Noise Project1

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STUDY OF NOISE POLLUTION

DURING HAJJ SEASON 1427 H

Senior Project Report

Submitted to

Umm Al-Qura University

College of Engineering & Islamic Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements ForBachelor Degree Of Mechanical Engineering

Supervised By:

Dr. Muhammed Al-Hazmi

Dr. Hamza Ghulman

Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Seroji

Prepared By:Abdulaziz Al-Zahrani 42302596

Hazim Al-Hazimi 42302547

Rami Menkabo 42303806

Meshal Al-Malki 42303454

Muhammed Al-Mutairi 42302645

Mutaz Qutob 42205233

Submitted at

Shaaban 1428 H

August 2007 D


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APPROVED BY:

Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Seroji.

Dr. Muhammed Al-Hazmi.

Dr. Hamza Ghulman.

Dr. Talal Mandourah.


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I

ABSTRACT

This study is a result of cooperation work between mechanical

engineering department and the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

Institute of Hajj Research to evaluate the noise level in a holy Mina valley

and Arafat area during hajj season in 1427 H. This is being carried out as

a part of the Saudi Arabia government future plan to develop the holy lands.

It has been created for the purpose of providing information on the level of

noise across the Mina valley and Arafat area. Sound level meters were

used to measure noise level in the selected places at a certain period of time

by using broadband mode (time and location of measurements were

selected according to hajj rites) . The obtained data was manipulated in

scientific manner and then compared with world health organization

standard. Results showed that noise annoyance is acceptable in all

measured areas except noise around Jamarat, because the level of noise in

that area exceeds normal standard and it may affect people there .


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II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Authors would like to think and present their gratitude to the

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, Institute of Hajj Research, university

of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah for their financial support in this study. We

would also like to thank Dr. Abdulaziz Seroji , a director of department of

Environmental and Health Research at the institute for his encouragement

and personal interest in this project. Indeed it would not have been possible

to complete the project without his help and from time to time guidance.

Thanks are also due to all those working in The Custodian of the Two Holy

Mosques, Institute of Hajj Research who helped the authors in many ways

at various occasions. Our great acknowledgments for Dr. Muhammed Al-

Hazmi and Dr. Hamza Ghulman for helping us in the project . Finally,

many thanks for all those help us in order to take the measurements during

Hajj season 1428H .


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III

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic Page

Abstract IAcknowledgment. II

Table of Contents .III

List of illustrations... .... VII

List of Tables .... XList of symble and technical tearms... XI

Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................... 1

1 Introduction ................................................................................... 21.1 Background ............................................................................ 21.2 The Importance of Study .......................................................4

1.3 Objectives of Study ................................................................71.4 The outlines of the study ........................................................8

Chapter 2 Physics of Sound and Human Ear ..................................... 112 Human Ear and Physics of Sound .............................................. 12

2.1 The Human Ear .................................................................... 122.2 Frequency Response Curves ................................................ 16

2.3 Physics of sound................................................................... 172.3.1 Sound ............................................................................. 172.3.2 Noise .............................................................................. 18

2.3.3 Speed of Sound .............................................................. 192.3.4 Sound Characteristics .................................................... 20

Chapter 3 Literature Review .............................................................. 263 Literature Review........................................................................ 27

3.1 The Studies ........................................................................... 273.2 Effict of noise ....................................................................... 31

Chapter 4 Instrumentation ................................................................. 354 Instrumentation ........................................................................... 36

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 364.2 Specifications ...................................................................... 36

4.3 Measurement Functions ....................................................... 374.3.1 BroadBand Measurement Mode .................................... 374.3.2 Octave Band Measurement ............................................ 38

4.4 Sound Level Meter Calipration ........................................... 384.5 The mesurement duration .................................................... 394.6 The Measurement Auto-Repeat ........................................... 404.7 The measurement Auto- Synchronise .................................. 40


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IV

4.8 Measurement Range ............................................................. 414.9 Windshield ........................................................................ 424.10 The Batteries ..................................................................... 44

4.11 Configuring the Sound Level Meter ................................ 454.12 Menu System .................................................................... 474.13 Viewing and downloading the measurement .................. 474.15 Maintenance and Care ...................................................... 51

Chapter 5 Scope of Work .................................................................. 535 Scope of Work ............................................................................ 54

5.1 Mina Valley ......................................................................... 54

5.1.1 King Fahad street .......................................................... 545.1.2 King Abdulaziz Street ................................................... 55

5.1.3 Jamarat Bridge ................................................................ 555.1.4 King Abdulaziz Bridge ................................................. 575.1.5 Al-Kheef Mosque .......................................................... 58

5.2 Arafat Area .......................................................................... 59

5.2.1 Namirah Hospital .......................................................... 595.2.2 Namerah Mosque .......................................................... 595.2.3 Al-Rahmah Mountain .................................................... 605.2.4 Al-Rahmah Hospital ...................................................... 605.2.5 Pedestrian Way .............................................................. 615.2.6 Road NO. 4 .................................................................... 61

5.2.7 Road NO. 8 ..................................................................... 625.2.8 Taradodiah ..................................................................... 62

Chapter 6 Results and Discussion ..................................................... 636 Results and Discussion ............................................................... 64

6.1 Som Hajj Rites ..................................................................... 64The 8thof Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day) ................................. 64The 9thof Dulhijja (day of Arafat) ................................ 64

The 10thof Dulhijja (day of al-Nahr) ............................ 65The 11thof Dulhijja (The First day of Tashriq days).65

The 12

th

of Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days) ............................................................................................. 65The 13thof Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days).65

6.2 Calculation ......................................................................... 66

6.3 Mina Valley ......................................................................... 666.3.1 King fahad Street ............................................................ 66

The 8thof Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day)( 28/12/2006) ............ 66


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V

6.3.2 King Abdulaziz Street .................................................... 67The 8thof Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day)( 28/12/2006) ............ 68The 9thof Dulhijja (day of Arafat)( 29/12/2006) ........... 69

The 11thof Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)( 31/12/2006) ......................................... 70

The 12thof Dulhijja (The second of Tashriq days )

( 01/01/2007) .................................................. 71The 13thof Dulhijja (The third of Tashriq days)

( 02.01/2007): ............................................. 72Over View of Level Noise in King Abdul Aziz Street

........................................................................................ 736.3.3 King Abdulaziz Bridge .................................................. 74

The 8

th

of Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day)( 28/12/2006) ............ 74The 9thof Dulhijja (day of Arafat)( 29/12/2006) ........... 75The 10thof Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)

( 30/12/2006) ................................................... 76

The 11thof Dulhijja (The second of Tashriq days )( 31/01/2007) ................................................. 77

The 12thof Dulhijja (The third of Tashriq days)( 01.01/2007): ............................................ 78

Over View of Level Noise in King Abdul Aziz Bridge........................................................................................ 79

6.3.4 Jamarat Bridge, Ground floor ........................................ 79The 10thof Dulhijja in (30/12/2006)( Jamrat Al-Aqaba ) ..

