 67.50%

Ukraine 2 50.00%

United Arab Emirates 2 0.00%

United Kingdom 2 50.70%

United States of America 1 40.72% 23

Uruguay 1 5.00%

Uzbekistan 18 30.00%

Vanuatu 1 30.00%

Venezuela 3 40.00%

Viet Nam 1 25.00%

Yemen 1 5.00%

Zambia 1 25.00%

Zimbabwe 1 20.00%


Level of Protection Legend

> 50%

41 - 50%

31 - 40%

21 - 30%

16 - 20%

11 - 15%

6 - 10%

0 - 5%


ANNEX IV

PROPOSED DRAFT CODEX STANDARD FOR NON-CENTRIFUGATED DEHYDRATED SUGAR CANE JUICE - 2012 1. SCOPE This standard applies to non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice, as defined in section 2, intended for human consumption, including for catering purposes or re-packaging if required, as well as to the product intended for further processing, where indicated. 2. PRODUCT DEFINITION “Non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice” is defined as the product, in any form or presentation, obtained from the evaporation of sugar cane juice Saccharum officinarum L., which contains amorphous subhedral or anhedral microcrystals, invisible to the naked eye, which maintains its constituent elements, such as saccharose, glucose, fructose and minerals, and which is not obtained from the reconstitution of its elements (sugars). 3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS 3.1 ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION

3.1.1 Basic ingredients Sugar cane juice Saccharum officinarum L. 3.2 QUALITY FACTORS

3.2.1 Colour “Non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice” may exist in various colours characteristic of the product, depending, among other aspects, on the sugar cane variety, the agro-ecological conditions of cultivation and the technologies of the manufacturing process. 3.2.2 Flavour and aroma The flavour and aroma shall be characteristic of the product. 3.2.3 Defects The product shall be free from defects such as foreign materials or softening. It may not be fermented nor show signs of attack by fungi or insects. 3.2.4 Physical and chemical characteristics “Non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice” shall fulfil the conditions shown in tables 1 and 2, as appropriate.

Table 1 Physical-chemical requirements for solid “non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice”

Requirement Value

Min. Max.

Moisture, mass fraction % -- 5.0


Ashes, mass fraction % 1.0 --

Total sugars (saccharose), mass fraction % -- 93.0 Reducing sugars (glucose), mass fraction % 5.0 --

Proteins % (N ×6.25) 0.2 --

Potassium mg/100 g 100.0 --

Calcium mg/100 g 10.0 --

Phosphorous mg/100 g 5.0 --

Iron mg/100 g 1.5 --

Table 2. Physical-chemical requirements for granulated “non-

centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice”

Requirement Value

Moisture, mass fraction % -- 5.0

Ashes, mass fraction % 1.0 --

Total sugars (saccharose), mass fraction % -- 93.0

Reducing sugars (glucose), mass fraction % 5.0 --

Proteins % (N ×6.25) 0.2 --

Potassium mg/100 g 100.0 --

Calcium mg/100 g 10.0 --

Phosphorous mg/100 g 5.0 --

Iron mg/100 g 1.5 -- 4. FOOD ADDITIVES Option 1 Only the food additive class indicated below is technologically justified and may be used in products covered by this standard. Within this additive class only those indicated may be used and only for the function indicated and within the limits specified.

4.1 ACIDITY REGULATORS INS No.

Name of food additive Maximum level

526 Calcium hydroxide GMP Option 2 Acidity regulators used in accordance with Tables 1 and 2 of the General Standard for Food Additives in food category 11.1.3 soft white sugar, soft brown sugar, glucose syrup, dried glucose syrup, raw sugar cane and non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice or listed in Table 3 of the General Standard for Food Additives are acceptable for use in foods conforming to this standard. 5 CONTAMINANTS 5.1 The products covered by this standard shall comply with the maximum levels of the General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995). 5.2 The products covered by this standard shall comply with the maximum residue limits for pesticides established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. 6. HYGIENE


6.1 It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the Recommended International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), and other relevant Codex texts, such as codes of practice and codes of hygienic practice. 6.2 The product shall comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance with the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997). 7. LABELLING The product covered by the provisions of this standard shall be labelled in accordance with the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985). In addition, the following specific provisions shall apply: 7.1 NAME OF THE PRODUCT

7.1.1 The name of the product “non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice” may be followed by the common or ordinary name accepted in the country of origin or of retail sale. CL 2012/35-CS 5 7.1.2 The form of presentation shall be included as part of the name, as follows: a) Non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice (common name of the product, e.g. “Solid Panela”). b) Non-centrifugated dehydrated sugar cane juice (common name of the product, e.g. “Granulated Panela”). 8. METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING

Provision Method Principle Type

Moisture AOAC 925.45 Loss on drying Ash AOAC 900.02 Incineration Total sugars (saccharose) and reducing sugars (glucose)

AOAC 923.09 Volumetry

Calcium, iron and potassium

AOAC 985.35 Spectrophotometry by flame atomic absorption

Phosphorous AOAC 995.11 Colorimetry Sulphites AOAC 975.32

AOAC 990.28 Monier and Williams

Source: See references

Non centrifugal sugar - World production and trade CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR: WORLD PRODUCTION AND TRADE...

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