NkhJifj; jtph ;g;Gf ;Fk ; j Ph;Tf ;Fk ; Ntz;ba xOq ;fikg ... file282 1. mwpKfk; NkhJifj;jPh;T>...
Transcript of NkhJifj; jtph ;g;Gf ;Fk ; j Ph;Tf ;Fk ; Ntz;ba xOq ;fikg ... file282 1. mwpKfk; NkhJifj;jPh;T>...
281
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
1 . mwpKfk; 282
2 . NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpaj;jsq;fshf mzpf;FOkk; 283
3. mzpf;FOk njhopw;ghl;bd; Ie;J kl;lq;fspYk; 284NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs;
mzpf;FOkj;jpd; jdpegh; NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatskhf mikjy; 284
cl;fplf;ifAk; vOtpdhf;fSk; NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf mikjy; 286
NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf Clhl;lk; my;yJ cstpaw; r%f kl;lk; 286
NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf eilKiw/Kiw kl;lk; mikjy; 288
NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf Gwepiy cwTfs; 293
4 . mzpf;FOk tsh;epiy fl;lq;fs; 295xd;W Nrh;tJk; xUq;fpUe;J rpe;jpg;gJTk; - Njbf;fz;Lnfhs;sYk;>
xUq;fpizjYk; 296
epakeph;zak; - Ra,af;fj;jpw;fhd tpjpfis jhq;fNs Njhw;Wtpj;Jf;nfhs;sy; 298
Mw;wYk; Mw;wYf;fhd jifikAk; 300
rPh;g;gLj;jy; - Rafl;likg;Gk; khWjYf;fhd jpwDk;;. 301
5 . mzpf;FOk tsh;Tk; Nkhjy;jPh;Tk; 304
FOtpd; jdpcWg;gpdh; kl;lj;jpy; 305
cs;slf;fk; Kidg;GW kl;lj;jpy;/vOtpdh kl;lj;jpy; 306
Clhl;l kl;lk; - cstpaw; r%f kl;lj;jpy; 307
eilKiwapd; -topKiw kl;lj;jpy; 308
Gwepiy cwT kl;lj;jpy; 309
njhlh;r;rpahd Nky;epiy Nehf;F 309
6 . KbTiuAk;> jpwe;j tpdhf;fSk; 310
7. crhj;Jiz E}y;fSk;> Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk; 311
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk;
Ntz;ba xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk;
xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
282
1. mwpKfk;
NkhJifj;jPh;T> rkhjhd cUthf;fk;> NkhJif eph;zak; Mfpa Jiwfspy; gzpahw;Wk;
mNefkhd njhopy;rhh; %d;whk; jug;gpdh; jhkhfNt VNjh xU tbtpy; mikg;GKiwahd
#oiktpy; nraw;gLtJld;> ghhpa mstpyhd mikg;Gfspd; FOkk; xd;wpy; cWg;gpdh;fshTk;
fUkkhw;Wfpwdh;. ,jd; tpisthf mth;fs; mbf;fb ntspf;fsj;jpy; jkJ nraw;ghLfis
ghjpf;ff;$ba gjw;wq;fSf;Fk;> NkhJiffSf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.
1984 ,y; (fpNsry; 1984) nejh;yhe;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jt kjpg;gha;tpy;
ehnlq;fZKs;s r%fg; gzpahsh;fsplk; mth;fsJ mikg;Gr;#oypy; fhzg;gLk; NkhJiffs;
njhlh;gpy; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gg;gl;ld. jkJ NritNtz;Lehpd; 'jPtpu" NkhJiffis
(ntspg;gilahfTk;> $ba czh;r;rp Ntfj;JlDk; Ghpag;gLk;) xOq;fhfTk;> ntw;wpfukhfTk;
j Ph ;f ;Fk; mNj egh ;fs; ; > jhq;fNs jkJ gy "nfLgpb" NkhJiffspdhy; nrhe;j
mikg;Gf ;fspDs;Ns (kiwthf ntspg ;gLj ;jg ;gLk ; ) ghjpf ;fg ;gl ;lth ;fshfTk; ; >
njhopy;rhh;hPjpapy; ,tw;iwf; ifahStjw;Fj; jtwpAs;sijAk; tpisTfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
gjpyhf> mj;jifa NkhJiffs; (jPh;f;fg;glhJ) ,Oj;jbf;fg;gLtJld; me;j NkhJif
gw;wpa tplaj;jpy; NritNtz;LNthh; epiyg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; fbdkhd rpf;fw;ghLfSk;
Vw;glyhk;. NkhJiffspd; Kf;fpa jug;gpdh;fSk; ,jid xj;j kd mOj;jj;Jf;Nf
cl;gl;Ls;sdu;. rpy Ntisfspy; ,Jgw;wp Vw;gLk; mOj;jepiy fhuzkhf gpur;rpid
Kw;WKOjhf Rl;nlhpf;fg;gLtJ khj;jpuky;yhky; ,j;JiwapypUe;J thg]; ngwg;gLfpd;w
epiyikapidAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. NkhJiffspd; gpujhd tfpghfKilNahUk; ,j;jifa kd
mOj;jq;fSf;F MshtJz;;L.
,jd; fhuzkhfNt mzpfspilNaAk;; mikg;GfspDs;NsNaAk; NkhJiff;fhd
rhj;jpag;ghLfs;; njhlh;ghd Kiwahd njspT ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vLj;Jf;$wg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; NkhJiffs; rk;ge;jkhf nghpJk; rhj;jpag;ghl;L %yq;fis gUtiuthf
vLj;Jf; fhl;LNthk;. gpd;dh; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijAk; jPh;itAk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
tifapy; rhj;jpakhd topfs; gw;wp gUtiuthf vLj;Jf;$wg;gLk;. ,Wjpahfg; ghh;f;ifapy;>
jPtpukhf;fypd; Kjy; %d;W gbfspd;NghjhfpYk; (fpNsry; 1999> 83) ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdNu
ntw;wpf;fhd ey;y re;jh;g;gq;fSld; NkhJifj; jPh;Tg; gzpfis tof;fkhfg; nghWg;Ngw;fKbAk;.
mjd; gpd;dNu NkhJiffs; njhlh;ghd jkJ nrhe;j cs;sfg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F
mikg;Gf;fs; NkhJif epGzh;fsplkpUe;J njhopy;rhh; ntspthup cjtpia ngwNtz;ba
Njit vOk; (fpNsry; 1999> 118ff).
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
NkhJifj;; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk;
Ntz;ba xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk;
xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
283
2. NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpaj;jsq;fshf mzpf;FOkk;
mzpfshtd> $l;L xj;Jiog;Gld; epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;ba nraw;ghl;Lg; Mw;Wif
nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzpf;FOf;fshf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,J FOf;fspypUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; jdpg;gl;l fw;if tpisTfisg; ngWtjw;F tpioAk; my;yJ ntWkNd
r%f kw;Wk; gpw tbtj;jpyike;j njhlh;Gfis tsh;g;gjw;F Kayf;$ba gpw FOf;fspypUe;J
njspthf mtw;iw NtWgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpUk;gj;jFe;j ,r; nray;epiwNtw;wj;ij va;JKfkhf mzpfspDs; Ie;J
kl;lq;fspYk; ey;y epiyikfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ cUthf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. (cU 1)
mzpapdhpd; gzpfspd; Ie;J kl;lq;fSk; fPNo tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd :
1. jdpg;gl;l FO cWg;gpdh;fs;: ,J jdpg;gl;l MSikfs;> czh;twpjy;fs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;>
vz;zq;fs;> czh;r;rpfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; elj;ijfs; vd;gd rk;ge;jkhdjhFk;.
2. cs;slf;fk;> thjtpla kl;lk;: ,q;F ftdk; thjtplaj;jpYk;> epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;ba
gzpkPJNk cs;sJ.
3. ,ilj;jhf;fk;> cs r%f kl;lk;: FO mq;fj;jth;fspd; gu];gu kdg;ghq;F mj;Jld;
mth;fspilNa epyTk; njhlh;Gfspd; epiy> mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l fhyepiy> ghj;jpuk;>
elj;ijg;ghq;F MfpaitAk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
4. eltbf;ifKiw> topKiw kl;lk;: gFg;gha;T Kiwfs;> jPh;khdnkLj;jy; Kiwfs;> Gj;jhf;f
njhopy;El;gq;fs;> mzpf;fhd tpjpKiwahd cs;sf tpjpfs; kw;Wk; Jiz topfspd;
gad;ghL Nghd;w mzpapd;; gpur;rpid jPh;f;Fk; njhopy;El;gq;fs;.
5. ntspaf FO cwTfs;: gpujpepjpfSf;F mjpfhuk; toq;Fjy; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; mlq;fyhf>
gpw mikg;Gf;fSld; jfty;fSk;> njhlh;GfSk; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kiw.
1. jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jpdh;fs;
5. FOtpd; ntspthupj; njhlh;Gfs;
2. cs;slf;fk; =gpur;rpid kl;lk;
Mw;Wif
cU 1 FOkg;g;gzpapd; Ie;J kl;lq;fs;
4. eltbf;ifKiw
= Kiwtop kl;lk;
3. ,ilj;jhf;fk; =csr;r%f kl;lk;
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
284
,t;ite;J kl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;wpdhYk; NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatsj;ij
cUthf;fKbAk;. MfNt NkhJifj;jPh;Tf;fhd xU ey;y Muk;gj;jhdkhfTk; ,it ,Uf;fKbAk;.
kl;lq;fs; gu];gu tiyaikg;gpy; mike;Js;sjhYk; mth;fs; kw;w xt;nthUth;kPJk; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jp NkhJiff;fhd kiwKfkhd rhj;jpatsj;ij NkYk; cUthf;f KbAk;. ,jd;tpisthf
xU FOtpd; ,af;ftpayhdJ Muha;tjw;F rpf;fyhdJk;> gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F fbdkhdJkhFk;.
mbf;fb nghUj;jkw;w Kiwfspy; rpf;fyhd jPh;khdk; xd;W vLf;fg;glNtz;b tUk;NghJ xU
kl;lj;jpy;> cjhuzkhf 4Mk; kl;lj;jpy; gpur;rpid xd;W vOfpd;wJ. Mdhy; gu];gu rpd%l;lypdhy;
FOj;njhlh;Gfs;kPJ gSNtw;wg;gLk;NghJ> cjhuzkhf 3Mk; kl;lj;jpy; (,ilj;jhf;f / cs
r%ftpay; kl;lk;) ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,Wjpahf> (jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jpdh;) xU egh;
FOittpl;L tpyfj;jPu;khdpj;jhy; mzpf;F mtuJ mwpTk; jpwDk; fpl;lhJ NghFk; NghJ ,J
1 Mk; kl;lj;jpYk; Nkyjpf tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
3. mzpf;FOk njhopw;ghl;bd; Ie;J kl;lq;fspYk;
NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs;
3.1 mzpf;FOkj;jpd; jdpegh; NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatskhf
mikjy;
FO cWg;gpdh; xUth; cs;shh;e;j cstpay; gjw;wq;fSlDk;> NkhJiffSlDk;
Nghuhlf;$Lk;> mj;Jld; gpw FO cWg;gpdh;fSld; gzpahw;Wtjw;F KaYk;NghJ ,jid
mth; ntspg;gilahf ntspg;gLj;Jthh;. ,e;j #oiktpy; njhpe;j NkhJif topKiwaikg;G
(&gpd;> GUl;> fpk; 1994> 11 ff, fpNsry; 1997> 34 ff, fpNsry; 1999 19ff) toikahf jdpg;gl;l
egh;fspDs;NsNa Njhd;WtJld; (25.3) mth;fsJ GyDzh;T> rpe;jid> cs;Szh;T>
tpUg;gj;JzpT mj;Jld; ntspaf elj;ij Mfpatw;iw Coy;gLj;Jk;. ,t;Ts;shu;e;j cstpay;
topKiwaikg;Gfisg; nghJthfNt vLj;Jf;fhl;lKbAk;. vdpDk;> mzpfspy; my;yJ
mikg;Gf;fspy; NkhJiffis ntw;wpfukhf nray;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;Jtjhapd; mtw;iwg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;StJ jPh;khdfukhdjhFk;.
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
kd mOj;jk;> gjw;wk; kw;Wk; neUf;Fthuk; Mfpatw;wpd; tpisTfs; fhuzkhf
jdpegh; xUthpd; czh;twpjy; Mw;wy; td;ikahfg; ghjpg;gilayhk;. ,e;j tpisT
njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ jphpgile;j czh;twpjy; mwpthw;wy;rhh; Kd;dwp jpwdpd;ik
tha;nkhopahd
kw;Wk;
tha;nkhop
rhuhelj;ij
mfta ntspg;ghLfs;
cU : 2 cs;shh;e;j cstpay; fhuzpfs;
mfta
Gwta
tpisTfs;
ghjpg;Gfs;
tpUg;gj; JzpT nray;
Nehf;fq;fs; ce;J
tpirfs;
czh;T kdg;ghq;Ffs;
kdepiyfs;
rpe;jid
vz;zf;fUf;fs;
mftakhf
czug;gLk;
czh;twpjy;fs;
285
my;yJ Kw;$l;bNa czug;gl;l glj;Jf;F mikTwhJ ,Uf;Fk; czh;twpTfs; kq;fptplf;$baepiy
tpisTfSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$Lk;. ,t;thwhfNt Kd;ida czh;twpjy;fSf;F khwhf
,Uf;ff;$ba rfy rhd;WfSk; mlf;fg;gl;Lk;> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Lk; gf;fr;rhh;Gfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;L> epiyepWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mj;jifa jphpgile;j czh;twpjy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; cUthf;Fk;
vz;zf;fUf;fSk;> rpe;jidfSk; Nkyjpf rhd;Wfs; my;yJ czh;twpjy;fshy; mjw;F
NkYk; vspjpy; jpUj;jKbahj xU gf;fr;rhh;ghd> fWg;G nts;isf;fhl;rpfshf ,Wf;fkilfpd;wd.
gf;fr;rhh;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk; jfty;fs; kl;LNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
czh;r;rpfs ; Jiwapy; gpwh;epiy czh;jy; vd;gJ tw;wpg;Nghfpd;wJ. jkJ nrhe;j
czh;Tfspd; ifjpfshf kf;fs; xUthplkpUe;J kw;nwhUth; jdpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ghptpuf;fKk;
ntWg;Gk; JUtg;gLj;jg;gl;l czh;r;rpfs;rhh; fhl;rpia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. NkhJiffs; mjpfhpj;jhy;
ntsp cyfpw;fhd njhlh;Gj; jhdq;fs; midj;Jk; ,of;fg;gLtjhy; ,J r%f ajhh;j;jj;
njhlh;gpd;ikg; ghpkhzq;fis milaf;$Lk;.
tpUg;gj;JzpTj; Jiwapy; czh;tw;w my;yJ miu czh;Tld;$ba ce;JtpirfSk;>
nray; Nehf;fq;fSk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. nray; tpUg;ghw;wy; ,Wjp vr;rhpf;if tbtpy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfhhpf;iffshy; jdpr;rpwg;gspf;fg;gLk;. “midj;Jk; my;yJ vJTkpy;iy”
vd;w mZFKiwahf ,Wf;fkilifapy; tplhg;gpbj;jd;ikahd Nghf;fpw;Ff;$l ,lNkw;gLk;.
czh;twpjy;> rpe;jid> czh;T> tpUg;gk; Mfpa midj;Jk; xU jPa RUs;
tl;lj;jpy; gu];guk; tYT+l;lg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; mit xd;Wf;F xd;W NkhJk;NghJ vOk;
gjw;wk; kpfTk; fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkhJif mjpfhpg;G ntspg;Gwkhfr; RoYk;NghJ
tpOkpaq;fSld; njhlh;Gs;s midj;J tplag;gug;GfspYk; gpd;dilT Vw;glf;$Lk;. kf;fs;
jkJ taJf;Nfw;w elj;ijapy; Kjph;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. khwhf NkhJiffspy; jkJ
vjpuhspfisr; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ mth;fsJ rpe;jid> czh;r;rp> tpUg;ghw;wy; Mfpait Ke;jpa
mgptpUj;jpf;fl;lq;fSf;F $Ljy; nghUj;jkhd ghq;Ffis vLf;fpd;wdNtad;wp> epahakhf
mth;fsplkpUe;J vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; Kjph;r;rpapd; msTf;F mikTWk;tifapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
,j;jdpg;gl;l egh;fspd; ntspthup elj;ijapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gytPdk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nraw;ghl;lhsu;; jkJ nraw;ghLfspd;kPJ gaDWjpkpf;f fl;Lg;ghl;il ,of;Fk;NghJ elj;ij
khwhepakk; nfhz;ljhfTk;> tYf;fl;lhakhd msTf;Fk;$l rPuopaf;$Lk;. Mjyhy; tskhd
gy khwpfs; ,of;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jtph;f;f KbahjthW ,J Ra tpopg;Gzh;T ,og;G mjpfhpg;Gf;F epfuhd NkhJif
elj;ij tpisTfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;. ,t;thwhf> tpUk;gg;glhj mbAzh;Tf;Fhpa gf;f tpisTfs;>
jd; tpUg;ghh;e;j elj;ijfspd; tpUk;gg;gLk; kdjwpe;j tpisTfistpl NkNyhq;fp epw;Fk;.
NkhJifj; jPh;Tf;fhd cj;jpfs; ,j;Jiwfs; xd;wpy; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ltw;wpy;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;; gpuNahfpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; nraw;gLk;
gy;Rtl;L mDFKiwahdJ Ez;zpay;G mj;Jld; ,ilj;ju r%fj;Jiwfs; ,uz;bYk;
Vw ;fdNt rpy fhykhf eilKiwg;gLj ;jg ;gl ;LtUfpwJ. jph pGw ;w czh;twpjy ;
topKiwaikg;Gf;fisj; njspTgLj;jp> ,Wfpg;Nghd vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fiug;gjw;F
,lkspf;Fk;tifapy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jtwhd czh;twpjy;fis rPh;nra;Ak; gzpapy;
<Lgl;bUe;jdh; (gpNsf;> Nkhw;wd; 1964: Nghu;l;ld; 1969; Nthy;w;wd; 1969). ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf>
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
286
mth;fs; gpwh;epiy czh;jiy kPl;Fk;tifapy; JUtg;gl;l czh;r;rpfisf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjpy;
rpwpjsT ntw;wpfz;Ls;sdh;. khw;W nraw;ghl;L eltbf;iffis ghprPypg;gjd;%yKk; xUtuJ
nrhe;j tpUg;gj;JzpTg; ghq;Ffis kPsha;T nra;tjd;%yKk;> ,Wjpf; nfLTf;fhd fhyk;
Kiwahf epiyepWj;jg;glyhk;. mth;fs; ,q;F Fwpg;gpLk; elj;ijfs; rpy Nehf;fk;
nfhz;litahfTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$baitahfTk; mikayhk;.