........................................................................................ 80The 11thof Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)

in (31/12/2006) (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta ) .............................. 81The 12thof Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days)

in (01/01/2007) (Al-jamrah Al-sughra ): .............................. 82

The 13thof Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days)

in (02/02/2007) (Jamrat Al-Aqaba ): .................................... 83

Over View of Level Noise in Jamarat Ground Bridge........................................................................................ 846.3.5 Jamarat Bridge , First Floor ........................................... 85

The 10thof Dulhijja in (30/12/2006)( Jamrat Al-Aqaba )

........................................................................................ 85The 11thof Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)

in (31/12/2006) (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta ) .............................. 86


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VI

The 12thof Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days)in (01/01/2007) (Al-jamrah Al-sughra ) ................................ 87

The 13thof Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days)

in (02/02/2007) (Jamrat Al-Aqaba ) ..................................... 88Over View of Level Noise in Jamarat Bridge,First Floor........................................................................................ 89

6.3.6 Alkhaif Mosque : ................................................................. 90The 8thof Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day)( 28/12/2006) ............ 90The 9thof Dulhijja (day of Arafat)( 29/12/2006) ........... 91The 10thof Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)

( 30/12/2006) .................................................. 92Over View of Level Noise in Alkhaif Mosque .............. 93

6.4 Arafat Area : (The 9

th

of Dulhijja (Arafah Day)( 29/12/2006). ........................................................ 946.4.1 AL-Rahmah Hospital ..................................................... 946.4.2 AL-Rahmah Mountain ................................................... 95

6.4.3 Namerah Hospital ........................................................... 966.4.4 Namerah Mosque ........................................................... 976.4.5 Road No.4 ....................................................................... 986.4.6 Pedestrian ....................................................................... 996.4.7 Road No. 8 .................................................................... 1006.4.8 Tradodiah...................................................................... 101

6.4.9 Over View of Level Noise in Arafat ............................ 1026.5 The Main Source of Noise in The Hajj Season ................. 104

6.5.1 Motorcycle ................................................................... 1046.5.2 Civil Defense ................................................................ 105

Civil Defense car Alarm ( 1 ) ...................................... 105Civil Defense car Alarm ( 2 ) ...................................... 106

6.5.3 Fans of Tunnel .............................................................. 107

6.5.4 Cars ............................................................................... 1086.5.5 Buses ............................................................................ 109

6.5.6 Ambulance ................................................................... 1106.5.7 Truck of water .............................................................. 1116.5.8 Over View of Level Noise ........................................... 112

Chapter 7 Conclusion And Recommendations ................................ 114

7 Conclusion And Recommendations ......................................... 115Refrences ........................................................................................ 116Appendices ....................................................................................... 118


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VII

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSPage

Figure 2-1 :The Human Ear... 13Figure 2-2 :Frequency Response Curve ... 17

Figure 2-3 : Spatial pressure distribution in a plane wave at one

instant of time 22

Figure 4 -1 : Noise The status of the different functions.. 39Figure 4 -2 : The Run Duration of the measurement defined. 41

Figure 4 -3 :The Windshield Foam 43

Figure 4 -4 : The positions of the Batteries... 44Figure 4 -5 : The Keypad of the instrument. 45Figure 4 -6 : The Deaf Defier3 software 48

Figure 4 -7 : The space of the different measurements of theinstrument. .. 49

Figure 4 -8 : The space of the different measurements of theInstrument..

50

Figure 5-1 :Mena Valley (1)... 56Figure 5-2 :Mena Valley (2)... 57

Figure 5-3 :Mena Valley (3)... 58Figure 5-4 :Arafat Area (1). 60

Figure 5-5 :Arafat Valley (2) . 61

Figure 5-6 : Arafat Area (3) 62Figure 6 -1 : The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in

Mina ( 13th of Dulhijja )67

Figure 6 -2 : The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in

Mina ( 8thof Dulhijja ) 68

Figure 6 -3 : The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street inMina ( 9thof Dulhijja )

69

Figure 6 -4 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street inMina ( 11thof Dulhijja )

70

Figure 6 -5 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in

Mina ( 12thof Dulhijja ) . 71Figure 6 -6 : The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in

Mina ( 13th of Dulhijja )72

Figure 6 -7 : The maximum noise measured at various times at KingAbdulaziz Street in Mina.

73

Figure 6 -8 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge in

Mina ( 8th of Dulhijja ) 74


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VIII

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS(cont.) pageFigure 6 -9 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge in

Mina ( 9th of Dulhijja ) .

75

Figure 6 -10 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridgein Mina ( 10th of Dulhijja ) .

76

Figure 6 -11 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge

in Mina ( 11th of Dulhijja ) 77

Figure 6 -12 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge

in Mina ( 12th of Dulhijja )78

Figure 6 -13 :The maximum noise measured at various times at KingAbdulaziz Bridge in Mina.

79

Figure 6 -14 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridge

in Mina (Jamrat Al-aqaba) 80Figure 6 -15 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridge

in Mina (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta)..81

Figure 6 -16 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridgein Mina (Al- Jamrah Al-sughra ).

82

Figure 6 -17 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridgein Mina (Jamrat Al-aqaba)

83

Figure 6 -18 : The maximum Noise measured at various times atJamarat Ground Bridge in Mina ..

84

Figure 6 -19 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, FirstFloor (Jamrat Al-aqaba). 85

Figure 6 -20 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, FirstFloor (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta).

86

Figure 6 -21 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, First

Floor (Al- Jamrah Al-sughra )...87

Figure 6 -22 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, First

Floor (Jamrah Al-Aqaba )..88

Figure 6 -23 : The maximum Noise measured at various times atJamarat Bridge , First Floor in Mina .

89

Figure 6 -24 : The measured Noise level at Alkhaif mosque in Mina( 8th of Dulhijja ) .

90

Figure 6 -25 : The measured Noise level at Alkhaif mosque in Mina( 9th of Dulhijja ) .

91

Figure 6 -26 : The measured Noise level at Alkhaif mosque in Mina( 10th of Dulhijja ) ...

92


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IX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS(cont.) pageFigure 6 -23 : The maximum Noise measured at various times at

Alkhaif Mosque in Mina .93

Figure 6 -27 : The measured Noise level at AL-Rahmah Hospital inArafah ( 9th of Dulhijja ).

94

Figure 6 -28 : The measured Noise level at AL-Rafah Mountain inArafah( 9thof Dulhijja ) ..

95

Figure 6 -29 : measured The Noise level at Namerah Hospital inArafah ( 9th of Dulhijja ).

96

Figure 6 -30 : The measured Noise level at Namerah Mosque inArafah( 9th of Dulhijja )..

97

Figure 6 -31 :The measured Noise level at Road 4 (9th of Dulhijja) 98

Figure 6 -32 : The measured Noise level at pedstrain( 9th of Dulhijja ).

99

Figure 6 -33 : The measured Noise level at Road No 8

( 9th of Dulhijja)...........................................................100

Figure 6 -34 : The measured Noise level at Taradodiah

(9th of Dulhijja)101

Figure 6 -35 : The maximum Noise at various location in same time

in Arafat Area1...102

Figure 6 -36 : The maximum Noise at various location in same time

in Arafat Area2.103

Figure 6 -37 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for

Motorcycle ..104

Figure 6 -39 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Civil

Defense car alarm (1) 105

Figure 6 -40 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Civil

Defense car alarm (2) ..106

Figure 6 -41 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Fan

of tunnel...107

Figure 6 -42 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Car. 108

Figure 6 -43 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Bus. 109Figure 6 -44 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for

Ambulance..110

Figure 6 -45 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for

Truck of Water..111

Figure 6 -46 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for all

Sources.112


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X

LIST OF TABLES

Table PageTable 4- 1: The maximum time over which measurements can be made. 49


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XI

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND TECHNICAL TEARMS

Broadband : Noise Measurements using parameters which include allthe audible noise, such as dB (A) and dB (C).

Decibel (dB) : The units of sound level and noise exposuremeasurement.

Leq : Equivalent continuous sound pressure level. A measureof the average sound pressure level during a period of

time, t in dB.

Peak : The maximum value reached by the Sound pressure atany instant during a measurement period in dB usually

with C frequency weighting.

SEL : Sound Exposure Level, displayed as LAE, LCEor LZE .

SPL : Sound Pressure Level, the basic measure of noiseloudness, expressed in decibel.


