8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Q|confc ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ee

Hcngei` pexm Ib|xm Db|cn: Xndei` Vxbfd bo

Ib|xm Db|cni ^scvxebiv: Xndei` Vxbfd bo 3

Fbkqgcxei` xmc Vx|nxc`ef X|nivob|knxebi: Xmc S)V) Kegexn|u Nggenifcv pexmDb|cn nih Jnqni

Xmc S)V)+Jnqni Nggenifc nih xmc S)V)+\BD Nggenifc

Jnkcv Q|zuvxsq ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 86

Q|cqn|ei` ob| Osxs|c Xm|cnxv nih \c`ebing Fmnggci`cv: Xmc \BD+S)V)

Kegexn|u Nggenifc ei

Lcubih Legnxc|ng Nqq|bnfmcv: \c`ebingezei` Jnqni+Db|cn Xcivebiv

X)J) Qckqcg) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >>5

Ngxc|inxec Osxs|cv: S)V)+Db|cn Cfbibkef Xecv pexm nih pexmbsx n O|cc

X|nhc N`|cckcix

Fni xmc S)V) nih Vbsxm Db|cn Vei` pexmbsx DB\SV2 Xmc Cfbibkef

nih Vx|nxc`ef Coocfxv bo xmc DB\SV OXN

Kn|d Kniuei' Peggenk Fbbqc|) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >63

DB\SV OXN nv n Lcxxc| Ngxc|inxec xb Knin`c xmc Legnxc|ng Cfbibkef \cgnxebivmeq

Gcc Jnckei ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >35

Db|cn+Jnqni Cfbibkef Xecv

Db|cn: xmc Ic}x Nveni hbkeib ei @gblng F|evev

\efmn|h Dnxz ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >00

FBIXCIXV

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv >

IB MS@@EI@' IB GCN\IEI@:

XNDEI@ VXBFD BO

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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< S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk

E) Eix|bhsfxebi

Nffb|hei` xb exv p|exc|v' xmc mex >551v xcgcevebi vmbp Vceiocghpnv `sehch lu

xmc ibxebi xmnx' sigedc bxmc| vexfbkv' ex pnv `bei` xb lc n vmbp nlbsx ibxmei`nih pmc|c xmc|c pbsgh lc ib ms``ei` nih ib gcn|iei`)

Xb xmnx cih' cqevbhcv boVceiocghpbsgh ibx cih pexm niu ongvc vcixekcixng

|cfbifegenxebi ekq|blnlgu xuei` sq xmnx pccdv vmbpv gbbvc cihv -ib ms``ei`%'

nih xmc vmbpv knei fmn|nfxc|v pc|c pmb xmcu pc|c' vmbp noxc| vmbp' cqevbhc

noxc| cqevbhc -ib gcn|iei`%) Ei onfx' xmc knei fmn|nfxc|v bi xmc vmbp obsih

xmckvcgcv ei vexsnxebi noxc| vexsnxebi q|cfevcgu lcfnsvc xmcu pc|c pmb xmcu pc|c'

lcmnei` nv xmcu lcmnch' gcn|iei` ibxmei` o|bk xmce| q|cebsv c}qc|ecifcv nih

xmsv |cqcnxei`' bc| nih bc| n`nei' xmc vnkc qnxxc|iv xmnx bx xmck eixb x|bslgc'boxci pexm fbkef coocfx' xb lc`ei pexm)

Xndc npnu xmc fbkef coocfx nih ib ms``ei` nih ib gcn|iei` ev gedcgu nv bbh n

vskknxebi nv niu bo xmc heqgbknfu vs||bsihei` Ib|xm Db|cnv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv'

eifgshei` ibx jsvx 3 ucn|v nv pcgg' cc| veifc xmc HQ\Dv

|cosvng ei Ocl|sn|u >556 xb qc|kex Eixc|inxebing Nxbkef Cic|`u N`cifu -ENCN%

vqcfeng eivqcfxebiv vcx boo xmc f|evev xmnx mnv lcci siobghei` cc| veifc)

Lsx' eci xmc ccixv bo

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 6

Vbsih onkegen|2 Ngxmbs`m xmc hcxnegv knu heooc|' exv ni cc|egu onkegen| gexniu bo

evvscv' fbifc|iv' nih fmnggci`cv xmnx fbsgh mnc vc|ch nv n vexsnxebi |cqb|x nih

vskkn|u nx niu isklc| bo xekcv ei xmc qnvx hcfnhc b| vbxmc gnxcvx cqevbhc bo n

gbi`+|siiei` nih icc| fmni`ei` Ib|xmcnvx Nveni qcnfc nih vcfs|exu xcgcevebivmbp)

