No Slide Title - monroe.k12.ky.us point... · - Oxygen provided by the blood vessels allows for the...
Transcript of No Slide Title - monroe.k12.ky.us point... · - Oxygen provided by the blood vessels allows for the...
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Connective Tissues
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Connective Tissue
– Most abundant tissue
– Functions are varied
Connective tissues bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, and repair tissue damage.
– Characteristics
• Specialized cells, relatively few cells, widely scattered
• Highly vascular
• Much matrix
– Extracellular protein fibers
– Ground substance (fluid)
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Classification of Connective Tissues
– Embryonic connective tissues
• Mesenchymal cells: stem cells that can differentiate
into other types of cells found in connective tissue
– Adult connective tissues
• Fluid connective tissue: contains distinctive cells in
a watery matrix, includes blood and lymph
• Supporting connective tissue: contains specialized
cells, matrix contains closely packed fibers, includes
cartilage and bone
• Connective tissue proper: many differnet types of
cells, thick ground substance, includes adipose
tissue (fat) and tendons
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Embryonic Connective Tissues
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Cell Types Found in Connective Tissue
– Fibroblasts
• Produce and maintain the protein fibers that are
found in the matrix
• Fixed cells that are slender or stellate (star-shaped
– Macrophages (a type of white blood cell)
• “Big eaters”-engulf damaged cells or pathogens that
enter the connective tissue
• Large ameoboid cells
• May be fixed or wandering
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Additional Connective Tissue Cells
– Adipocytes
• Fixed fat cells
• Contain a large droplet of fat that pushes the cells nucleus to one side, causing the cell to resemble a class ring
– Mesenchymal cells
• Stem cells that can divide (mitosis) and differentiate into other types of cells that can replace damaged connective tissue
– Melanocytes
• Fixed cells that produce and store melanin, a brown pigment that gives tissue a dark color
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
– Lymphocytes (another type of white blood cell)• Move throughout the body
• Numbers increase where there is tissue damage
• May turn into plasma cells, which produce antibodies that fight infection
– Microphages (another type of white blood cell)• Function life macrophages but are smaller
– Mast cells
• Around blood vessels
• Wandering cells that produce histamine & heparin, which stimulate inflammation and the allergic response
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Connective Tissue Fibers– Collagen fibers
• Most common type
• Long, straight, unbranched
• Protein fibers wound together like a rope
• Flexible, but stronger than steel when pulled from either end
• Form ligaments, tendons
– Reticular fibers• Thin
• Branched and woven into rough, flexible network
• Form a framework that’s tough but flexible
• Can resist forces from many different directions
• Stabilizes cells and blood vessels
– Elastic fibers• Branched and wavy
• Thin
• Stretch and recoil
• Contain elastin protein
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Ground Substance
– Extracellular fluid in connective tissue
– clear, colorless
– consistency similar to syrup, which slows the
spread of bacteria and other pathogens
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Types of Adult Connective
Tissue
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Classification of Adult Connective Tissues
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective
Tissue– Also called areolar tissue
– Fibers not abundant
– Contains all 3 types of fibers and a wide variety of cells
– Serves as “packing material”- fills space between organs, provides cushioning
– Allows distortion without damage, is resilient
– Examples of locations
• Between skin and muscles
• Around digestive tract
• Around blood vessels
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose Tissue:
– Similar to loose connective tissue
– Most of the volume is adipocytes
– Provides padding, cushions, slows heat loss,
food reserve, packs and fills spaces
– Locations
• Wherever there is loose connective tissue
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Adipose Tissue
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Brown fat
- Adipose tissue found in infants and the upper body of
young children
- Is highly vascularized, which causes it to appear brown
- Oxygen provided by the blood vessels allows for the rapid
breakdown of the stored fat in this tissue
- This breakdown releases much energy that is used to heat
circulating blood
- This helps to keeps infants and small children warm since
their bodies are so small, they have less insulation, and
their muscles do nor produce very much heat
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Interesting Fact
• Adipocytes in adults do not divide
• The number of fat cells is pretty much established in the
first few weeks of life
• It would seem that getting rid of some of these fat cells (ex.
liposuction) would result in a permanent loss of fat and
weight.
• However, this is not the case. Even though these
adipocytes don’t divide, mesenchymal cells can become
adipocytes.
• Therefore, when adipocytes are removed, mesenchymal
cells produce more to take their place!!!
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Liposuction?!?
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Connective Tissue Proper: Reticular Tissue
– Reticular fibers form a strong, 3-D network
– Provides strength and support
– Forms the framework (stroma) of many organs
– Supports the cells in many organs such as the
liver and spleen
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Reticular Tissue
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Dense Connective Tissue
– Most of its volume is made of collagen fibers
– Types
• Dense Regular Connective Tissue
• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
• Elastic Connective Tissue
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
– Lots of collagen fibers that are parallel to one
another and are packed tightly
– Cells – fibroblasts in rows between bundles
– Examples
• Tendons- connect muscle to bone
• Ligaments- connect bone to bone, can tolerate
moderate stretching
• Aponeuroses- attach muscle to muscle
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
– Dense woven mesh of collagen fibers
– Provides strength and support in various
directions
– Occurs in sheets
– Locations
• Periosteum (around bone)
• Perichondrium (around cartilage)
• Fibrous capsules of some organs (liver, kidney,
spleen)
• Fasciae
• Dermis (skin)
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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Dense Connective Tissue: Elastic Tissue
– Lots of elastic fibers
– Fibroblasts in spaces between fibers
– Provides stretch and strength
– Found in respiratory passages and walls of
blood vessels
– Elastic ligaments are like rubber bands and help
to stabilize vertebrae in the spinal column
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Elastic Connective Tissue
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Fluid Connective Tissue: BloodBlood
• Half of the volume of blood is red blood cells(RBC’s or erythrocytes), which transport oxygenand some carbon dioxide
• Watery ground substance is called plasma, whichcontains small number of white blood cells(WBC’s or leukocytes) and large numbers ofproteins(antibodies)
• White blood cells are part of the immune system,protect the body from pathogens, and includeneutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes,and monocytes
• Platelets are tiny packets of cytoplasm thatcontain enzymes and proteins responsible forclotting
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Blood
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
White Blood Cells
B
L
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Fluid Connective Tissue: Lymph
• In the tissues, filtration (diffusion) moves water and
solutes out of the blood vessels and into interstitial fluids.