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Chapter 1

Introduction


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Chapter 1 Introduction

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1 Introduction

1.1Background

The word "noise" is derived from the Latin word "nausea" meaning

seasickness. Noise, defined as unwanted or excessive sound, is an

undesirable by-product of our modern way of life. We experience noise in a

number of ways. On some occasions, we can be both the cause and the

victim of noise, such as when we are operating noisy appliances or

equipment. There are also instances when we experience noise generated by

others just as people experience second-hand smoke. While in both

instances, noises are equally damaging. Second-hand noise is more

troubling because it has negative impacts on us but is put into the

environment by others, without our consent. The air into which second-

hand noise is emitted and on which it travels is commons, for all people . It

belongs to no one person or group, but to everyone. People, businesses, and

organizations, therefore, do not have unlimited rights to broadcast noise as

they please, as if the effects of noise were limited only to their private

property. On the contrary, they have an obligation to use the commons in

ways that are compatible with or do not detract from other uses. People,


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businesses, and organizations that disregard the obligation to not interfere

with others' use and enjoyment of the commons by producing noise

pollution are, in many ways, acting like a bully in a school yard.

There are two types of noise:

(1) Steady: Continuous noise of sudden or gradual onset and long

duration (more than 1 second). Examples: aircraft power plant noise,

propeller noise, and pressurization system noise. According to the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)[1], the maximum

permissible continuous exposure level to steady noise in a working

environment is 90 dB for 8 hours.

(2) Impulse/blast: Noise pulses of sudden onset and brief duration

(less than 1 second) that usually exceed an intensity of 140 dB . Examples:

firing a handgun, detonating a firecracker, backfiring of a piston engine,

high-volume squelching of radio equipment, and a sonic boom caused by

breaking the sound barrier. The eardrum may be ruptured by intense levels

(140dB) of impulse/blast noise. It is not a global problem because sound

energy is not accumulated and the area, which suffers from noise, is limited

to that around the noise source. In contrast, to many other environmental


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problems, noise pollution continues to grow. This growth is unsustainable

because it involves direct, as well as cumulative adverse health effects.

In World Health Organization (WHO)[2] statements, "large city

noise is considered to be the third most hazardous pollution". Researches

study noise problems in cities and try to find a solution for these problem .

At the time air pollution incurs a large bill to pay when it comes to stop the

escalation of global warming, urban noise pollution is in fact another

complex issue for which the academic community does not see possible

short term plans to save the situation. It is only long term strategic planning

that might realize some recovery to the current increasing levels of noise.

However, transportation works is seen to be expanded and accelerated in

terms of amount and variety (Berglund et aI., 2000; Kihlman, 2001); it is

impractical to hinder traffic in main arterials or decrease traffic flow but it

might be possible to detour traffic or to construct new roads, or other forms

of end-of-pipe solutions. Noise will be a larger and serious social problem

in the future if effective precautions are not taken accordingly.

1.2The Importance of Study

The first sanctuary appointed for mankind was that in Makkah , a

blessed place , a guidance to the peoples , wherein are plain memorials ( of


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Allah ' s guidance ) , the place where Abraham stood up to pray , and

whosoever entered it is safe . A pilgrimage to the Holy Mosque in Makkah

is a duty of Allah on all Muslim . At this Holy Sanctuary, Abraham have

settled some of his posterity and called upon Mighty Cod :- ( Our Lord ! I

have settle some of my posterity in an uncultivated valley(the valley of

Makkah) near unto The Holy House, our Lord ! that they may establish

proper worship ; so incline some hearts of men that they may yearn toward

them , and provide Thou them with fruits in order that they may be thankful

" The one God " Allah , the Beneficent , the Merciful ' granted Abraham's

request : " And (remember) when We prepared for Abraham the place of

the (holy) House , saying : Ascribe thou no thing as partner unto Me , and

purify My House for those who make the round (thereof) and those who

stand and those who bow and make prostration, proclaim unto mankind the

pilgrimage, they will come unto thee on foot and on every lean camel ; they

will come from every deep revine . That they may witness things that are of

benefit to them , and mention the name of Allah on appointed days over the

beast of cattle that He hath bestowed upon them. Then eat thereof and feed

therewith the poor unfortunate. Then let them make an end of their

unkemptness and their vows and go around the ancient House). The


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pilgrimage is therefore an ancient pre- islamic rite , believed to be

associated with man's first steps on earth . It takes place atArafat ,

Muzdalifah , Mina valley and Makkah; and only once a year on the month

of the lunar Dhul-hijjah , the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar

.However aretian paganism has completely refrained the Hajj from its

monotheistic message and spiritual objectives until the time of

'Muhammad" the last Messenger of Allah and a Prophet of Islam " Allah

peace and pleasing be upon him ". It is then when the Hajj was restored to

its original form and became the fifth and final ethical principle or pillar of

Islam as commanded by the Lord of the Worlds : " Now fulfill ye the Hajj

and Umra to Allah " Moreover , the Prophet " Allah peace and pleasing be

upon him " stated : " Those who perform the Hajj in the right manner and

with full spiritual and emotional involvement shell come down from Arafat

pure-as the day his mother gave birth to him". As such , the Hajj -to every

Muslim- is therefore a declaration of Belief ,a process of renovation and

expression of inspiration , motivation and devotion .No wonder , then , that

Muslims from everywhere in the world dream of performing the Hajj at

least once in their lifetime . It has recently become a well known fact that

the number of pilgrims is increasing every year . This is due to the


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increasing number of Muslims , particularly of Mo'omens (believers) who

could afford the expenses and bear the efforts in volved in Hajj , and also

because of the recent fast-mean facilities of transportation. The influx of

these guests of Allah " the All-Merciful " imposes enormous responsibilities

on the hosting country, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Such responsibilities

include the provision of the basic living needs and services for these

heterogeneous guests and , above all , of the spiritual environment required

for properly worshipping the all mighty God . The Saudi Arabian

authorities , and in particular The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques,

Institute of Hajj Research are not withholding any possible effort necessary

to preserve the spiritual environment and the fundamental principles of the

Hajj. It deals with the quality of the atmospheric environment at Mina

during the Hajj period , where pilgrims have to stay for at least three

consecutive days. If not adequately conserved , such vital environmental

factor could. badly affect their well-being and spiritual enjoyment of

adoration and deep religious experience.

1.3Objectives of Study

Nowadays, the concern about the acoustic pollution is acquiring

considerable importance. Studies about acoustic levels must be carried out


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and unnecessary noise emissions are assigning to determine the noise map.

Unlike other kinds of pollution the characteristics of noise contamination

are not the same all over the world. These depend on such factors as the

degree of development, the kind of activities involved, the population

density, increasing number of vehicles, and even local habits and culture,

etc. The noise pollution is importance as a stressing and possibly even

dangerous affecting human life. Therefore this study aims to measure the

noise levels at same site within the Holy Places during hajj period. The

purpose is to provide information on the level of noise in order to identify

sources of noise pollution.

1.4The outlines of the study

This study was subdivided to seven chapters those cover the whole

project here .

1.4.1Chapter 2: Physics of sound

This chapter talks about human ear and how humans hear is a

complex subject involving the fields of physiology, psychology and

acoustics. It also discuss the Frequency Response Curves and basic Physics

of sound .


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1.4.2Chapter 3: Literature review

There are several previous studies in the same topic and different

countries of the world . We have mention some in this part.

1.4.3Chapter 4: Instrumentation

Noise measurements were performed using an integrated Average

Sound Level Meter , model NO. CR812B, that developed by the Lirrus

research PLC, in UK . After Hajj season, The Custodian of The Tow Holy

Mosque Institute has obtained a developed high performance device

carrying model NO. CR832B from the same company .

1.4.4Chapter 5: Scope of work

In this part the approach and style of the research have been

illustrated from the beginning to the end .The chosen locations of

measurements in Mina and Arafat regions have also been marked out.