N f|exefng heooc|cifc lcxpcci Vceiocghnih Ib|xm Db|cni isfgcn| heqgbknfu' bo

fbs|vc' ev xmnx Vceiocghpnv n xcgcevebi vmbp onkbsvgu nlbsx ibxmei`' pmc|cnv

xmc HQ\Dv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv' nih xmc heqgbknfu bi xmc Db|cni qcieivsgn' ev

nlbsx xmc qcnfc nih vxnlegexu bo Ib|xmcnvx Nven nih xmc enlegexu bo gblng isfgcn|

ibiq|bgeoc|nxebi coob|xv) Ex ev c|u ksfm' ei bxmc| pb|hv' nlbsx vbkcxmei`)

Nih n vbkcxmei` pmc|c gcn|iei`' eo ibx ms`v' pegg lc svcosg eo xmc eixc|inxebing

fbkksiexu ev xb n||ec vsffcvvosggu nx hcisfgcn|eznxebi nih n qcnfc |c`ekc bixmc Db|cni qcieivsgn)

Lcob|c n l|eco ciskc|nxebi bo mbp vbkc bo xmc fmnggci`cv nih evvscv vs||bsihei`

xmc ve}+qn|xu xngdv mnc qgnuch bsx bc| xmc qnvx ucn|' exv ekqb|xnix xb dccq ei

keih obs| ~sefd fncnxv xmnx q|behc vbkc nhhexebing svcosg fbixc}x ob| xmc

Vceiocghningb`unih exv gekexv ei xmeidei` nlbsx xmc fs||cix vxnxc bo qgnu pexm

HQ\D heqgbknfu)

Oe|vx' xmc Vceiocgho|nkcib gcn|iei`' ib ms``ei`' ib q|b`|cvvev booc|ch nv nvbkcpmnx h|nknxef bc|vxnxckcix eixcihch nv ksfm ob| coocfx nih ob| qs|qbvcv

bo vqn|dei`' bic mbqcv' n kb|c pb|xmpmegc -nih qc|mnqv kb|c cixc|xneiei`%

hevfsvvebi mc|c xbhnu nlbsx xmc evvscv nx qgnu) Kb|c xb xmc qbeix' ex ev booc|ch ei

xmc mbqcv xmnx ex fni qbeix xbpn|h vbkc bo xmc n|cnv ei pmefm ex ev icfcvvn|u xb

`nei x|nfxebi ei osxs|c |bsihv bo heqgbknfu)

Vcfbih' gcn|iei`' ob| qs|qbvcv bo xmev qnqc|' ev ibx n fnxc`b|u xmnx vmbsgh lc

nqqgech xb xmc kniu nih nlgc eiheehsng heqgbknxv' qbgefukndc|v' ninguvxv' nih

ob|ce`i qbgefu q|bocvvebingv pmb mnc vxshech nih `|nqqgch pexm xmc hegckknvbo Ib|xm Db|cnv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv) Ei bxmc| pb|hv' ib gcn|iei` ev ibx eixcihch

xb hcie`|nxc xmc nlegexecv bo cexmc| xmbvc pmb mnc ci`n`ch ei ic`bxenxebiv pexm

Ib|xm Db|cn b| bxmc| ninguvxv nih qbgefukndc|v pmb' nv eiheehsngv' mnc lcci

nlgc xb hccgbq nih |cic ehcnv nih hccgbq ngxc|inxecv nih nqq|bnfmcv nih

q|bqbvngv lnvch bi qnvx c}qc|ecifc) \nxmc|' ex ev eixcihch xb lc nqqgech xb vxnxc

nih `bc|ikcixng lcmneb|' pmc|c gcn|iei`qbgefu fmni`cev vbkcxekcv

mn|hc| xb hevfc|i) Eihcch' ob| n n|ecxu bo hbkcvxef' qbgexefng fsgxs|c' ls|cnsf|nxef'

nih cci vx|nxc`ef |cnvbiv' vxnxc lcmneb|bi ngg vehcvmnv xmsv on| q|bch

|ckn|dnlgu fgbvch xb gcn|iei` nih ekqc|ebsv xb fmni`c)

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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8 S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk

Oeinggu' booc|ei` xmc blvc|nxebi xmnx xmc|c mnv lcci ngg xbb gexxgc bo cexmc| gcn|iei`

b| ms``ei` hbcv ibx kcni xmnx xmc|c mnv ibx lcci niu nfxeexu' nih cci kbxebi'

hs|ei` xmc qnvx ieic kbixmv) Eihcch'