3.2 cl;fplf;ifAk; vOtpdhf;fSk; NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf
mikjy;
cj;jpNahfG+h;tkhf> gpur;rpidfNs ,zf;fg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; gpujhd nghUshFk;.
midtUk; Gwta Nehf;Fs;sth;fshf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ NkhJiffs; vohJ vd gFj;jwpTs;s
jdpegh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. vt;thwhapDk;> xU NkhJif mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ> thjk; njhlh;ghd
tplaq;fSk;> cs; ika ,ay;ghd tplaq;fSk; mjpfhpj;jstpy; xd;Wfye;JtpLfpd;wd. xU
gpzf;fpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW fUg;nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;J ntspg;gLj;jp mtw;iw NkYk;
Jy;ypakhf Nehf;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. nraw;ghl;lhsu;;fs; NtWgLk; tpla xOq;FKiwfspd;
NtWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lq;fspypUe;J tpj;jpahrkhf ve;j xU gpur;rpidiaAk; czh;e;jwpe;J
kjpg;gplKbAnkd czuj; jtWk;NghJ NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatsk; vspjhf cUthFk;.
JujpU\;ltrkhf> NkhJiffis midtuJ jpUg;jpf;FNkw;g njspTgLj;JtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd
nrayhFk;. ,jd; tpisT jg;ngz;zKk;> jtwhd nghUs; ciuj;jy;fSk; MFk;. cz;ikahd
gpur;rpidia ,dq; fhzj; jtwTk;$Lk;.
3.3 NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf Clhl;lk; my;yJ cstpaw;
r%f kl;lk;
FOf;fs; jkJ NtWghLfis ntspg;gilahff; ifahStjw;F fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
gq;Nfw;ghsh;fspilNa Njitahd msT kjpg;Gk;> ek;gpf;ifAk; mgptpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;lhy;
kl;LNk mjhtJ “vdJ Nfh\;b cWg;gpdh;fs; vd;id kjpf;fpd;wdh;. mj;Jld; ehd; fz;ldkhf
VJk; nrhd;dhYk;$l vd;idf; FOtpypUe;J ePf;fkhl;lhh;fs;” vd;w ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jhy;kl;LNk
mj;jifa ntspg;gilj;jd;ik ,Uf;fKbAk;. ,e;j ek;gpf;ifNa jpwe;j njhlh;ghlYk;>
NkhJiffspd; Mf;fG+h;tkhd nray;Kiwg;gLj;jYk; nropj;Njhq;Fk; “tskhd kz;” MFk;.
xt;nthU FOTk; mjd; ,yf;Ffis va;Jtjw;Fk; mj;Jld; xU Nfh\;bahf
xd;w pize;J nraw ;gLjiyg ; NgZtjw ;Fk ; r py ghj ;j puq ;fisr ;Rw ;w p jd ;id
xOq;fikj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. rpukj;JlNdNa mjidtpl;L jhk; ntspNawKbAk; vd
jdpegh;fs; fz;Lnfhs;Sk; FOf;Fwpg;ghd ,ilj;jhf;f ghq;FfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$ba
ntsp cyfr; nry;thf;FfSf;Fk;> r%f kl;l ,ilj; jhf;fq;fSf;Fk; FOf;fs;
cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
FOf;fs; gad;tpisTld; nrayhw;Wk;nghUl;L rpy cs;ikag; gzpfs;
epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd nghWg;Gk;> mikthd eltbf;iffSk; mNj egh;fsplNk
mbf;fb ifaspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngy;gpd;(1992) FOf;fspy; ,j;jifa ghj;jpu tiffs; gytw;iw
Muha;e;J mtw;iw xU khjphpahf xOq;fikj;jhu;. rpy FO mq;fj;jth;fs;> cjhuzkhf>
Mf;fG+h;tkhd rpe;jidfSf;F fpukkhfg; nghWg;Ngw;fpd;wdh;. gpwh; mjid kjpg;gpLk; epiy
tUk;NghJ RWRWg;gilfpd;wdh;. mNjNtis kw;Wk; rpyh; mNefkhf fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; Jiwfspy; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
287
gpd;tUk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; xU FO mq;fj;jth; <LgLifapy; NkhJiffs; cUthfj;
jiyg;gLfpd;wd.
* mth; tpUk;ghj xU gq;fpid my;yJ mth; kWf;Fk; gq;fpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;gb FO
mOj;jk; fhl;Lk;NghJ;
* xJf;fg;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;JtdthfTk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; jilahfTk; ,Ug;gjhf
czUk;NghJ;
* xU tfpghfj;ijg; Ghptjw;F my;yJ NgZtjw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilahiz epahakhdjy;y
vd czUk;NghJ;
* Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l tfpghfj;jpy; ngw;w Mw;wy;fis mgptpUj;jpnra;aKbahjpUf;Fk;NghJ;
* mtuJ tfpghfj;Jf;F chpajy;yhj tiutpyf;fzj;Jf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W Ra
tiutpyf;fzj;Jf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;Gk;NghJ;
xt;nthU FOtpYk; mjpfhug; gbepiy mikg;G tfpghfq;fs; cs;sd. xt;nthU
FO mq;fj;jtUk; jk;ikj;jhNk czh;TG+h;tkhf “,t;tikg;gpy; vdJ kjpg;G vd;d? gpwh;
me;j kjpg;ig mq;fPfhpf;fpwhh;fsh? ehd; Njitaw;wtdhf cs;Nsdh my;yJ rpy Ntisfspy;
vd;dhy; kw;wth;fspYk; ghh;f;f rpwe;jtuhf ,Uf;fKbAkh?” vdf; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;th;. tpopg;Gzh;Ts;s
mzp mq;fj;jth;fSk; jkJ nrhe;jg; gpujpik njhlh;ghd tfpghf vjph;ghh;g;Gfis ,f;FOtpy;
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sKbAkh vdj; jk;ikj;jhNk Nfl;gJld; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf jhkpUf;Fk;
#o;epiy xU ehs; jkJ jd;dk;gpf;iff;Nf mr;RWj;jyhf mike;JtpLkh vd;Wk; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;th;.
,r; #oiktpy; fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;;
* ,e;j mjpfhug; gbKiw miktpd; gb FOtpd; tpjpKiwahd jiyth; tfpf;Fk; epiy
vd;d?
* Kiwahd jiytiutpl FOtpdhy; cah;thff; fUjg;gLk; Kiwrhuhj; jiyth; xUth; cs;shuh?
mzpfspilNa ey;y $l;LwT mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;glNtz;Lkhapd;> midj;Jg;
gq;Nfw;ghsh;fSk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAld;> #o;epiyapd; Njitf;Nfw;g gy;NtW tfpghfq;fis
tfpg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. cjhuzkhf mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; Gwepiyajhh;j;jg; gzpiaj;
njhluNtz;Lk; my;yJ khwhf FOtpDs;Ns #o;epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jk;nghUl;Lg;
gzpahw;wNtz;Lk;. rpyNtisfspy; mth;fs; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;gh;. kw;Wk; rpy
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tfpghf
tpUg;gwptpg;Gfs;
vOjg;glhj tfpghf
xg;ge;jq;fs;
FOtpd; Kiwikahd ,af;ftpay;
tfpghf vjph;ghh;g;Gfs;
cUtg;glk; 3: FOf;fspy; tfpghfq;fs; epiyahd cUg;ngWtjpy;
nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
288
Ntisfspy; MjuTg;gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;th;. jkJ nrhe;jg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; kpf td;ikahf
Cd;wpapUg;Nghu;> cjhuzkhf $r;rKila xUth;> Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; xUth;> ve;j NeuKk;
Ngrpf;nfhz;bUg;gth;> my;yJ xU tpJ}\fh; xj;Jiog;G nray;Kiwf;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
FO mq;fj;jth;fs; jkJ nrhe;j njspthd elj;ijg; ghq;FfisAk;> ghj;jpu vjph;ghh;g;GfisAk;
,dq;fhzTk;> ,tw;iw kPsha;Tnra;J jug;gl;l #o;epiyf;F mikthf mtw;iw khw;wpaikj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf Kiwahf mgptpUj;jpaile;j mzpfSf;F xU
gpujhd cah; mstpyhd nefpo;Tj;jd;ikg; ghj;jpuk; jPh;khdfukhd mjpfhu Kj;jpiuahFk;.
3.4 NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf eilKiw/Kiw kl;lk;
mikjy;
gpur;rpidfs; cz;ikapy; Nkhrkhd gzpKiwfspd; njhptpdhy; Vw;gl;bUg;gjhf
mwpag;gbDk>; NkhJiffs; Muk;gj;jpy; njhlh;Gfs; Fwpg;ghditahfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf nghUj;jkw;w xU Kiw%yk; jPh;khdk; xd;W vLf;fg;gbd; ,jd; fhuzkhf FO
mq;fj;jth;fspilNa gjw;wk; Vw;glf;$Lk;. cjhuzkhf jpUfhzp nrYj;jpiaf; nfhz;L
gyifia kl;lg;gLj;JtNjh> kl;lg;gLj;Jk; fUtpiaf;nfhz;L jpUfhzpiag; G+l;LtNjh
rhj;jpaky;y. mzpfs; gy;NtW gzp eltbf;ifKiwfs;> topKiwfisf; fw;Wg;
ghpr;rakilaNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld; ve;j Nehf;fj;Jf;F ve;j eltbf;ifKiw kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ
vd;W rhpahd jPh;khdk; vLg;gjpy; Njh;r;rpailaNtz;Lk;.
eilKiwapy; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW Kiwfs; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
Kiwfs; njhlh;ghd jdJ Ma;tpy; mdh fpuhd;Nlhhp(1984) gy;NtW tpjpfis (tpjpKiwf;
Nfhl;ghLfis) NtWgLj;jpAs;shh;. mit gy;NtW topKiwfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
(I) Njly; tpjpfs;> Njly; Kiwfs;: khw;Wj;jPh;Tfis vt;thW ehk; ,dq;fhzyhk;?