1.4.5Chapter 6: Result and discussion

In this part of study some calculations on the data have made . Then,

they were drawn in graphs and discussed for all regions of measurement .


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1.4.6Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendations

In this part the research is summarized and the deducted results are

written in addition to some proposed recommendations .


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Chapter 2

Physics of Sound

and Human Ear


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2 Physics of Sound and Human Ear

2.1The Human Ear :

Understanding how humans hear is a complex subject involving the

fields of physiology, psychology and acoustics. We will attempt to

understand how the human ear serves as an astounding transducer,

converting sound energy to mechanical energy to a nerve impulse which is

transmitted to the brain . The ear's ability to do this allows us to perceive

the pitch of sounds by detection of the wave's frequencies, the loudness of

sound by detection of the wave's amplitude and the timbre of the sound by

the detection of the various frequencies which make up a complex sound

wave.

The ear consists of three basic parts ( see Figure 2-1 ) , the outer ear,

the middle ear, and the inner ear. Each part of the ear serves a specific

purpose in the task of detecting and interpreting sound. The outer ear serves

to collect and channel sound to the middle ear. The middle ear serves to

transform the energy of a sound wave into the internal vibrations of the

bone structure of the middle ear and ultimately transform these vibrations

into a compressional wave in the inner ear. The inner ear serves to


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transform the energy of a compressional wave within the inner ear fluid into

nerve impulses which can be transmitted to the brain. The three parts of the

ear are shown in ( Figure 2-1 ).

Figure 2-1 :The Human Ear. ( Source : Thomasom 2003Brooks/ cole. Fig. 14.27- page 452 )

The outer ear consists of an ear flap and an approximately 2-cm long

ear canal. The ear flap provides protection for the middle ear in order to

prevent damage to the eardrum. The outer ear also channels sound waves,

which reach the ear through the ear canal to the eardrum of the middle ear.

Because of the length of the ear canal, it is capable of amplifying sounds


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with frequencies of approximately 3000 Hz. As sound travels through the

outer ear, the sound is still in the form of a pressure wave, with an

alternating pattern of high and low pressure regions. It is not until the sound

reaches the eardrum at the interface of the outer and the middle ear that the

energy of the mechanical wave becomes converted into vibrations of the

inner bone structure of the ear.

The middle ear is an air-filled cavity which consists of an eardrum

and three tiny, interconnected bones - the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. The

eardrum is a very durable and tightly stretched membrane which vibrates as

the incoming pressure waves reach it. As shown at the right, a compression

forces the eardrum inward and a rarefaction forces the eardrum outward,

thus vibrating the eardrum at the same frequency of the sound wave. Being

connected to the hammer, the movements of the eardrum will set the

hammer, anvil, and stirrup into motion at the same frequency of the sound

wave. The stirrup is connected to the inner ear; and thus the vibrations of

the stirrup are transmitted to the fluid of the middle ear and create a

compression wave within the fluid. The three tiny bones of the middle ear

act as levers to amplify the vibrations of the sound wave. Due to a

mechanical advantage, the displacements of the stirrup are greater than that
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/sound/u11l1c.htmlhttp://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/sound/u11l2a.htmlhttp://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/sound/u11l2a.htmlhttp://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/sound/u11l1c.html


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of the hammer. Furthermore, since the pressure wave striking the large area

of the eardrum is concentrated into the smaller area of the stirrup, the force

of the vibrating stirrup is nearly 15 times larger than that of the eardrum.

This feature enhances our ability of hear the faintest of sounds. The middle

ear is an air-filled cavity which is connected by the Eustachian tube to the

mouth. This connection allows for the equalization of pressure within the

air-filled cavities of the ear. When this tube becomes clogged during a cold,

the ear cavity is unable to equalize its pressure ; this will often lead to

earaches and other pains.

The inner ear consists of a cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the

auditory nerve. The cochlea and the semicircular canals are filled with a

water-like fluid. The fluid and nerve cells of the semicircular canals provide

no roll in the task of hearing; they merely serve as accelerometers for

detecting accelerated movements and assisting in the task of maintaining

balance. The cochlea is a snail-shaped organ which would stretch to

approximately 3 cm. In addition to being filled with fluid, the inner surface

of the cochlea is lined with over 20 000 hair-like nerve cells which perform

one of the most critical roles in our ability to hear. These nerve cells have a

differ in length by minuscule amounts. They also have different degrees of


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resiliency to the fluid which passes over them. As a compressional wave

moves from the interface between the hammer of the middle ear and the

oval window of the inner ear through the cochlea, the small hair-like nerve

cells will be set in motion. Each hair cell has a natural sensitivity to a

particular frequency of vibration. When the frequency of the compressional

wave matches the natural frequency of the nerve cell, that nerve cell will

resonate with a larger amplitude of vibration. This increased vibrational

amplitude induces the cell to release an electrical impulse which passes

along the auditory nerve towards the brain. In a process which is not clearly

understood, the brain is capable of interpreting the qualities of the sound

upon reception of these electric nerve impulses.

2.2Frequency Response Curves :

Frequency Response Curves are shown in Figures (2-2). Bottom

curve is the threshold of hearing .Threshold of hearing is strongly

dependent on frequency, Easiest frequency to hear is about 3000 Hz . When

the sound is loud (top curve, threshold of pain) all frequencies can be heard

equally .


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2.3Physics of sound :

2.3.1Sound :

Sound is a vibratory disturbance created by a moving or vibrating

source, in the pressure and density of a gaseous, liquid medium or in the

elastic strain of a solid which is capable of being detected by the hearing

organs. Sound may be thought of as mechanical energy of a vibrating object

Figure 2-2 :Frequency Response Curve. ( Source : Fletcher and Munson,j.Acoust. Soc .Am., 1933 )


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transmitted by pressure waves through a medium to human (or animal) ears.

The medium of main concern is air.

2.3.2Noise :

Noise

is defined sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected or

undesired, and may therefore be classified as a more specific group of

sounds. Perceptions of sound and noise are highly subjective: one person's

music is another's headache. The two terms are often used synonymously,

although few would call the sound that emanates from a highway anything

but noise. Sound (and noise) is actually a process that consists of three

components:

1) The sound source.

2) The sound path.

3) The sound receiver.

All three components must be present for sound to exist. Without a

source to produce sound, there obviously is no sound. Likewise, without a

medium to transmit sound pressure waves there is also no sound. Finally,

sound must be received, i.e. a hearing organ, sensor, or object must be

present to perceive, register, or be affected by sound or noise. In most

situations, there are many different sound sources, paths, and receivers,


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instead of just one of each. Acoustics

is the field of science that deals with

the production, propagation, reception, effects, and control of sound. The

field is very broad, and transportation related noise and its abatement covers

just a small, specialized part of acoustics.

2.3.3Speed of Sound :

When the surface of an object vibrates in air, it compresses a layer of

air as the surface moves outward, and produces a rarefied zone as the

surface moves inward. This results in a series of high and low air pressures

waves (relative to the steady ambient atmospheric pressure) alternating in

sympathy with the vibrations. These pressure waves - not the air itself -

move away from the source at the speed of sound, or approximately 343

m/s (1126 ft/sec) in air of 20 C. The speed of sound can be calculated from

the following formula:

PC 401.1 equ 1

where :

c = Speed of Sound at a given temperature, in meters per second (m/s).

P = Air pressure in Newton per Square Meter (N/m2) or Pascals (Pa).

= Air density in kilograms of mass per cubic meter (Kg/m3).


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1.401 = the ratio of the specific heat of air under constant pressure to

that of air in a constant volume.