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 3

exc|nxec `nkc qgnuei`' eifgshei` eif|cnvch x|svx nih fbihcifc) Eivxcnh' xmc

heqgbknxef q|bfcvv gs|fmcv o|bk bic f|evev' nih exv |cvbgsxebi' xb xmc ic}x' pexm

ibxmei` lsx n f|evev nih xmc q|bvqcfx bo hevnvxc| vcckei`gu nlgc xb f|cnxc xmc

icfcvvn|u huinkef xmnx nggbpv ob| heqgbknxef ci`n`ckcix)

Xmc

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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? S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk

vcckv gedcpevc c~snggu fgcn| xmnx vqcfef gni`sn`c nih vqcfef vc~scifei` nih

fbkkexkcixv ngvb knxxc|) Nih' ei onfx' nx xmcvc qbeixv nkle`sexu |evdv lcfbkei`

ibx jsvx siq|bhsfxec' lsx fbsixc|q|bhsfxec)

Ngxmbs`m xmc|c ev n vx|bi` n|`skcix xb lc knhc xmnx nkle`sexu pnv n icfcvvn|u

ei`|checix ei `cxxei` xmc ve}+qn|xu q|bfcvv lnfd bi x|nfdpexm xmc Vcqxcklc|

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 0

|vx xm|cc+~sn|xc|v pnv lchcegch |cqcnxchgu lu xmc vmb|xfbkei`v nih onegs|cv

bo cn|gec| |bsihv ei xmev |c`n|h)

Eihcch' `eci xmc HQ\Dv qcifmnix ob| vccdei` xb c}qgbex nkle`sexecv' xmc|c evn vx|bi` fbsixc|negei` n|`skcix xb lc knhc xmnx ni nlegexu xb lngnifc xmc icch

ob| nkle`sexu lsx ngvb xb lc nlgc xb gbfd ei pexm fbif|cxc vqcfefexu ev bic bo xmc

kbvx f|exefng' eo ibx xmc kbvx f|exefng' nvqcfxv bo `cxxei` HQ\D heqgbknfu |e`mx)

Xmev c}xcihv hbpi xb xmc gccg bo fn|c xb vqcfef pb|hv nih xc|keibgb`u' pexm

xmc ic`bxenxei` x|nfd |cfb|h bo

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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= S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk

Xmc q|bkevfsbsv gnuei` bsx bo |ch geicv xmnx n|c xmci vm|s``ch boo pmci ebgnxch

mnv lcci cvqcfenggu q|blgcknxef `eci pmnx ev dibpi nlbsx Ib|xm Db|cnv

q|bqcivexu xb fbivxnixgu qsvm`eci xmc bqci hbb| bo nkle`sexuxb |chcic

n`|cckcixv nih xb vccd xb `cx xmc bxmc|v ei xmc ve}+qn|xu q|bfcvv xb kccx cc|cvfngnxei` hcknihv) Xmc |cfb|h ev lbxm fgcn| nih fbivevxcix) Lsx xmc gnfd bo

inegch+hbpi nih fbif|cxc c|len`c' xmc nkle`sexu nih vqnfc f|cnxch lu vehc

n`|cckcixv' nih xmc kb|ng mnzn|h f|cnxch lu vmb|xfbkei`v ei ciob|fei` |ch

geicv' gcx ngbic bxmc| ic`bxenxei` qbvexebiv' mnc fbkleich xb f|cnxc ni bi`bei`

fufgc ei pmefm ic`bxenxebiv vccd xb hcic vxcqv xb lc xndci' vcx sq n xekc geic'

nih vqcfeou |cpn|hv xb lc kcxch bsx ei c}fmni`cnih xmci xmc HQ\D vccdv

xb |cic`bxenxc nih `cx kb|c qnukcix ob| xmc vnkc nfxebi nih |cguei`' nv _efxb|

Fmn mnv qbeixch bsx' bi xmc Siexch Vxnxcv xb lc |cnvbinlgc nih ibx pnixei` xb

|evd vccei` xmc ic`bxenxebiv oneg) Qc|mnqv xmc lcvx c}nkqgc bo xmev ei 6' xmc q|bfcvv nv ex vslvc~scixgu qgnuch bsx hs|ei`

xmc fbs|vc bo xmc ucn| nqqcn|ch xb lc lbxm eimc|cixgu mnzn|hbsv nih ibx gedcgu

xb gcnh xb sgxeknxc vsffcvv)