(II) njhpT tpjpfs;> njhpT Kiwfs;: ,g;gpur;rpidf;F tpUg;gj;Jf;Fhpa khw;Wj;njhpit ehk;
vt;thW nra;ayhk;?
(III) fw;if tpjpfs;> fw;if Kiwfs;: ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU khw;Wtif gw;wpa jftiy
gaDWjpAld; vt;thW ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKbAk;?
,t; tpjpKiwfSk;>
* epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd; msT (fpilf;ff; $ba jfty; my;yJ mwpT ,y;yhik)
* NkhJk; tpUg;g Mh;tj;jpd; msT (xj;jpayf;$ba> xj;jpay Kbahj) Mfpatw;iwg;
nghWj;J NtWgLk;.
epahakhd msT ghJfhg;gpid FO mDgtpf;ff;$batifapy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
cz;ikfs;> juTfs; midj;Jk; mwpag;gbd;> epiyahd epr;rakw;w jd;ikAld; $ba
#o;epiyapy; vLf;fg;gLk; KbtpypUe;J NtWgl;l xU jPh;khdj;ij vLf;fKbAk; . cjhuzkhf>
vjph;fhy nghUshjhu my;yJ murpay; mgptpUj;jpfs; NkYk; jPh;khdq;fs; vLg;gjpy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s egh;fs; my;yJ FOf;fs; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Fwpg;gpl;l Mh;tj;ij epiyehl;Ltjpy;
mf;fiw nryj;jpdhy;> Kd;G cz;lhfpapUe;j epiyg;ghLfspy; mzp mq;fj;jth; $ba Mh;tk;
fhl;lhjpUe;jNghJ vLf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fistpl NtWgl;l jPh;khdq;fisf; mzp vLf;Fk;.
jw;NghJ gy gapw;Wtpj;jy;> ghlq;fw;gpj;jy; mku;Tfs; ngUksTf;F gy;NtW El;gq;fis
fw;gpg;gjdhy;> ,j;Jiwapy; NghJkhd kjpg;gha;T xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;tJ ,ayhJs;sJ.
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
289
Nghl;bj; jd;ik fhuzkhf> gy gapw;Weh;fs; jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l mZFKiwia
jkJ nrhe;j cw;gj;jpahf epiyehl;l tpiofpd;wdh;. ,jd; tpisthf> mNefkhf kpfr; rpwpa
khw;wq;fSld; kl;LNk $ba xNu Kiwfs; ntt;NtW ngah;fspy; %ykhftpUe;j Kiwf;Fk;
mjid cUthf;fpatUf;F my;yJ MrphpaUf;Fk; chpa kjpg;G mspf;fhj epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; jkJ nrhe;j mZFKiwNa rpwe;jJ vd;Wk;> cyfshtpahPjpahf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$baJ vd;Wk; chpik ghuhl;bdhy; jfuhW Vw;gLtijj; jtph;f;fKbahJ. FO
mq;fj;jth;fs; ntt;NtW gapw;rp mkh;Tfspy; gq;Fgw;wpapUg;gpd;> jkf;F ve;j Kiw rpwe;jJ
vd;gijj; jPh;khdpg;gjpy; xUth; kw;nwUtUld; Nkhjf;$Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;Jf;F ve;j
Kiw rpwe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fz;L> njspthf tiuaWj;jhy; kl;LNk jfuhWfisg; gaDWjpAld;
jPh;f;fKbAk;.
mnyf;rhd;lh; ngh]; (1974) “nray;Jbg;Gs;s tifapy; jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;” vd;w
jdJ khjph papy ; (ghy ;h Pr ; 2000 Ig ; ghh ;f ;f) ,uz;L tifahd Kiwtopfis
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;bAs;shh;.
(1) rpe;jpj;jy;> mwpthw;wy; ghij ; mjhtJ rpwe;j mwpitg; ngWKfkhf gpur;rpid xd;iw
gFg;ghuha;T nra;tjw;fhd my;yJ fz;lwpAk; Kiwtopfs;> mj;Jld;
(11)tpUg;GWjp kw;Wk; jPh;khd top ; mjhtJ> Fwpapyf;FfisAk;> khw;W eltbf;if KiwfisAk;
,dq;fz;L> njupTnra;Ak; Kiwtopfs;
,U epfo;TfSNk> czh;Tfs; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuk; tfpf;Fk;> jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
nray;Kiw rk;ge;jg;gl;litahFk;. mwpthw;ww; ghijiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; czh;twpjy;
kw;Wk; rpe;jidf;fpilNa czh;Tfspd; xU njhFg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F mzp Kaw;rpnra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. jPh;khdg; ghijiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; czh;TfspD}lhf ,yf;FfSf;Fk;> cWjpahd
nraw;ghLfs; elj;ijfs; %yk; ,t;tpyf;Ffis va;Jtjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; gw;wp Kd;dNu
rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; ,ilNa xU ghyk; mikg;gNj gpujhd tplakhFk;.
NkNy cU 2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s khjphpAld; ,ize;J ,jid cU 4 ,y;
cs;sthW tpsf;f KbAk;.
ngh]; rpy nray;Kiwfs; ,g;ghijia Neh;-thpir Kiwapy; njhlUfpd;wd vd;gijf;
ftdpj;Js;shh; (fpNsry; 1999> 127ffIg; ghh;f;f). ,q;F Nfh\;bfs; mwpthw;wy; ghijapy;
fpilf;ff;$ba midj;J epfo;Tz;ikfisAk; jpul;b> gpd;dh; mtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
rpe;jpf;ff;$ba tifapy; mtw;iw czur;nra;J tFg;gpdg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. kWGwj;jpy;> jPh;khdk;
vLf;Fk; ghijapy; Neh;-thpirKiwahd rpe;jidf;Nfw;g Nfh\;b ,yf;Ffs; Kjypy;
eph;zapf;fg;gl;L fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wd. mjd;gpd;dNu rhj;jpakhd eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
ghijfisg; ghprPypj;J njhpTnra;aKbAk;.
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
290
ngh]; (1974> 52 ff) $Wtjd; gpufhuk; ,t;tZFKiwfs; khwhf jug;gl;l fz;LzUk;-
rpe;jpf;Fk;> tpUg;gj; Jzpthw;wy;-nraw;gLjy; JUtq;fspilNa xU fpukkhd xOq;fpirthd
khWif rhh;ghf thjpLk; “nray;Jbg;Gkpf;f jPh;khdk; cUthf;fy;” khjphpAld; NtWgLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
Rw;Wtl;l eltbf;ifKiw xd;wpy; mwpthw;wy; ghijapy; mzp czh;twpjy;fs; njhlh;e;Jk; kPs
tUk; mNj Ntis> cUthf;fg;gl;l vz;zf;fUf;fs; czh;twpjy;fs; mbg;gilapy; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLk;. Mr;rupak;> rhd;W - mDgtk; gPjp my;yJ epk;kjp> epiyahd
jd;ik kw;Wk; epiyaw;w jd;ik Fwpj;j czu;TfSk; ,t;tplaj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa tfpghfj;ij
tfpf;fpd;wd. RUq;ff; $wpd; fPNo jpl;ltpay; cUtpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJNghd;W czu;Nt
jPu;khdnkLj;jypd; eLehafkhfTs;sJ. rhj;jpajfT kw;Wk; tpUg;gepiy rk;ge;jkhf Fwpapyf;Ffs;
guprPypf;fg;gl;L> guPl;rpf;fg;gLifapy; jPu;khd topapYk; ,JNt epiyikahFk;. tpUk;gg;gLtJ>
kw;Wk; Kd;Ng rpe;jpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fSld; ,zq;Fk; czh;Tfs; fhzg;gLk;NghJ kl;LNk
jplkhd fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jPh;khdk; xd;iw vLf;fKbAk;.
NkYk;> nray;Jbg;GkpF jPh;khdk; cUthf;fy; KiwtopapDs; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fis
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;lKbAk;. Kjyhtjhf Nfh\;bfs; jhk; NghJkhd mDgthPjpahd jfty;fis
jpul;Ltij cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ciunra;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL Muk;gpf;fg;gLtjw;FKd;
epfo;T cz;ikfs; njspthf epiyehl;lg;glNtz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf> ngh];rpd; czh;tpd; gb
xOq;fpirthd NjLjy; ,af;fj;jpDs; gz;gwp fl;lq;fs; mgptpUj;jpnra;ag;gLk;. $hpa ghh;itf;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J mwpthw;wy; ghijapdJk;> jPh;khdk; cUthf;f ghijapdJk; mj;jifa
ehd;F gz;gwpjy; fl;lq;fs; cU 5 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mwpthw;wy; mj;Jld; jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ghijfspd; Fwpj;Jiuj;j mk;rq;fNs Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;>
khjpupapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;kPNj KOikahff; ftdk; nrYj;JNthk;.