For a given air temperature and relative humidity, the ratio P/

tends

to remain constant in the atmosphere, because the density of air will reduce

or increase proportionally with changes in pressure. Thus the speed of

sound in our atmosphere is independent of air pressure. However, when air

temperature changes, only changes, while P does not. The speed of sound

is therefore temperature dependent, and also somewhat humidity dependent

since humidity affects the density of air. The effects of the latter with

regards to the speed of sound, however, can be ignored for our purposes.

The fact that speed of sound changes with altitude, has nothing to do with

the change in air pressure, and is only caused by the change in temperature.

2.3.4Sound Characteristics :

In its most basic form, a continuous sound can be described by its

frequency

or wavelength

(pitch) and its amplitude

(loudness).

Frequency, Wavelength, Hertz :

Wavelength() : The distance between crests of both curves of the

sound.


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Frequency (f) : The number of times per second that the wave passes

from a period of compression through a period of

rarefaction and starts another period of compression,

it is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).

Hertz (Hz): equals one cycle per second.

High frequencies are sometimes more conveniently expressed in

units of Kilo Hertz(KHz) or thousands of Hertz. The extreme range of

frequencies that can be heard by the healthiest human ears spans from 16 to

20 Hz on the low end to about 20000 Hz (or 20KHz) on the high end.

Frequencies are heard as the pitch or tone of sound. High pitchedsounds

produce high frequencies, low pitched sounds produce low frequencies.

Very-low frequency airborne sound of sufficient amplitude may be felt

before it can be heard, and is often confused with earthborn vibrations.

Sound below 16 Hz is referred to as infrasound, while high frequency sound

above 20000 Hz is called ultrasound. Both infra- and ultrasound are not

audible to humans.


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The distance traveled by a sound pressure wave through one

complete cycle is referred to as the wavelength. The duration of one cycle is

called the period. The period is the inverse of the frequency.

The frequency

of sound pressure waves increases, as their wavelength shortens, and vice

versa. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is linked by the

speed of sound, as shown in the following equations :

FC equ. # 2

CF equ. # 3

FC equ. # 4

Where :

= Wavelength (nm or Ao).

While nm= 10-9m and Ao =10-10m .

c = Speed of Sound (343.3 m/s, or 1126.5 ft/sec at 20oC, or 68oF).

Figure 2-3 : Spatial pressure distribution in a plane wave at one instant of time.


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f = Frequency (Hertz).

Although the speed of sound is usually thought of as a constant, we

have already seen that it actually varies with temperature. The above

mathematical relationships hold true for any value of the speed of sound.

Frequency is normally generated by mechanical processes at the source, and

is therefore not affected by air temperature. As a result, wavelength usually

varies directly speed of sound as the latter varies with temperature. The

relationships between frequency, wavelength and speed of sound can easily

be visualized by using the analogy of a train traveling at a given constant

speed.

Sound Pressure Levels (SPL), Decibels (dB):

The pressures of sound waves continuously changes with time or

distance, and within certain ranges. The ranges of these pressure

fluctuations (actually deviations from the ambient air pressure) are called

the amplitude of the pressure waves. Whereas the frequency of the sound

waves is responsible for the pitch or tone of a sound, the amplitude

determines the loudness of the sound. Loudness of sound increases and

decreases with the amplitude.


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Sound pressures can be measured in units of micro Newtons per

square meter (N/m2) called micro Pascals (Pa). 1 Pa is approximately

one-hundred billionth of the normal atmospheric pressure. The pressure of a

very loud sound may be 200,000,000 Pa, or 10,000,000 times the pressure

of the weakest audible sound (20 Pa). Expressing sound levels in terms of

Pa would be very cumbersome, because of this wide range. For this

reason, sound pressure levels (SPL) are described in logarithmic units of

ratios of actual sound pressures to a reference pressure squared.

In its simplest form, sound pressure level in

decibels is expressed by

the term:

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) = 10 Log10(0

1

P

P )

2 dB equ. 5

Where:

P1is sound pressure.

P0is a reference pressure, standardized as 20 Pa.

Noise Measurement

The equivalent sound level Leq is the A-Weighted sound pressure

level averaged over a suitable time period T . The averaging time T can be

chosen to be a number of minutes , hours or days , as desired.


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dBref

PdtA

PTLeq ]2/2)/1[(10

log10 equ. 6

where PA is the instantaneous sound pressure measured using an A-

weighting frequency filter . The Leq is also sometimes known as the average

sound level LAT.

Leq calculation :

The Leqdescriptor is a special sort of average noise level. Instead of

averaging decibel levels, the energy levels are averaged. The Leq is also

called an energy-mean noise level. The instant noise levels over a certain

time period are energy-averaged by first converting all dB A values to

relative energy values , these values are added up and the total is divided by

the number of values. The result is average (relative) energy. The final step

then is to convert the average energy value back to a decibel level. The

below equation showed the method of adding the energy values. This

equation can be expanded to yield an Leq:

Leq=10log10[(10SPL(1)/10

+10SPL(2)/10

+10SPL(n)/10

)/N] equ.7

Where :

N = number of noise level samples .


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Chapter 3

Literature Review


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3 Literature Review

This section include some of the scientific researches occurred in

different places and countries around the world that related to our studying

in the noise pollution.

3.1The Studies :

3.1.1Abu Dhabi, UAE : 1998 AD

The name of this study is NOISE MODELLING STUDY

TAWEELAH B EXTENSION PROJECT[3]

This research was done by Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd (PB) to make a

noise modelling study of the Al-Taweelah power and desalination plants

near Abu Dhabi, UAE July 1998.

This assessment aims to model existing noise sources and to predict

boundary noise levels before and after the proposed extension to verify

compliance with the limits, and to provide the operator with a noise contour

map of the site and adjoining land area.


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3.1.2Isfahan urban areas: 2003 AD

The name of this study is Evaluation of noise pollution in Isfahanz

urban areas[4]:

The sound levels have been sampled in fall and winter in2003. The

samples were taken from most crowded areas.

Methods:This research is based on the results of outdoor sound level

measurements carried out in a total of 18 different urban locations in

Isfahan city. The indices include values such as main percentiles (L1, L10,

L50, L90), SEL, Leqand NPL.

Results:The results showed that Max Leq was 74.4 dB(A). The level

of SEL varied from 96.4 to 107.4 dB(A). The level of SEL was over 104

dB(A) at some of the stations. It was also found that level of TNI varied

from 60.6 to Max of 77.2 dB(A). This research done by : Suhela

Murtathay,Bezen Bena and Nedam Adenn.

3.1.3Makkah : 2003 AD

The name of study is Determination noising levels in the small

Market Tunnel[5].


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This study was conducted to determine noising levels in the small

Market Tunnel in MAKKAH

DR-SHAHATAH Scored a lot of goals in his study by measuring the noise

level in the tunnel, establishing an electronic map describing the noising

levels, established a map of different activities inside the tunnel

(distribution of people and their location). He indicated the subjected levels

inside the tunnels by making a comparison between the two established

maps. Finally he compared his results with the international and local

standards. The readings were recorded during the 24,25,26 of Ramadan at

an average of 1:30 hour for each day and the noise founded there is higher

than the acceptable level.

3.1.4London : 2004 AD

The name of study is The London Road Traffic Noise Map [6]:

Done by Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. This

report describes how the London Road Traffic Noise Map was created. The

noise calculations covered an area of over 1,600 km2

, the map contains

about 16,575,000 calculation points. The method used in this report is the

Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CRTN). The project achieved its goal

of producing a strategic road traffic noise map for the Greater London area.


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The level of noise recorded in this study varies between acceptable and

unacceptable noise.

3.1.5Jordan : 2005 AD

The name of study is Attitudes of Jordanian Population Towards

Road Traffic Noise[7].

This study was done by Ayman N. Al-Dakhlallaha* and Khair S.