Ei xmc kb|c ekkchenxc' xmc coocfx ev xb fb||bhc xmc cixe|c fbifcqx nih sxegexu bo

nfxebi ob| nfxebi' `eci xmnx xmc|c |ckneiv' nx xmc cih' ib fbivevxcifu b| fgn|exu

pmci ex fbkcv xb xmc kcxei` bsx bo |cpn|hv nih ib n`|cch+bi sihc|vxnihei` bo

pmnx ni cvfngnxebi gnhhc| nih qsiexec x|cnxkcix ob| f|bvvei` |ch geicv ke`mxgbbd gedc) Xmsv Ib|xm Db|cn ev xs|iei` sq nih hbpi xmc vqcch bo hevnlgckcix

hcqcihei` bi xmc vqcch bo cic|`u hcgec|u)

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 5

Xcfmiefngexecv

N obs|xm n|cn ev n gei`c|ei` onegs|c xb |cfb`iezc xmnx ob| xmc heqgbknfu vs||bsihei`

Ib|xm Db|cnv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv xmc xcfmiefng ev xmc qbgexefng) Xmnx ev' xmc|c n|cq|bobsih heqgbknxef ekqgefnxebiv ob| xmc ic`bxenxebiv bo xmc xcfmiefng nvqcfxv

bo xmc n`|cckcixv4 pmnx ev nfmecnlgc' hbnlgc' nih icfcvvn|u ei n xcfmiefng nih

vfecixef vcivc4 nih bi pmnx xekc geic xb kndc xmc heqgbknfu pb|d)

Ucx' xekc nih xekc n`nei' xmc heqgbknxef q|bfcvv vcckv xb `cx nmcnh bo xmc

xcfmiefng |cngexecv xmnx ke`mx bxmc|pevc fbivx|nei ic`bxenxebiv' f|cnxei` si|cngevxef

c}qcfxnxebiv nih si|cngevxef n`|cckcixv xmnx n|c hbbkch xb ongg vmb|x' cci

pmci xmc qbgexefng pegg c}evxv' lcfnsvc bo xmc xcfmiefng ms|hgcv) Xpb ~sefd

c}nkqgcvhevnlgckcix nih c|efnxebio|bk xmc |vx ieic kbixmv bo

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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>1 S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk

Ngxmbs`m ex knu lc sigedcgu xmc HQ\D pegg icc| `ec sq exv isfgcn| pcnqbiv'

xmc fbicixebing pevhbk nlbsx xmc fbihexebiv sihc| pmefm xmc HQ\D ke`mx

|c~se|cv n x|nivob|knxebi bo xmc qbgexefng nih vcfs|exu |cgnxebivmeq lcxpcci xmc

Siexch Vxnxcv nih xmc HQ\D) Xmc qnxxc|i bo legnxc|ng S)V)+HQ\D hevfsvvebivnv n q|chefnxc ob| l|bnhc| l|cndxm|bs`m mnv mcgh ei

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv >>

xmc `bng ev n ibiq|bgeoc|nxebi hcng b|' |nxmc|' n l|bnhc| heqgbknxef q|bfcvv

mei`ch bi ib|kngeznxebi nih n qcnfc |c`ekc) @eci pmnx pc dibpb| xmeid

pc dibpnlbsx pmnx xmc HQ\D ke`mx sgxeknxcgu ngsc ei n hcng' xmev ev n ibx

siekqb|xnix evvsc xb vcxxgc)

Eo bic nffcqxv xmnx xmc|c ev ei onfx ni cvvcixeng nih sihc|guei` gb`ef xb xmc HQ\D

hcfevebi xb vccd isfgcn| pcnqbiv -|cgnxei` xb exv ni}ecxecv nlbsx c}xc|ing qbpc|v'

eifgshei` xmc Siexch Vxnxcv' Fmein nih Jnqni4 n hcve|c xb fmcfd Vbsxm Db|cn4 nih

xmc gc`exeknxei` |bgc xmcvc q|b`|nkv qgnu ei vx|ci`xmciei` |c`ekc gc`exeknfu nx

mbkc%' ic`bxenxebiv xmnx oneg xb xndc xmnx gb`ef eixb nffbsix nih hcng pexm ex -bic

pnu b| nibxmc|% n|c ibx gedcgu xb lc vsffcvvosg)

