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Transcript of NOAA’s Climate Reference Network: An Automated Long-Term Climate Monitoring Station for Extreme...
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NOAA’s Climate Reference Network: An Automated Long-Term
Climate Monitoring Station for Extreme Climates
Tiksi Russia Climate Observatory Planning Meeting NOAA – Earth System Research Laboratory
Boulder, Colorado
Michael Helfert1, Tilden Meyers2, Mark Hall2, Grant Goodge1 & Howard Diamond1
NOAA - National Climatic Data Center1
NOAA - Atmospheric Turbulence & Diffusion Division2
Asheville, North Carolina1 and Oak Ridge, Tennessee2
March 7-9, 2007
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What’s So Special About Climate Reference Stations?
• Location, location, location!! Pristine areas.• Adhere to WMO Climate Monitoring Standards.• Station Hosts provide site for 50-100 years in
undeveloped or natural state. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Layered comms enhance data completeness.• Laboratory-grade, redundant instrumentation.• Emphasis on metadata & data ingest (98%).• Daily monitoring, QA/QC, traceable standards,
systematic maintenance/ calibration pgms
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National Climatic Data Center
• Conservative Tiksi Option: Mount the Redundant Climate Reference Network Precision Primary Sensors for P & T# on 10m or 50m towers.
Air Temperature (power-aspirated; radiation-shielded);Precipitation Accumulation (All-Weather/Temperature).
#1.5 mtrs above deepest snowpack
• Other Possible Measurements at 1.5 metersWind Speed (at sensor throat/inlet) - Wv/Wd sensor?Global Solar Radiation – dubious meritGround Surface (Skin) Temperature – dubious merit
-----------------------------------Not Advised----------------------------------- Relative Humidity – Very low end of sensor range. Barometric Pressure – is better instrument available? Soil moisture/temperature – permafrost/muskeg
**WMO Climate Observing Standards
Considering A Proper CRN Precision Sensor Suite for Tiksi**
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T1
T2
T3
Primary Instrumentation Only
Four precipitation gauges inside a double windshield,with a single alter as 3rd windfence
Three separately housed, power-aspirated platinum-resistance thermometers
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Functionality of Triply Redundant Primary Sensors
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Fairbanks, Alaska CRN Station
Power Feed
Central Tower,
Instruments
& Datalogger
8-meter diameter SDFIR surrounds the four precipitation gauges
SDFIR elevated above mean January snow
depth.
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An All-Sensor Climate Reference Network StationAn All-Sensor Climate Reference Network Station
Cornell University, New York StateCornell University, New York State
Datalogger
Anemometer
Ground Temperature
Wetness Sensor
Power Control
Three Lab-Grade Thermometers in Individual Ventilated Radiation Housings
Solar Radiation (Pyranometer)
Multi-check precipitation gauge with backup gauge inside a large wind fence
Satellite comms (pre-cover)
Soil Moisture & Soil Temperature
Relative Humidity
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Redundant CommunicationsCRN has multiple data communication levelsto assure 98% archival data ingest for POR
A daily status report verifies the condition and availability of all communications networks and station data reports.
1-3. Three separate satellite receiving stations and backups for three GOES satellites.
4-6. Transmissions include previous two hours obs.7. Individual Station Dataloggers (34-month storage).
(8). Local readout desired/required (?).-----------------------------------------------------------------
• There are 96 CRN sites operating, 50+ more planned. • Two stations report via ground communications (test sites). • The other 94 report via the GOES DCS satellite system. • Network data ingest for POR (2000-2007) is 99.7%
March 5, 2007
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Antenna icing initially led to low data collection until a slippery fiberglass cover was backfitted in 2005.
Data ingest increased from Barrow Alaska from 72% to 98+% completeness following antenna cover installation.
Fiberglass yagi antenna cover at Barrow, AK
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USCRN Data Ingest, 2000-2007
2000 2 stations 89+% 2001 16 stations 92+% 2002 31 stations 97+% 2003 50 stations 98+%**
2004 64 stations 99.1%
2005 78 stations 99.8%
2007 (March) 88 stations 99.7%
**98% data completeness is the Minimum Data Ingest Floor
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Typical U.S. CRN Precipitation Gauge in light-to-medium snowfall area (Quinnault WA).
Gauge throat elevation is 1.5 meters to conform to WMO Measurement Standards.