Jadaan in August 25, 2005 The purpose of this study is to quantify the

levels of noise which are generated from road traffic and compare these

measured levels against appropriate standards for noise of this type.

Measurements of traffic noise were performed using a noise level meter

type 4426.

Measurement sites were located in Amman, and were chosen so as to

provide as far as possible a comprehensive coverage over the urban area.

The statistical analyzer used produced the result by hourly measures during

the study period ( 6:00 to 12:00 midnight ).

The study established that residential areas adjacent to the sites where

traffic noise was measured are subjected to noise levels of up to 78 dB(A).


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3.1.6England : 2007 AD

Traffic Noise in England, wasdone by Deepak Prasher .Professor of

Audiology in Ear Institute in the University College London[8]. This report

describes the noise levels in 41 towns and cities in England measured

during October and November 2006.A Bruel and Kjaer 2260 investigator

system was used to record noise levels in streets around the towns and city

centres.Some surprising results in the survey were identified. Some small

towns showed higher levels of noise than expected such as Darlington,

Doncaster and Gillingham appearing in the top 10 noisy places. The Tyne

Bridge in Newcastleupon-Tyne was the number one noise spot exceeding

the first action level of the noise at work regulations with levels exceeding

80dB LAeq. Torquay was the quietest of the 41 places surveyed with a level

of just over 60dB

3.2Effect of noise :

The perception of sounds in day-to-day life is a major importance for

human well being. Communication through speech, sounds from playing

children, music, and natural sounds in parklands, parks and gardens are all

examples of sounds essential for satisfaction in every day life. According to


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the International Program on Chemical Safety (WHO 1994)[1], an adverse

effect of noise is defined as a change in the morphology and physiology of

an organism that results in impairment of functional capacity, or an

impairment of capacity to compensate for additional stress, or increases the

susceptibility of an organism to the harmful effects of other environmental

influences. This definition includes any temporary or long-term lowering of

the physical, psychological or social functioning of humans or human

organs. The health significance of noise pollution are: noise-induced

hearing impairment; interference with speech communication; disturbance

of rest and sleep; psycho physiological, mental-health and performance

effects; effects on residential behavior and annoyance; as well as

interference with intended activities [9]

The specific effects of noise on individual human health are difficult

to establish, mainly because individuals' sensitivity to noise is highly

variable. However, recent studies[9-21]show that noise is a major source of

stress, with physiological reactions including accelerated heart rhythm,

increased amounts of hormones produced and dilation of the pupils. Noise

also increases the stress already present from difficult social, familial or


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professional relationships as well as the health problems and can intensify

the development of mental disorder.

Other general impacts of noise include:

Hearing impairment can occur at noise level of 85 dB (A) ( so

this is not the most important effect) [10, 11];

Intelligibility of speech[12];

Physiological effects, such as tiredness (from muscle

contraction) and hypertension (from contraction of blood

vessels) [13, 14].

Sleep disturbance[15];

Performance in cognitive tasks (from lack of concentration and

precision in actions) [16, 17].

Decrease of children's ability to comprehend, concentrate and

assimilate. Young children in the process of acquiring

language and reading skills are particularly at risk [18].

Mental health problems [19].

Noise from numerous sources will typically have some combination

of effects; such as interfering with speech in the day and disturbing sleep at

night. It is important to note that the effects of noise are often more severe


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on vulnerable subgroups; such as the elderly, young children, blind people

and people in hospitals or rehabilitating at home.

The noise effects are very dependent on specific factors, such as the

time duration, noise source level, and the distance from the source . The

duration of a noise event, and its tone, can influence perceived annoyance.

For example, an aircraft's tone is perceived as threatening (it integrates

notions of fear) and is therefore typically more annoying than the same

level (intensity and frequency) of train noise. Some types of tone are even

considered relaxing (wave noise, bird song) and therefore cannot be treated

as noise.

Another specificity to take into account is what is called the

emergence of a noise (the size of fluctuation from the background noise

level). This characteristic is very important when considering night-time

noise, as emergence is one of the most important causes of sleep disruption.

This is in turn responsible for a series of severe health effects, which were

acknowledged by the European Commission [20].


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Chapter 4

Instrumentation


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4 Instrumentation

4.1Sound Level Meter CR 812B :

Noise measurements were performed using an integrated Average

Sound Level Meter , model NO. CR812B, that developed by the Cirrus

research PLC, in UK . After the Hajj season is over the Custodian Of The

Tow Holy Mosque Institute has obtained a developed high performance

device carrying model NO. CR832B from the same company .

4.2Specifications :

The weight of the instrument is : 450 gms

Batteries : 2 X 1.5 v Alkaline LR6 / AA

Dimensions : 340 mm X 75 mm X 25 mm

Environmental :

1 ) Temperature : Operating - 10 C to + 50 C

Storage - 20 C to + 60 C

2 ) Humidity : up to 95 % RH Non condensing .


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4.3Measurement Functions:

The Measurement functions depend upon the options that have been

fitted. The instrument can be fitted with either Broad Band or the Octave

Band modes. If the Auto Repeat function is used, it can be made to repeat

the broad Band measurement up to 999 times. The instrument can also be

configured to synchronise the measurement start time with the instrument

clock.

4.3.1 BroadBand Measurement Mode:

In BroadBand Mode, the instrument store the overall values such as

LAeq

LAFmax

and Lns as well as storing a noise profile, or Time History,

during each measurement.

The instrument can store up to 1300 BroadBand Measurements

which can be of any length, up to a maximum of 99 hours per measurement.

With each measurement is stored, a noise profile which consists of 1 second

Leq samples, with up to a maximum of 11 days of noise profile being

available.


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4.3.2 Octave Band Measurement:

The Instrument provide a sequential sweep through the filter bands

over the measurement duration and provide a measurement of the overall

LAeq, LCeqand LZeq functions , when the instrument is set either to 1:1 or 1:3

Octave Band Mode, the Run Duration is divided between the frequency

bands. For example, if the instrument duration is set to 15 minute the

equipment will take a total of 15 minutes to complete the sweep through the

frequency band.

4.4 Sound Level Meter Calibration:

IF the Sound Level Meter need to be used for measurement, the

instrument must be calibrated against the Acoustic calibratior.

Durring calibration connect the Acoustic Calibrator to the Sound

Level Meter and select the 94 dB setting on the Acoustic Calibrator. Press

the menu key to select the calibrate option and press OK to start the

calibration procedure ( see figure 4-1).


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The configuration of the Run Duration, the Auto-Repeat and the

Auto-Synchronise function are all connected and affect each other and must

be set before measurement.

4.5The measurement duration:

The measurement duration is set to the specific time interval and the

instrument will run continuously until the stop key is pressed. In our study

the measurement duration was 15 minutes until reach to the next point.

Figure 4-1 : Noise the status of the different functions.


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4.6The Measurement Auto-Repeat:

The Auto- Repeat function is used to set the instrument to make a

series of continuous measurement. If the measurement duration was set to

15 minutes and the Auto Repeat disabled, after the first 15 minute

measurement the instrument will stop and store the measurement

information at the memory. With the Auto Repeat function enabled, the

instrument will make further 15 minute measurements, one after the next

until the total number of measurement has been made. This allows the user

to set the instrument, for example, to take 96 individual 15 minute

measurement over a 24 hour period.

4.7The measurement Auto- Synchronise:

This function allows the start of the measurement to be started in

time with the clock of the instrument.

The diagram below shows how the measurement runs from when the

start key is pressed for the duration defined by the Run Duration (see figure

4-2).


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This method of starting and stopping the measurements is used in

many applications such as Environmental Noise measurements, it is

important to start the measurements at a predetermined time. For example,

when making environmental noise measurements that are for 10 minutes,

the equipment can start the measurements on 10 minute boundaries.