NkhJiffSf;fhd ,aYik njhlh;ghf fpud;NlhhpapdJk;> ngh];]pdJk; Njly;
KbTfis gpd;tUkhW rhuhk;rg;gLj;jyhk;; :
czu;jy; nraw;gLj;jy;Gydwpjy;
tpUg;gj;
JzpT
rpe;jpj;jy;
cU 4 : mwpthw;wy; ghijapdJk;> jPh;khdnkLf;Fk; ghijapdJk;
Mf;ff;$Wfs;
(m) mwpthw;wy; ghij
(M) jPh;khdk;Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ghij
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
291
1. jahhpj;jy; (jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; FO cUthf;fy ;)
nra;gzpapd; Nehf;nfy;iy> gpur;rpid
kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs; Mfpatw;iw tiuaWj;jy;. gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd
fl;Lf;Nfhg;G epge;jidfisAk; Fwpj;Jiuj;jiyAk; tiuaWj;jy;. eltbf;if Kiwfs;>
jPh;khdk;
vLj;jy; Kiwfisj; jPh;khdpj;jy;> tfpghfq;fis Fwpj;J xJf;fy;> jahhpg;Gg;
gzpfisg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;> Kiwtopf;fhd Cf;f Mh;tj;ij toq;Fjy;.
cU 5 : mwpthw;wy;> jPh;khdk; cUthf;Fk; ghijfspy; gz;Grhh; fl;lq;fs;
4. KbTiu fUJNfhs;fid Ez;zha;T nra;J
ghPl;rpj;J> ,Wjp tpUg;G eltbf;iffisj; njhpT
nra;J tpisthd eltbf;iffisf;
Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;. njspTk; mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;Tk;
3. jPhg;G cUthf;fy ;
milahsq;fhzg;gl;l khw;Wtopfis xg;gpl;Lf;
ftdpj;jy;> gpd;dzpfisAk;> njhlh;GfisAk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;>
msTNfhy;fis njspTgLj;jy; Kd;Dhpikfisj; njspthf;Fjy;>
kl;Lg;gLj;jy;fspd;wp ntspg;gilahf tpisTfisg;gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
kiwKfkhd NtWghLfs; eyd; NkhJiffs; ,Ug;gpd;
mitgw;wpj; njspthfTk;> ntspg;gilahfTk; $wg;glNtz;Lk;.
,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; thjj;Jf;Fhpa tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j
fye;Jiuahly;fs; Kf;fpakhdit.
jahhpg;G (jpl;lkply;> FO cUthf;fy;) fl;lj;jpy; fpuz;Nlhhpapd; khjphpAUtpd;
gpufhuk; fw;ifKiwfs;> mit Muk;gj;jpy; rkhspf;f KbahjpUf;Fk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kd;$l;ba
rpe ;jidia MSfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; Fwpg ;ghf Kf;fpakhdjhfTs;sd. ,jd;k PJ
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;NghJ czh;Tk;> tpUg;gj; JzpTk; jPh ;khdfukhd tfpghfj;ij
tfpf;fpd;wd;md;Nwy; “jsh;thd Muk;gk;” fhuzkhf FO eltbf;if tpiutpy; rf;jp ,oe;JtpLk;.
Nghjpa msT Mh;tkpd;wp FOg;gzp nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;lhy;> ,Wjpahf ve;j xU Nfh\;b
mq;fj;jtUk; tpisTfNshL jd;id ,izj;Jf;nfhs;skhl;lhh;.
2. gbk cUthf;fk;;
czh;twpjy;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> Kd; mDkhdq;fs;>
khw;Wtopfs;> Mf;fG+h;tkhd vz;zq;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.
kdg;ghq;Ffspd; tPr;ir tphpTgLj;jy;> guTtjw;F ,lkspj;jy;
fye;Jiuahly;fs; ,d;Dk; ,y;iy; cs;Szh;T
rhh;e;j tFg;gpdg;gLj;jy; kl;LNk.
NkhJifj;; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
292
,q;F rpy mq;fj;jth;fs; Gwj;J}z;lyw;W> cs;@zh;Tld; gzpahw;Wtjw;Fk;
(tpUg;gj;JzpT JUtj;jpd; Mjpf;fk;)> kw;Wk; rpyh; tphpthd jpl;lkplYld; (rpe;jidj; JUtj;jpd;
Mjpf;fk;) gzpahw;Wtjw;Fk; tpUk;Gk; fhuzj;jhy; FO Ntiy xOq;FfspilNa Nghuhl;lepiyfis
,lk;ngwf;$Lk;. NkYk; gzpfspd; Nehf;nfy;iy> gpur;rpidfspd; rpf;fyhd jd;ik> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; Kiwfs; Mfpait Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj NghJkhd msT njspthf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;
jpirKfg;gLj;jiyj; jplkhfg; ghjpf;Fk; msTf;F mzp rpukq;fis mDgtpf;Fk;.
gbk cUthf;fy; fl;lj;jpy; fpud;Nlhhpapd; $w;Wg;gb Njly;> fw;if Kiwfs; mjp
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahfpd;wd. ngh]; mspj;j tpsf;fj;ijg; Nghd;W vy;yhtw;iwAk;tpl
czh;twpjYf;Fk;> rpe;jidf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; vjpnujph; epiyfs; G+uzkhd czh;twpjypd;
kPsha;tpidg; ghjpf;Fk;.
FO xd;Wf;F Njitahd msT fz;Nzhl;lq;fspd; tPr;R xd;W ,y;yhjNghJk;>
,t;thwhf mZFKiwfspd; tPr;nry;iyia Nghjpa msT tphpthf;fKbahjpUf;Fk;NghJk;
NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatsk; vof;$Lk;. ,jd; gpufhuk;> chpafhyj;Jf;FKd;dNu mzp
fye;Jiuahly;fis Muk;gpj;jhy; (jPh;g;G cUthFk; fl;lk;)> njhpTnra;ag;gl;l czh;twpjy;
Vw;fdNtAs;s Kd;$l;b czug;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis kPs;tYT+l;Lk; Mgj;J Vw;glf;$Lk;. jpul;lg;gl;l
jfty;fs; mjpf Neufhyj;NjhL Kw;wpYk; mwpTG+h;tkhd msTNfhy;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
tFg;gpdg;gLj;jg;gbd; VyNt cUthf;fg;gl;l Mokhd rpe;jidaw;w ghq;Ffs; Gjpa mk;rq;fspd;
fz;Lgpbg;ig jil nra;af;$Lk; vd;gjhy; ,JTk; gjw;wj;Jf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$Lk;.
jPh;g;G cUthf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; Njly;> njhpT KiwfNs kpfTk; jPh;khdfukhditahFk;.
fUj;J NtWghl;Lf;Fhpa fye;Jiuahly;fs; %ykhf jw;NghJs;s NtWghLfspd; KO eyidAk;
ngWk; nghUl;Lk;> FO 'FO-rpe;jidf;F" ,iuahfhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;Lk; ([hdp]; 1972)
czh;twpjy;-rpe;jpj;jy; JUtq;fs; topapyhd czh;Tfspd; mtrpaj;ij ngh]; typAWj;Jfpd;whh;.
[hdp];> gy;NtW tpjkhd neUf;fbr; #o;epiyfspy; FO elj;ijfis Muha;e;J gy;NtW
fUj;Jfspy; FO mOj;jk; vt;thW vjph;kiwahd jilfisf; nfhzuf;$Lk; vd;gijf; fhl;bdhh;.
,jid FOtpypUe;J ePf;fg;glyhk; vd;w gPjpapy; jkJ rpwe;j Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk;>
kdr;rhd;Wf;Fk; khwhf> Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; FOTld; ,ize;Jnfhs;s tw;GWj;jg;gLk; FO
mq;fj;jth;fs;%yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lKbAk;. ,q;F Njitg;gLk; Mf;fG+h;tkhd Nkhjy;fs; NtWghLfisAk;
NkhJiffisAk; mr;RWj;jy;fshftd;wp FOtpid tsg;gLj;Jk; xU %ykhf mZFjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpur;rpid kl;lj;jpy; NtWghLfs; td;ikahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; msTf;F vjph;f;Fk; my;yJ
,zf;fkw;w eghpd; ghJfhg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; ,ilj;njhlh;ghlypd; ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
KbTWj;jy; fl;lj;jpy ; kpfTk; rhj;jpakhd Njly; KbTfs; rk;ge;jkhd ,zf;fj;ij
vl;Ltjw;F FO Kaw;rpnra;ifapy; Njly; Kiwfs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jnkd fpuz;Nlhhp $Wfpwhh;.
ngh]; $Wtjd;gpufhuk; rpe;jidAk;> czh;jYNk ,g;NghJ ngUk; tfpghfk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
vt;thwhapDk;> Kiwtopwapy; va;jg;ngw;w KbTfspd; nry;jfTepiy gw;wpa re;Njfk; vOe;jTld;
NkhJiff;fhd tha;g;G cUthFk;. mj;Jld; FOtpd; Njly; KbTfs;gw;wp tpdh vOg;Gk; mzp
mq;fj;jth;fs; vtiuAk; Jzpr;rYld; vjph;g;gjw;Ff; FO vj;jdpf;Fk;. Kjph;r;rpaile;j FOf;fs;
jkJ gzpapd; ,Wjpf;fl;lj;jpy; Rakhf nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; juf;fl;Lg;ghL xd;whf> mbg;gil
tpdhntOg;GjiyAk; Nrh;g;gijAk; cWjpnra;Jnfhs;Sk;. vdpDk;> vz;zf;fU cUthf;Fk;
fl;lj;jpd;NghJ Neufhyj;NjhL jpul;lg;gl;bUf;fNtz;ba Gjpa jftiy “eL ,uTf;F Ie;J
epkplq;fSf;F” Kd;dh; xU FO mq;fj;jth; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ mJ vhpr;ry; Cl;lf;$bajhFk;.