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• Barrow Tower Antenna Cover, 03 2005.JPG
Barrow Alaska – Lesson Learned: “Normals” are changing – therefore build the wind fence above the expected (new)
record snowfall ... (March 2004)
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Barrow SDFIRNewly Elevated SDFIR at Barrow, Alaska CRN Station
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CRN Fairbanks, AK
SDFIR elevated above mean
January snow depth.
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Geonor Triple-Transducer Precipitation Gauge
Mass/depth of precipitation is determined by frequency of wire variation. Picture is of single transducer/wire Geonor gauge. CRN site gauges have three transducers/wires around gauge.
transducer/wire
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Aspirated shields with solar
radiation sensor and satellite
antenna, Murphy, Idaho
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Bent & twisted radiation shield – instrument OK.
Crushed radiation hat – instrument continued functioning nominally
Survival of Barrow, Alaska stationafter polar bear hug(s).No sensor damage and no sensordrifts out of calibration followed.
T1
T2 T3
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NOAA Engineer Summer Luncheon: CRN Station Maintenance, Barrow AK
•
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Polar beer laying in the grass waiting for a CRN engineer to lunch with: Barrow, Alaska
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Primary Outer Rainbands 1 and 2
Newton Mississippi CRN Station
Hurricane Eye
1300 Hours CST August 29, 2005
Hurricane Katrina
127 mph at landfall
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Local Time (hrs)
North Storm morphology SouthPeak Wind at 1.5 m = 13 m/s
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Phenomena That Have Fooled Us:
St. Mary (Glacier National Park), Montana, Ground Effect Blizzard:
Climate Reference Network (CRN) &
Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) Measurements
3 clear days with constant snowfall:
Nov 29- Dec 1, 2006
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False Snow Event Winds-Glacier National Park, Montana
• Winds were measured at St. Mary CRN and the nearby (200m) Natl Park Service RAWS,
29 Nov-1 Dec 2006• Instrument elevation differences:
• CRN anemometer 1.5 mtrs; • RAWS anemometer 10 mtrs.
• Winds at both locations in close agreement during event – variance <5%. Max winds 29 mph St. Mary CRN (1.5 m); 31 mph St. Mary RAWS (10M).
• Webcam showed laminar-flow blowing snow with thickness of 15-20 mtrs persisted for 3 days. False precip total estimated at 10 mm.
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Reference Stake
Web cam view SW 0920 MST Jan 31, 2007
Temp 19 F (-8 C)
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Web cam view SW at 12:17 MST Nov. 29, 2006
Temp. 12 F (-11C)
Reference Stake
Wind Gust SSW 31 mph
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CONCLUSIONS
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CRN Station Lessons – Alaska; Rocky Mountains; Montana; Maine
• Sturdiest possible equipment to withstand wildlife curiosity & extreme environments.
• Use multiple sensors in case one fails.• Plan for deep snow, & raise station vertically.• Record data locally for comms outages.• Build stations where there is reliable power.• Daily QA/QC (HON) monitoring & analysis.• Goal is highest confidence, irrefutable data.• Adhere to WMO, NAS, NOAA Climate Principles.• Plan to suceed; don’t be arrogant; learn; evolve.
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Hi-lat/Hi-elevation monitoring difficulties
• Site stability, access, and security
• Power and maintenance
• Personnel safety is primary – not data.
------------------------------------------------------------
• How extreme is the climate environment?
• Are climate normals & extremes shifting?
• What phenomena are we unprepared for?
• What climate phenomena will fool us?
• Rigidity of our mental constructs?
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Time is Wasting…
Let’s get to work!!!
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Where Can the CRN Data and
Information Be Found???
Internet (Web) Access
USCRN Homepage URL:
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/uscrn/
or, go directly to the “Index”:
www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/uscrn/index.html
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World Meteorological Organization World Data Center-A (WDC-A)
Asheville, North Carolina
WDC-A is the public-domain archive steward of the Earth’s Climate and Satellite data and information. 11/02
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Mike Helfert, CRN Project ManagerGrant GoodgeNOAA-NCDC
PH: (828) [email protected]
Tilden Meyers, DirectorMark Hall, Chief Engineer
NOAA-ATDDPH: (865) 576-1245
[email protected]@noaa.gov
Howard Diamond, NOAA- GCOS Program ManagerPH: (301) 713-1283