4.8Measurement Range:

One of the most important features of a Sound Level Meter is the

measurement range. If the measurements rang is set too high, the instrument

may not be able to record low level. If the measurement range is set too

low, high noise levels will overload the instrument and make the

measurement invalid. Therefore it is vital that the correct measurement rang

is chosen for the noise to be recorded.

Figure 4-2 : The Run Duration of the measurement defined.


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The measurement range in our study is (50 dB to 120 dB), if the

noise level is below 50 dB, the instrument will indicate under- Rang. If the

noise level is above 120 dB, the instrument will indicate Overload.

The bar graph at the top of the screen can be used to select the

appropriate measurement rang. As the user moves between the different

measurements ranges, the bar graph changes the top and bottom to match

the measurement range. The noise level being measured is shown in the bar

graph.

4.9Windshield:

The equipment used with UA: 237 90mm Foam Windshield which

will reduce the noise levels generated by air turbulence over the

microphone capsule (see figure 4-3). The windshield can also be protecting

the microphone capsule of the Sound Level Meter from dust and fluids

which may affect the performance of the instrument. The UA: 237

windshields must be removed before the Sound Level Meter can be

calibrated.


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Figure 4 -3 :The Windshield Foam.


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4.10 The Batteries:

The batteries of the instrument are located behind the cover on the

bottom of the instrument. It is use two AA type batteries, also known as

LR6 ( see figure 4-4 ).

1. Batteries.

2. RS232 Communications Socket

3. External power.

Stopping and recalling the measurement:

When the measurement is stopped, the data is automatically stored in

the memory and the instrument enters the measurement review mode.

Figure 4 -4 :The positions of the Batteries.


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To view stored measurements, ensure that the instrument is not

running and move the arrow up or down in the review mode to see the first

and the last measurement.

4.11 Sound Level Meter Configuration :

The Keypad is shown in Figure 4-5 :

1. Move through the measurement parameters when running a

measurement, move through the stored measurement

parameters in memory recall mode, select a higher frequency

band Octave Band Filter mode and set up through menu

option.

Figure 4 -5 :The Keypad of the instrument.


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2. Chang the measurement range and display the current

measurement range.

3. Enter the memory Recall mode and step through the memory

locations.

4. Move through the measurement parameters when running the

measurement, move through the stored measurement

parameters in memory recall mode, select a lower frequency

band in Octave Band mode and step down through menu

options.

5. Resets the current measurement when running.

6. Power On and Off.

7. Stops the current measurement when running.

8. Start and pause a measurement.

9. Switch on and off the display backlight.

10.Exit menu option. Cancel data entry.

11.Select menu option. Accept data entry.

12.Enter memory Recall Mode and step through the memory

locations.

13.Select the menu mode and view the menu options.


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4.12 Menu System:

The instruments use a menu system to allow the user to change the

operation of the Sound Level Meter.

This menu system is described below along with the procedure to

change the different measurement functions and operational parameters.

4.13 Viewing and downloading the measurement :

Configuring the instrument from the software :

Different configurations can be saved and loaded into the instrument

to suit different measurement applications. The following parameters can be

set from within the Deaf Defier3 software:

Measurement mode.

Run Duration.

Time Weighting.

Frequency Weighting.

Measurement Rang.

User Metric.

Measurement Auto Synchronisation.


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Measurement Auto Repeat.

Ln values.

Understanding how the measurements are stored :

The memory of the instrument can store up to 1300 measurements.

Each measurement is known as an Event and can be either BroadBand, 1:1

Octave Band or 1: 3 Octave Band. The duration of each measurement does

not affect the size that it takes, but the different measurements types take up

different amounts of space in the instrument memory.

Figure 4 -6 :The Deaf Defier3 software .


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The diagram below shows how the different measurements take up

different amounts of memory space ( figure 4-7 ).

The maximum time over which BroadBand measurements can be

stored depends upon the duration of the measurements.

Table 1: The maximum time over which measurements can be made.

Measurement DurationMaximum Length

Measurement

1 minute 21.5 hours

5 minutes 4.5 days

15 minutes 13.5 days

30 minutes 27 days

1 hour 54 days

Figure 4 -7 :The space of the different measurements of the instrument.


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When each BroadBand measurement is stored a Time History

measurement, this information is stored in a separated memory from the

Events and does not take up any of the 1300 Event memories However, the

time history memory is limited to a size of 1008000 samples at 1 second

samples, which is just over 11 days storage. If the Time History Store is full

before the Event Memory Store, the Event measurements will continue but

will not have Time History

data. The diagram shows an example of this, in (figure 4-8 ).

Figure 4-8 :The space of the different measurements of the instrument.


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4.14 Maintenance and Care

The instrument is precision measurement and should be treated withcare:

1. The instrument should not be exposed to substances which

may cause damage to the components of the unit.

2. If the instrument is to be used in an environment where

particles such as dust may come into contact with the

instrument, always use a windshield to protect the microphone

capsule.

3. The instrument is not waterproof and should not be used in

situations where will form or condense on the microphone

capsule or the instrument body.

4. If using the CR: 812B outdoor, use a suitable outdoor

measurement kit which has been specifically designed to

protect the instrument.

5. If the CR: 812B becomes dusty, wipe it down with a cloth that

is lightly dampened with water or a mild detergent.

6. The aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, or methanol-

based fluids should not be using when wiping down the meter.


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7. The microphone capsule should not be cleaned and the

microphone grill should not be removed as this can cause

severe damage to the membrane.


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Chapter 5

Scope of Work


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5 Scope of Work

The project is thoroughly studied to know its importance and benefit .

Making the necessary equipment to make the study available and

training those who are taking part in measurement how to use the

device .

Choosing measurement locations : This should be according to the

places where pilgrims are concentrated at a specific time. Also

according to vital places such as hospitals and intersections of main

roads .

The places were chosen as follows :

5.1Mina Valley :

5.1.1 King Fahad street :

One of the main roads in Mina .The measurement point was chosen

near King Fahad Tunnel as shown in Figure (4-1), point No ( 1 ) at

longitude and latitude ( 21 25' 29.50" N , 39 52' 14.22" E).


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5.1.2King Abdulaziz Street :

King Abdulaziz Street is the main street in Mina valley. The selected

points of measurement in front of the Civil Defense building on the

opposite side of road as shown in Figure (5-1), point No ( 2 ) at longitude

and latitude ( 21 25' 11.85" N , 39 52' 11.56" E).

5.1.3Al-Jamarat Bridge :

The measurement location was chosen next to Al- Jamarat where the

measurement was taken at a distance of 35 meters away from Al- Jamarat

basin as shown in Figure (5-1).

The first day is Eid Al-Adha (10/12/1427) ( 30/12/2006) : Jamrat Al-

Aqaba point No ( 3 ) at longitude and latitude( 21 25' 18.79" N ,

39 52' 15.25" E).

First day of Tashreeq (11/12/1427) ( 31/12/2006) : Al-jamrah Al-

sughra , point No ( 4 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21 25' 16.02" N ,

39 52' 21.00" E).


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Second day of Tashreeq : (12/12/1427) ( 1/1/2007) : Al- Jamrah Al-

Wasta point No ( 5 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21 25' 12.66" N , 39

52' 26.77" E).

Third day of Tshreeq : (10/12/1427)( 30/12/2007): Jamrat Al-Aqaba.

Figure 5-1 :Mina Valley (1).


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5.1.4 King Abdulaziz Bridge :

The measurement point was chosen at the intersection of King Abdul

Aziz Road and King Abdullah Road near Mina Bridge Hospital as shown in

Figure (5-2), point No ( 6 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21 24' 21.35" N , 39

53' 20.84" E).