• Interstitial fluids surround body cells.
• When interstitial fluids enter small passages called
lymphatics, it is called lymph.
• Lymph contains no antiobodies, and is made almost
entirely of lymphocytes.
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Supporting Connective Tissues: Cartilage
– Dense network of collagenous fibers & elastic fibers
– Gel-like matrix contains chondroitin sulfates
– Cells – chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in pockets called lacunae
• Chondroblasts (immature chondrocytes)
– Perichondrium – surrounds surface of cartilage, contains two layers:
1. Dense irregular: outer layer, provides support, protection, attachment,
2. Cellular layer: inner layer, contributes to growth and maintenance of cartilage
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Cartilage
– Growth
• Interstitial: chondrocytes divide, daughter cells
produce more matrix, inflates cartilage like a
balloon, occurs only during fetal development
• Appositional: inner cellular layer of perichondrium
cells divide and differentiate into chondrocytes,
occurs from fetal development all the way into
adolescence
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Growth of Cartilage
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Types of Cartilage
– Hyaline cartilage
– Fibrocartilage
– Elastic cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
– Most common
– Contains collagen fibers that make it tough but
flexible
– Provides flexibility and support, reduces
friction between bones
– Locations
• Ends of bones (joints)
• Connects ribs and sternum
• Trachea
• Larynx
• Embryonic skeleton
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
– Visible densely interwoven collagenous fibers
with scattered chondrocytes
– Provides strength and rigidity
– Resists compression, absorbs shock, prevents
damage from bone to bone contact
– Locations
• Vertebral discs
• Symphysis pubis
• Forms pads at the joint(ex.knee)
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Fibrocartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
– Threadlike network of elastic fibers with
chondrocytes
– Provides strength and maintains shape, resilient
and flexible
– Locations
• Pinna (flap) of ear
• Tip of nose
• Eustachian tube
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Elastic Cartilage
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Bone
– Also called osseous tissue
– Solid matrix : one-third consists of collagen fibers, rest is calcium salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
– Collagen fibers make the bone flexible
– Calcium salts make the bone hard and strong
– Cells –
• Osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae(pockets)
• Osteoblasts (secrete bone)
• Osteoclasts (break down bone)
– Lacunae are connected by cannaliculi- passages that allow lacunae to communicate with each other and to receive oxygen and nutrients
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Bone
• Surrounded by a periosteum, which contains two layers.
(see perichondrium layers)
• Undergoes only appositional growth when the cells of the
inner layer of the periosteum divide.
• Unlike cartilage, bones undergo extensive repair and
replacement on a regular basis due to the action of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
• Bones also respond to stresses placed upon them: A lot of
stress- thick and hard, Inactivity- thin and brittle
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Bone
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Membranes
– Epithelial layer + underlying connective tissue
= epithelial membrane
– Types
• Mucous membrane: line cavities that communicate
with the outside of the body, are kept moist at all
times
• Serous membrane: line sealed internal body cavities
(pleura, pericardium, peritoneum), secrete a fluid
called transudate that helps to reduce friction
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Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001
Membranes
• Cutaneous membrane: the skin, covers the
surface of the body, thick, waterproof, and
dry
• Synovial membrane: exist at joints, secrete
synovial fluid that lubricates the joints
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Membranes
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Fascia
– Fascia is the collective term for sheets of
connective tissue
– Functions
• Provide strength and stability
• Maintain positions of internal organs
• Provide a route for the distribution of blood vessels,
lymphatics, and nerves
– 3 major components
• Superficial fascia
• Deep fascia
• Subserous fascia
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Superficial Fascia
– Immediately deep to the skin
• Separates skin from underlying tissues and organs
– Composed of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue
– 2 layers
• Outer usually contains fat
• Inner layer is thin and elastic
– Functions
• Storehouse for water and fat
• Layer of insulation
• Protection from blows
• Pathway for nerves and vessels
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Deep Fascia
– Consists of dense connective tissue
– Contains 2 layers
• Superficial and deep
– The dense connective tissue components are continuous with each other
• Eg. Connective tissue sheaths of muscles, tendons, periosteum
– Functions
• Allows free movement of muscles
• Carries nerves and blood vessels
• Fills spaces between muscles
• Sometimes provides the origin for muscles
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Subserous Fascia
– Composed of loose connective tissue
– Lies between the deep fascia and the serous
membranes that line body cavities
– Functions
• Forms the fibrous layer of serous membranes
• Covers and supports the viscera
• Attaches the parietal layer of serous membranes to
the internal surface of the body wall.
• Allows movements of muscles without distortion of
delicate linings.
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The Fasciae
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Muscular Tissue
– Specialized cells
– Function - contraction
– 3 types
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
– Connected to bones
– Striated
– Multinucleated
– Voluntary
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
– Found in the heart
– Striations
– Intercalated discs
– Involuntary
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
– Found in walls of internal organs
– Nonstriated
– Involuntary
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
– Specialized cells
– Function – conduction of electrical impulses
– Cells
• Neurons
• Neuroglia
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Nervous Tissue
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The Development of Cancer