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
293
,e;j fl;lj;jpd; NghJ nghUj;jkhd njhpT Kiwfspdhy; Mjutspf;fg;gl;lthW>
czh;Tfspd; jpirKfg;gLj;jypYk;> gad; ehl;lKila nraw;ghLfspYk; Fwpg;ghd ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jPh;khdk; xd;iw vLg;gjpy; jiythpd; thf;F kl;Lk; NghJkhdjh
my;yJ xU ngUk;ghd;ikj; jPh;khdk; my;yJ nghJthd fUj;njhUkpg;G Ntz;Lkh vd;w
tpdhTf;F jj;Jthh;j;jhPjpapy; Muk;gj;jpy; tpilaspf;fKbahJ. khwhf> mzpahdJ jdJ
tpUg;Gf;Fhpa jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia Muk;gf;fl;lj;jpy; Neufhyj;NjhL Fwpj;Jiug;gjhy;
eltbf;if nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ nghJthf vof;$ba NkhJiffSf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; tpjpfis
khw;w Ntz;ba Njit ,Uf;fhJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l xU FO epiyikf;F ,zf;fj; jPh;khdk; xd;W Gj;jprhypj;jdkhdjh
,y;iyah vd;w tpdhTf;fhd tpil mbg;gilapy; mikg;gpd; fyhrhuj;jpNyNa jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
FOtpdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdj;Jf;fhd chpikAk;> mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;Tk; mtrpakhdjh vd;gNj
NkYk; Kf;fpakhd tplakhFk;. rkj;Jtj;ij kjpf;Fk; xU Kaw;rp vd;gNj cj;jpNahfG+h;t
jj;Jtkhf ,Ug;gpd;> mjd; tpisTfs; fhuzkhf ghhpa jhkjq;fSk;> FOtpd; rf;jp
tPzhjYk; Vw;gl;lhYk; mNefkhf vy;yhk; fUj;njhUkpg;gpd; %yk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;. fPNo
gphpT 4,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW Kjph;tilAk; nray;Kiw xd;wpD}lhf FO Kd;NdwpaJk;>
mjw;F gzpg;ghizfs; toq;Ftjw;Fk;> cj;jp rk;ge;jkhd mbg;gilj; jPh;khdq;fis vLg;gjpy;
khj;jpuk; fUj;njhUkpg;G mtrpag;gLk; tifapy; mjpfhuk; ifaspf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; mjw;F
,aYik Vw;gLk;. ,J ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy; my;yJ jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jth;fSf;F
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifaspg;gjD}lhf nraw;ghl;Lj; jPh;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gLtjw;F ,lkspf;Fk;.
vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdq;fspd; jifik njhlh;ghd jPh;khdfukhd guPl;irfs; mq;fPfhuk;
Fwpj;j tpdhf;fshFk;. vLf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fis vt;tsT J}uk; FO mq;fj;jth;fs; filg;gpbf;fpwhh;fs;?
gpwhpd; jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;J mjidg; ghJfhg;gjw;F rk;kjpf;fpwhh;fsh? cz;ikahd gpur;rpidfs;
jPh;f;fg;gLtjw;F Nkyhf> xl;Lnkhj;jf; FO Ntiyapd; juj;Jf;F mq;fPfhug; gpur;rpidNa kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdJ. mj;Jld; tP&k;> naw;wd;(1973) MfpNahhpd; $w;wpd;gb ,J jPh;khdnkLj;jy; nray;
Kiwapd;NghJ vjph;nfhs;sg;gLk; gq;Nfw;gpd; mstpYk;> ghq;fpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.
3.5 NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf Gwepiy cwTfs;
xU mzpf;Fk; mjd; mikg;G gpd;dzpf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cwTfspYk;
NkhJiff;fhd tpijfs; gy ,Uf;fyhk;. Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; vd;dntdpy; cah;ju kl;lq;fspy;
my;yJ mikg;gpDs;Ns cs;s gpw Nfh\;bfSld; mjd; gq;Nfw;Fk; msit Fwpj;Jiug;gNj
MFk;. MfNt Vndd;Nghk; kw;Wk; ];fpkpj; (1958) mth;fspd; cld; xj;jpirthd gq;Nfw;gpd;
msTfisf; fUJtJ ngWkjpkpf;fjhFk;.
xU Nkw;ghu;itahsu; jPh;khdj;jpy;> FO mq;fj;jpdu;fs; gq;Nfw;gjw;F rpwpjsT
mDkjpg;ghuhapd;> mtu; mjpfhuj;Jt Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;fpwhu;. mtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ed;F
fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; Kfhikj;Jtg;ghzp fye;jhNyhrid tifahdjhFk;. ,J mgpg;gpuhak;
njuptpf;f kl;Lkd;wp> jPh;khdq;fspd; tpisTfspYk; XusT nry;thf;iff; nrYj;Jk;. ,Wjpahf>
“$l;LwT” Kfhikj;Jtg;ghzp ngUksT nry;thf;if my;yJ G+uz RahjPdj;ij toq;ff;$Lk;.
cUtg;glk; 7 ,y; jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; Kiwtopapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s 2
Kjy; 4 tiuahd fl;lq;fSld; KfhikapdhYk;> mzpapdhYk; Ez;gbfshd gu];gu
nry;thf;if njhlh;GgLj;Jjy; gy;NtW tbtq;fis tpisTWj;Jk;. ,J mNefkhd
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
294
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; nfhs;ifg; gpur;rpidfspd; $l;Lj; jPh;khdj;jpy; “$l;L mwpT” my;yJ
“$l;L eph;zak;” vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.
gzpfis tpjpKiwahfj; njspTgLj;Jjy;> tiuaWj;jypYk; Njh;r;rp> nghWg;G njhlh;ghd
tplag;gug;Gfspy; ntw;wpailaf;$ba msTf;Fk; mjd; gzpfs; ,irthdjhfTk;> Mf;f G+h;tkhdjhfTk;
,Ug;gijf; Nfh\;b cWjpg;gLj;jpf;; nfhs;syhk;. ,J> Fwpg;ghf xNu mikg;gpDs; cs;s cah;
my;yJ rk juj;jpYs;s mzpfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ. njsptpd;ik fhuzkhf gpd;dh; Vw;glf;$ba
Vkhw;wq;fisAk;> rPh;FiyTfisAk; jtph;f;FKfkhf FO Kaw;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa ,t;tplaj;Jf;F
$Ljy; Neukspg;gJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhdJ. Kjd; Kjyhfj; jLg;gjw;F vLf;Fk; Neuj;ijAk;> rf;jpiaAk;
tpl “Jilj;J mfw;Wtjw;F” $Ljyhd NeuKk;> rf;jpAk; Njitg;gLk;.
xU mzpahdJ mjd; ,ilepiy my;yJ ,Wjp tpisTfis mwpf;ifapl
Kw;gLk;NghJ mwpthw;wy;> jPh;khdk;> nray;KiwfSf;fhd fl;lq;fshf;fg;gl;l khjphpfSf;F
mikthf ,jidr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jPh;T xd;wpid ,dq;fhz;gjw;F tpNrlkhf mikg;gpd;
Vida eltbf;iffs; xU jPh;it ,dq;fhZk; Kaw;rpfspy; mzp vt;tsT J}uk; Kd;NdwpAs;sJ
vd;gij nrk;ikahf gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> xU gpur;rpid ,Uf;fpd;wnjd;gijNa
mikg;gpy; Vida gphptpdh; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;FKd;G xU nra;jpl;l xU KbTf;F te;jpUf;Fkhapd;>
mzpfspd;; Njly; KbTfspd; rkh;g;gzj;ij VidNahh; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;shjpUf;ff;$Lk; my;yJ
epuhfhpf;ff;$Lk;. ,t;tzp ,Jtiu czh;e;jwpag;glhj xU gpur;rpidf;F jPh;itj; NjLfpd;wJ.
MfNt nra;jpl;l mzp Kd;Ndw;wq;fis <l;bf;nfhs;ifapy; mth;fs; vLf;Fk;
ghij njhlh;ghf gbg;gbahd jfty;fis toq;FtJ cfe;jjhFk;. ,J mikg;gpDs; VNjDk;
“fl;lg; nghUj;jkpd;ikia” jtph;g;gjw;F cjTk;.
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
cUtk; 6: undd;Nghk;; / ];fpkpw; (1958) f;F Vw;g jPu;khdnkLj;jy; nray; Kiwapy; gq;N;fw;Fk;; msTfs;
Nkyhshpd;
jPu;khdj;Jf;;fhd
rhj;jpa efh;T
FOtpd;
jPu;khdj;Jf;;fhd
rhj;jpa efh;T
vNjr;rhjpfhu/
fl;lisapLk;
$l;LwT/jd;dhl;rp
gq;Nfw;Fk;fye;JMNyhrpf;Fk;
295
cs r%f kl;lj;jpy; mzpf;Fk; mjd; #oYf;FkpilNa vof;$ba VjhtJ
gpur;rpidia tpjpKiwahd tpjpfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjd;%yk; vspjhfj; jPh;f;ff;$ba rhj;jpakpy;iy.