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5.1.5Al-Kheef Mosque :

In front of the mosque there is a large plaza considered as a main

pedestrian way connecting Al-Jamarat with the rest of Mina 3 locations for

measurement were chosen in front of the mosque at one houre as shown in

Figure (5-3).



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Point ( 7 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21 24' 57.54" N , 39 52'

43.14" E).


40.55" E).


39.47" E).

5.2Arafat Area :

5.2.1Namirah Hospital :

The point was chosen as shown in Figure (5-4), point No ( 1 ) at

longitude and latitude ( 21 21' 11.48" N , 39 58' 23.13" E).

5.2.2Namerah Mosque :

A main landmark in Arafat . Pilgrims pray Noon (Zuhr) and

Afternoon (Assr) prayers shortened and combined. The measurement point

was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-4), point number ( 2 ) at longitude and

latitude ( 21 21' 10.47" N , 39 58' 22.29" E).


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5.2.3Al-Rahmah Mountain :

A main landmark in Arafat . Masses of pilgrims stand on it. The

measurement point was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-4), point

number ( 3 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21 21' 14.00" N , 39 59' 02.30" E).

5.2.4Al-Rahmah Hospital :

Al-Rahmah hospital is located anear Al-Rahmah mountain. The

measurement point was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-4), point number (4)

at longitude and latitude ( 21 21' 11.74" N , 39 58' 58.6" E).

Figure 5-4 :Arafat Area (1).


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5.2.5Pedestrian Way :

The location was chosen at the end of Arafat from the side of

Muzdalifa as shown in Figurer (5-5), point number ( 5 ) at longitude and

latitude ( 21 21' 19.91" N , 39 57' 55.17" E).

5.2.6Road NO. 4 :

The measurement point was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-5), point


Figure 5-5 :Arafat Valley (2).


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5.2.7Road NO. 8 :



5.2.8Taradodiah :



Figure 5-6 : Arafat Area (3) .


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Chapter 6

Results and

Discussion


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6 Results and Discussion

6.1 Some Hajj Rites :

We are going to mention here some Hajj rites performed by pilgrims

in order to know the places where they concentrate in those days ( at the

time of the study ).

The 8thof Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day) :

The Hajj rites start in this day where the most of pilgrims move to

their camps in Mina before afternoon. In Mina, the pilgrims pray Dhuhr,

Asr, Maghrib and Ishaa of the 8 thof Dhul-Hijjah and Fajr of the 9thof Dhul-

Hijja (Arafat Day). The most essential hajj rites start in the early morning of

the 9thday of the month of Dulhijja, when pilgrims descend to the Arafat

area.

The 9thof Dulhijja (day of Arafat) :

In the 9th of Dulhijja (day of Arafat) pilgrims accumulate in

AL-Rahmah Mountain and Namrah Mosque . The pilgrims descend after

sunset to mzdalefh .


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The 10thof Dulhijja (day of al-Nahr) :

In this great day all the pilgrims throw only the biggest jamrah (al-

kabah) after the sunrise until the sunset (Zawal time), scarifying the cheep

and cut their hair.

The 11thof Dulhijja (The First day of Tashriq days) :

In this day the pilgrims must stay most of the night in Mina .Then

after the zawal time (Zuhur prayer time) of the first Tashriq day, the

pilgrims go to throw seven (7) pebbles at each of the three (3) jamrah

stations.

The 12thof Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days ) :

On the second day of the Tashriq days, the pilgrims again throw

pebbles at the three jamrahrat, as the previous day. If they stay in Mina until

the sun sets on the second day, it becomes an obligation upon them to stay

the last night of Tashreeq days and throw the pebbles at the jamarat on the

third Tashreeq day.

The 13thof Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days) :

After the zawal time of the third Tashriq day, the pilgrims go to

throw seven (7) pebbles at each of the three (3) jamarat stations.


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6.2 Calculation :

The measurement was reported in 15 min and we convert it in 1

hour by using the equation :

Leq = 10 log 10{[ 10(SPL/10)

(1)++10(SPL/10)

(n) /n]} equ. 8

The WHO, 1999, was reported that if the measurements were greater

than Leq = 85 db per hour will causes hearing impairment.

6.3 Mina Valley :

6.3.1 King fahad Street:

King Fahad Street is the main street in mina valley . The selected

point of measurement is after King fahad tunnel . The selected location is

shown in Figure (5-1) at point number ( 1 ).

The 8thof Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day)( 28/12/2006):

The variation level of noise are shown in Figure (6-1). Readings were taken

between 02:00 and 22:00.


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The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 76.54dB per hour) at 11:00.

The Leq = 76.54 dB is less than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for

human hearing.

6.3.2 King Abdulaziz Street:

King Abdulaziz Street is the main street in mina valley . The selected

points of measurement in front of the Civil Defense building on the

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021

Time (Hour )EquivalentContinuo

sSound

Level(dB)

Figure 6 -1 :The Measured Noise level at King fahad Street in Mina ( 8t

of Dulhijja ) .


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opposite side of road. The selected location is shown in Figure (5-1) at

point number ( 2 ).


The variation level of noise are shown in Figures (6-2). Readings

were taken between 02:00 and 22:00.

The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 75 dB) at 20:00. The Leq =

75 dB is less than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for human

hearing.

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Time (Hour )

EquivalentC

ontinuosSound

Level(dB)

Figure 6 -2 : The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in Mina ( 8th

of Dulhijja ) .


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The 9thof Dulhijja (day of Arafat)( 29/12/2006):

The variation levels of noise are shown in Figure (6-3). Readings


The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 78.34 dB) at 07:00.


human hearing.


of Dulhijja ) .


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The 11thof Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)

( 31/12/2006):




The Leq = 85.04 dB is approximately equal to Leq = 85 dB, so that, this

area is still within the recommended noise value by WHO 1999.

Figure 6 -4 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in Mina ( 11th

of Dulhijja ) .


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The 12thof Dulhijja (The second of Tashriq days )

( 01/01/2007) :


were taken between 10:00 and 21:00 .



human hearing.

Figure 6 -5 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in Mina ( 12th

of Dulhijja ) .


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The 13thof Dulhijja (The third of Tashriq days)

( 02.01/2007):



The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 78.26 ) dB at 16:00 .


human hearing.


of Dulhijja ) .


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70

80

90

100

110

120

130140

8th of

Dulhijja

9th of

Dulhijja

11th of

Dulhijja

12th of

Dulhijja

13th of

Dulhijja

Time ( Day )

Sound

Level(dB)

Highest of Leq

Highest LMax

Highest Peak

Over View of Level Noise in King Abdul Aziz Street:

The variation level of noise at various time are shown in

Figure (6-7).

It can be noted from the figure that noise level in most time is

acceptable . The 11thday has the highest level of noise in this location .The

maximum meured was = 80 dB in The 11th of Dulhijja see the figure

above.

Figure 6 -7 : The maximum noise measured at various times at King Abdulaziz Street in Mina.


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6.3.3 King Abdulaziz Bridge :

King Abdulaziz Street is the main street in mina valley . The selected

points of measurement at the intersection of King Abdulaziz Road and King

Abdullah Road near Mina Bridge Hospital The selected location is shown

in Figure (5-2) at point number ( 6 ).


The variation level of noise are shown in Figures (6-8). Readings


Figure 6 -8 :The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge in Mina ( 8th

of Dulhijja ) .

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65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Time (Hour )

Equiva

lentContinuosSound

Level(dB)


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The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 75.00dB) at 20:00.


human hearing.

The 9thof Dulhijja (day of Arafat)( 29/12/2006):


were taken between 08:00 and 10:00 .

The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 82.97 dB) at 08:00. The Leq = 82.97

dB is less than Leq = 85 dB , so that, this area is suitable for human hearing.

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

7 8 9 10

Time (Hour )

Eq

Noise Project1

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