Ob| xmc Siexch Vxnxcv nih bxmc| qn|xefeqnixv ei xmc ve}+qn|xu q|bfcvv xmc ~scvxebisgxeknxcgu lbegv hbpi xb pmcxmc| hcisfgcn|eznxebi ev xb lc n q|chefnxc ob| b| n

mbqch+ob| bsxfbkc bo n gn|`c| q|bfcvv)

EEE) Sifbivehc|ch Vx|nxc`u' Sikcx Bljcfxecv

Xmnx xmev si|cvbgch xcivebi vxegg c}evxv fni lcvx lc vcci ei xmc hbkcvxef S)V)

hclnxc nih hevfsvvebi ei xmc vq|ei` nih vskkc| vs||bsihei` xmc ~scvxebi bo

mbp' pmcxmc|' nih pmci xb |ckbc xmc HQ\D o|bk xmc xc||b|evk gevx) \ckbng

bo xmc HQ\D o|bk xmc gevx pnv gcvv nlbsx xmc knxc|eng lcicxv xmnx pbsgh nff|sc

xmni nlbsx xmc gn|`c| qbgexefng ve`ing cixnegch ei |ckbng o|bk xmc gevx nv n vxcq

xbpn|h ib|kngeznxebi)

Xmc qbgexefng cqevxckbgb`u bo xmc c|efnxebi ic`bxenxebiv hs|ei` xmc fbs|vc

bo xmc ucn| gedcpevc |ccfxch' q|cfevcgu' xmev hegckkn' pexm xmc fbihexebingexu

bo geoxei` xmc HQ\D o|bk xmc xc||b|evk gevxeo ex kcx |c~se|ckcixv ob| n

c|efnxebi q|bxbfbg|ceiob|fei` xmc ~scvxebi bo pmc|c nv n qbgexefng nih

heqgbknxef ~scvxebi xmc lngnifc lcxpcci x|svx nih c|efnxebi vmbsgh ongg) Eo

xmc ic`bxenxebiv n|c eixcihch xb f|cnxc xmc gn|`c| vcx bo heqgbknxef nih qbgexefngfbihexebiv xmnx ke`mx xmci gcnh xb hcisfgcn|eznxebi gnxc|' xmci vboxciei` bi xmc

vqcfefv bo xmc c|efnxebi q|bxbfbg ibp' pexm xmc eixcix xmnx nhhexebing kcnvs|cv

pegg lc eix|bhsfch nx n gnxc| -nih kb|c nffcqxnlgc% qbeix' knxxc|v gcvv xmni eo xmc

sgxeknxc inxs|c bo ic`bxenxebiv ev hcisfgcn|eznxebi ngbic' ei pmefm fnvc |blsvx

c|efnxebi ibp ev f|sfeng) Xmc ekkchenxc vngecifc bc| fbifc|iv nlbsx fmcnxei`

nih c|efnxebi' pmegc f|exefng xb nhh|cvv ei cexmc| fnvc' ev fgcn|gu cgcnxch ei xmc

fbixc}x bo n vx|ne`mx ibiq|bgeoc|nxebi hcng)

Heooc|cix fbifcqxsng fnxc`b|ecv nlbsx xmc sgxeknxc qs|qbvc bo ic`bxenxebiv'kb|cbc|' mnc ve`ieoefnix ekqgefnxebiv ob| vx|sfxs|ei` xmc vc~scifei`'

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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>< S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk

fbihexebiv' nih |cpn|hv lsegx eixb xmc heqgbknxef q|bfcvv nih' pexmbsx fgn|exu'

ein|enlgu f|cnxc n vcx bo ic`bxenxebiv pmc|c heooc|cix qn|xecv knu lc pb|dei`

nx f|bvv+qs|qbvcv)

Xmev sifc|xneixu ev os|xmc| fbkqgefnxch lu xmc vxegg+gei`c|ei` coocfxv bo gc`nfecv

bo ic`bxenxebiv qnvx) Pmnxcc| fmni`cv xmc|c mnc lcci ei Lsvm nhkeievx|nxebi

qbgefu veifc

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv >6

cbgchpexm n ksgxegnxc|ng nqq|bnfm nih fbixc}x ob| n vsvxneich nih he|cfx

legnxc|ng coob|x nih pexm vcqn|nxc x|nfdv ob| heooc|cix lnvdcxv bo evvscv nih xmc

gedcvcckv xb vs``cvx xmnx' eo ekqgckcixch |e`mx nih pexm n gexxgc gcn|iei`' xmc

q|bfcvv knu ucx q|bc ngsc nv xmc |e`mx cmefgc ob| `ciseic q|b`|cvv hbpi xmcgeic)

8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer

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