,jd; tpisthf vspjhfg; Nghl;bapLk;> ntspg;gilahd gifik czh;Tk; ,yFtpy; Vw;glf;$Lk;.
rpyNtisfspy; mzp jd;dstpNyNa “gifik vz;zf;fUf;fs;” tpUj;jpailtjw;F
gq;fspg;gJld;> $l;Lf;fs; cUthFtjw;fhd ntspg;gilahd my;yJ kiwKfkhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;
vOtjw;Fk; gq;fspj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. ,j;jifa epfo;Tfspd;NghJ khwhepakf; fUj;Jf;fisj;
jfh;g;gjw;F mzpfs; gpNsf; kw;Wk; gpwhpdhy; (1964) gpNuhpf;fg;gl;l NkhJifj;jPh;T Kiwfisg;
gpuNahfpg;gjw;F KayNtz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> xU mzpapd; mgptpUj;jp me;j];Jf;Fk;
(gphpT 4) mikg;gpd; Vida gphpTfspd; mgptpUj;jp fl;lj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd fyhrhu NtWghL$l
NkhJiff;fhd tYthd rhj;jpatsj;ijg; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;(fpshry; 1994). ,e;j tplaj;jpy;
mzpapd;; mgptpUj;jp ngUk;ghYk; FO mikg;gpdJk;> midj;Jklq;Fk; mgptpUj;jpapdJk;
gphpf;fKbahj xU gFjpahFk;. ,f; fhuzj;jpdhy;> mikg;G Kiwahd mgptpUj;jpapd;
nghJthd ,af;ftpaiyg;gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf Nehf;FtJ gaDs;sjhFk;.
4. mzpf;FOk tsh;epiy fl;lq;fs;
fPNo tpghpf;fg;gl;l FO mgptpUj;jp rk;ge;jkhd khjphp fpNsry;(1996) mth;fshy;
tp];jhpf;fg;gl;l lf;kd; (1965) khjphpapd; xU NtWgl;l tbtkhFk;. mjd; rpwg;gk;rkhdJ mgptpUj;jpf;
fl;lj;jpD}lhf xU FO nry;Yk;NghJ mjd; mgptpUj;jpg;gb njhlh;ghfTk;> ntsp my;yJ cs;sf
fhuzpfspd; tpisthf (Nfhw;]; 1998 Ig; ghh;f;f) xj;Jiog;gpd; ,af;ftpay; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
khw;wkilAk;NghJ tpUj;jpailaf;$ba tbtq;fs; njhlh;ghfTk; tpghpf;Fk; Ez;zwpTj;jpwdhFk;.
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
cUtk; 7 ( jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nray;Kiwapy; gq;Nfw;gpd;
msTfSk; fl;lq;fSk; (fpNsry;/yPtNfhl; 1993" 142&
Nkyhshpd;
jPu;khdj;Jf;fhd
rhj;jpa efh;T
FOtpd;
jPu;khdj;Jf;fhd
rhj;;jpa efh;T
$l;LwT/jd;dhl;rp
$l;lhfjpu;khdpj;jypypUe;J
jd;dhl;rpjPu;khdk; tiu
gq;Nfw;Fk;
$l;lhf
ghpe;Jiuj;jy;
Kjy; $l;lhff;
fye;Jiuahly;
tiu
fye;jhNyhrpf;Fk;
$l;lhfr;
rpe;jpj;jy;
vNjr;rhjpfhu/fl;lisapLk;
$l;lhfr;nra;jy; Kjy;$l;lhf mwpjy;
tiu
KbT
jPu;khdk;
cUthjy;
gbkk;
cUthjy;
296
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
cUtg;glk; 8 ,d; Nky;Nehf;F> xU FO mNefkhfj; jhz;br;nry;yNtz;b ,Uf;Fk;
Kjph;T> mgptpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwfspd; ehd;F fl;lq;fisAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;>
ve;j xU fl;lj;jpYk; xU mzp jd;Dzh;tpd;wp my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;W> njhlh;e;J
nry;yhjpUg;gjw;Fj; jPh;khdpf;fyhk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mgptpUj;jpg;gbapy; FO ePz;lfhykhf
,Uf;fyhk;.
,e; ehd;F mgptpUj;jpf;fl;lq;fs;> mtw;wpd; gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fs;> fl;likg;Gfs;
njhlh;ghd tpopg;Gzh;T Nfh\;bapd; r%f mgptpUj;jp me;j];ij NkYk; $Ljyhf xOq;fhd
Kiwapy; fUJtjw;F ,lkspg;gjD}lhf> mLj;jgb njhlh;ghf czh;TG+h;tkhd jPh;khdq;fis
vLg;gjw;F tifnra;Ak;. ,e;j khjphpahdJ ve;j ,aw;if tpjpfisAk; tpghpg;gjw;F Kw;gltpy;iy>
mjid tud;Kiwrhh;e;j my;yJ tpjpfspd; epakj;njhFjpahff; fUjTk; $lhJ. khwhf> mJ
GhptJ vd;dntdpy;> ,lh;fisAk; re;jh;g;gq;fisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;LtNj MFk;. mr;re;jh;g;gq;fspd;
gaid vt;thW ngWtJ my;yJ ,lh;fisj; jzpf;Fk;tifapy; nraw;gLtJ vd;gJ FOtpYs;s
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jdpegh;fisg; nghWj;jjhFk;.
4.1 xd;W Nrh;tJk; xUq;fpUe;J rpe;jpg;gJTk; -
Njbf;fz;Lnfhs;sYk;> xUq;fpizjYk;
xU FO Kjy;jlitahf xd;W$Lk;NghJ> gzpf; Fwpf;Nfhs; njhlh;ghfTk; FO
epiyik njhlh;ghfTk; mzp mq;fj;jth;fspilNa vg;NghJk; epr;rakw;w jd;ik ,Uf;Fk;.
ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> xU njspthd jpirKfg;gLj;jYf;Fkhd xU tYthd tpUg;G Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;JtJk; rhj;jpakhFk;. Kjypy; njhlh;Gfs; “Ntisf;Nfw;w” tifapy; jhgpf;fg;ngw;W>fhj;jpUe;J ghh;g;Nghk; vd;w kdg;ghq;fpdhy; jdpr;rpwg;G milfpd;wd. FO ghpNrhjid nra;ag;gl;L>
EZfp Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. kw;wth;fSld; ehd; vd;id vt;thW xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;?
vtUld; ehd; rpwe;j njhlh;igf; nfhs;syhk;? vd;id ehd; ehdhf vt;tsT rhjfkhf
Njhw;wkspf;f itf;f my;yJ epiyg;gLj;jKbAk;. FOTf;F vdJ Mw;wypd; ngWkjp vt;tsT?
,t;tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;Fk;NghJ FO ntspr;#oypypUe;J nfhz;LtUk; ntspthupg;
ngWkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; me;j];J> rpd;dq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;gb mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; jk;ikj;jhNk
jpirKfg;gLj;Jthh;fs;.
,e;j Muk;gr; #o;epiyapy;> elj;ij FOtpd; Kw;$l;b czug;gl;l vjph;ghh;g;Gfs;
mjDld; njhlh;Gw;w Neuhd> kiwahd my;yJ vjph;kiwahd gbkq;fspd; td;ikahd
nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;ldtha; ,Ug;gpDk;> mikjpahd ghJfhg;ghd elj;ij epyTk;. ,it
cUthjy; nray;Kiwapd; NghJ fz;lwpag;gl;l kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fSf;Fs; rpythFk;.
MapDk; rpy mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; ,jw;Fkhwhf> gpur;rpidfspypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s
Kayhky; mjid “Neubahf vjph;j;Jr; rkhspg;gjw;F” KaYth;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ epr;rakw;w
jd;ikia tpQ;rp Nkk;gLk;nghUl;L Mf;fpukpg;Gj;jd;ikAld; nraw;gLth;. ,jd; tpisthf
cUthFk; #o;epiy midtUf;Fk; epiyaw;wjhf ,Ug;gJld; mikjpf; fl;lj;Jf;Fk;> gpzf;Fk;
gjw;wKk; epyTk; fhyj;Jf;FkpilNa kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; khwpr;nry;Yk; FO mq;fj;jth;fs; jkJ
Muk;g mwpit ngw;W xUtNuhnlhUth; NkYk; mwpKfkhdNghJ mth;fs; jkJ cz;ikahd
Njhw;wj;ij rpwpJ $Ljyhf ntspg;gLj;j Kw;gLth;. mth;fs; jdpegh; ghq;fpy; jhf;fq;fisAk;>
vjph;j;jhf;fq;fisAk; fhl;Lth;. mth;fsJ tpUg;G ntWg;GfSk;> MirfSk; mgpyhi\fSk;
Kd;dzpapy; epw;Fk;. jkJ nrhe;j tpUg;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> jkJ gjtpfisg;
NgZtjw;Fk; mjpfhpj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Fth;. ,jd;tpisthf FOtpDs; mjpfhuk;>
297
kw;Wk; nry;thf;Ff;fhd Nghuhl;lk; vOk;. 'NghuhL my;yJ Xbnahsp" FO fpsh;;r;rpf; fhyj;jpD}lhfr;
nry;Yk; NghJ ,r;nray;Kiwapy; tpjpKiwahd FOj;jiythpd; mjpfhuKk; Nfs;tpf;Fl;
gLj;jg;glyhk;. ,e;jf; fpsh;e;njOjy; FO cUthf;fy; Kiwtopapd; xU gphpf;f Kbahj
Mf;ff;$whFk;.
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
mj;jifa gpzf;Ffs; fhuzkhf FOtpd; thjtplak; njhlh;ghd gzpfs; NkYk;
ghjpg;Gwyhk;. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fk; njhlh;Gila Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;fhd gpuNahfj;jpw;F
NkYk; $Ljyhd rf;jp fhzg;gLk;. gzpia vt;thW gphpj;J xOq;fikg;gJ> jPh;khdk;
ve;jtpjj;jpy; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;> ahh; ve;jg; gzpia nrt;itghh;g;gJ> ve;jg; gzpiag; nghWg;Ngw;gJ
- vd;w ,e;j midj;Jf; Nfs;tpfSk; FOtpDs;Ns ntspg;gilahfTk;> Cf;fj;JlDk; tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.
Gwta ajhh;j;j gpur;rpidfs; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lfye;Jiuahlg;gLk;NghJk;> mq;fj;jth;fs;
gy;NtW tbtq;fspyhd nry;thf;fpid ghPl;rpf;f my;yJ vjph;f;f Kw;gLk;NghJk; Nfh\;bapDs;
Ra ntspg;gLj;jy;> gjtpfs; njhlh;ghf mbj;jsj;jpy; xU Nghuhl;lk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJk;
cz;ikNaahFk;. ,r;nray;Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fPfhuj;ij vth; ngWtJ> Fwpj;Jiuj;j
ghj;jpuq;fis ahh; epiwNtw;WtJ my;yJ gpwhplk; xg;gilg;gJ vd;gij mth;fs; KbTnra;th;.
cUtk; 8 : fpNshry; $Wtjd; gpufhuk;
mzpfspd; ehd;F tsh;r;rpf; fl;lq;fs;
1' Njhw;Wtpj;jYk;
rpdj;jhf;fj;ij
vjpu;nfhs;sYk;
4. rPu;j;jpUj;jy;2' epakg;gLj;jy;
3' nray;
epiwNtw;wk;
m) Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
njhlu;Gfis Njbg;
ghu;j;jy;> Muha;r;rp
nra;jy;:
ehd; ,q;F vjw;fhf
ngWkjpailNtd;?
ntspthupj;juj;jpw;F
kw;Wk; milahyq;f
Sf;F gyf;fg;gly;
M) rpdj;jhf;f
Nrhbkak;jiyikj;J
tj;jpw;fhf fytuk;>
njhlu;r;rpahf
Nghuhl;lj;ij
fPo;gba itf;Fk;
Nghl;b tfpahf
jpl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
ntw;wpf;fhf>jPu;khd
nkLj;jy;> nray;
epiwNtw;wk; kw;Wk;
nry;thf;F nrYj;J
tjw;fhf jkJ
rl;lf;FOf;fis
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhss;sy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba
mDkjp
,Utop jiyikj;Jt
mjpfhuj;jpw;fhf
'je;ij" apd; ghj;jpuk;
kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oiy
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
'jhapd;" ghj;jpuk;
Gj;jprPtp Nky;kl;lk;
kw;Wk; nfLgpb
epiyf;fhf
fPo;kl;lj;jpw;fpilapyhd
czu;r;rp
FOf;fis Ra
mikg;Gfshf;Fjy;
/ Ra etpdkak; :re;ju;g;gj;jpdgb
nfhs;if>
ngWkhdk;>
ghj;jpuk;>
mikg;Gfis
mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
ntspthup
njhlu;Gfis
ntspg;gilahf
fl;likj;jy;
njhlu;Gfis
ntspg;gilahf
fl;likj;jy;
Mf;fj;jpwdhd
FOf;fis
cUthf;fy; kw;Wk;
fiyj;jy;
khwhj xNukhjpupahd
ghj;jpuk; / ghq;Ffismfw;Wjy;
ghj;jpuq;fspd;
,irthf;fk;>
jiyikapy; khw;wk;>
epiyikfSf;fhd
mZFKiw
njhlu;G Ma;T
epidj;jy; -
vjpu;g;ghu;j;j
eltbf;if
nfhs;iff;fhf
nraw;gly;
nray;epiwNtw;wk;-
egu;- FOf;fis
rkepiyg;gLj;jy;
298
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ,g; gpzf;Ffs; tpisthf GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l epr;rakw;w jd;ik
cUthtjw;Fk;> ntt;NtW FO mq;fj;jth;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifaw;w Xh; czh;T Vw;gLtjw;Fk;
,lKz;L. ,J NkYk; $Ljyhd ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfs;> mNj fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s gpw FO
mq;fj;jth;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Mjutpy; (Nrhbahf ,izjy;) jpUg;jpfhZk; NjitfSf;F
,l;Lr;nry;Yk;. ahh; vd;idg; Nghy; rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;? ahUld; ehd; ,izg;Gw;Ws;sjhf fUJfpNwd;?
mjd; tpisthf cgFOf;fSk;> cl;FOf;fSk; cUthfyhk;.
,e;jf; FOg; gpzf;Ffs; kpfTk; jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpNyNa ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
czh;TG+h;tkhd ,e;j czh;r;rpg;Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gf;ftpisthf FO jdJ nrhe;j
neUf;f czh;it tpUj;jpnra;tJld;> gq;fplg;gl;l czh;TG+h;tkhd mDgtq;fSld;$ba
nrhe;j tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
cUthf;FjYk;> fpsh;e;njOjYk; ,ize;J mz;zsthf;fy; kWjypg;G> kPs;
cUthf;fy; Mfpa nray;KiwfSs; Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fs; thpirg;gjtp> ghj;jpuk;> gu];gu
cwTfisg; ghpNrhjid nra;Ak; mbg;gilapyhd epiyaw;w nray; Kiwia cUthf;Fk;.
4.2 epakeph;zak; - Ra,af;fj;jpw;fhd tpjpfis jhq;fNs
Njhw;Wtpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
KjyhtJ fl ; lj ; j py ; jt p h ; f ; fKbahjthW vOk ; Nkhjy ;fisAk ; >
nfhs;ifg;gpzf;FfisAk; jtph;f;Fk; Kfkhf> Fwpg;ghfj; jkJ gzpKiwfisj; njspTgLj;j
KaYk;NghJ FOf;fs; gy rpwpa mj;Jld; nghpa jPh;khdq;fis vLf;fpd;wd. gaDWjpkpf;f
gzp cWjpnra;ag;glNtz;Lkhapd; jplkhd “Nghl;b tpjpfs;” jhgpf;fg;glNtz;baJ mtrpak;.
,e;jf; fl;lj;jpd;NghJ xU FOthdJ Vw;nfdNt ntw;wpaile;j gpw FOr;#oikTfspy; mJ
fz;lwpe;j epakq;fs;> tpjpfisNa gpd;gw;Wk;.
gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghd gzp kl;lq;fspy;> mjd; tprhuiz epajpfis RahjPdkhff;
ifahsf;$ba epiyapy; FO cs;sJ. Kiwahd eltbf;ifKiwfisAk;> gzpKiwfisAk;
tphpthf;Ftjw;Fk;> mtw;iwj; jil eltbf;iffs;%yk; ngWtjw;Fk; mJ fzprkhd msT
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jk;. ,jd;tpisthf mJ cs;sf mikjpiaAk;> ghJfhg;Gzh;itAk;
nfhz;LtUk;.
cs r%f kl;lj;jpy; FO mq;fj;jth;fs; ey;y mwpTG+h;tkhf topelj;Jk; xj;Jiog;igf;
nfhz;L tu tpUk;Gth;: tpisthf mth;fs; Nghl;bapLk; elj;ijapy; <LgLtijj; jtph;j;Jf;nfhs;th;.
FOtpy; ed;whf ,Ue;J> cs;sPLfis toq;ff;$ba rf;jpiag; gpwg;ghf;fk; nra;tNj ,yf;fhFk;.
kjpg;G> cjtp nra;jy;> epiyikfis epahakhfr; rPh;J}f;fpg;ghh;j;jy; kw;Wk; `h];a czh;T
vd;git midj;Jk; ,g;NghJ FOtpy; jj;jkJ ,lq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. gq;Nfw;G
nraw;ghl;bdhYk;> ntw;wp mDgtq;fshYk; tYT+l;lg; ngw;w “ehk;” vd;w czh;T
tpUj;jpnra;ag;gLfpwJ. ntspr;#oypypUe;J ,irthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l xj;Jiog;gpd; tpOkpaq;fs;>
epakq;fs;> tpjpfs; Mfpait midj;Jf; FO mq;fj;jth;fSk; ,dq;fhzf;$ba cld;ghl;Lf;
fyhrhuj;jpd; cs;ikaf;$whf mikAk;.
vjph;fhyg; gzpfSf;F epahakhd gzp Kiwtopfisg; ngwf;$batifapy;
ghj;jpuq;fs; mwpTG+h;tkhfj; njspthf;fg;gLk;. gpd;dh; epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;ba gzpfs; njhlh;gpy;
xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ghj;jpuq;fs; xJf;fg;gLk;. ftdk; tplaf;Fwpg;ghd
Njitfis Nehf;fp efUk;. jpUg;jpapd;ik czh;Tfs; njhy;iyahff; fUjg;gl;L ,Wjpapy;
mlf;fg;gl;LtpLk;.
299
vt;thwhapDk;> ,r;nray;Kiwfs; epfo;tJ jtph ;f ;fKbahjjhFk;. mit
vjph;ghh;f;fNtz;ba Nghf;FfSk;> mr;RWj;jy;fSkhFk;. ,r;nray;Kiw xU Fwpg;gpl;l FWfpafhy
];jpuepiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhYk;> NkYk; ePz;lfhyj;Jf;F tpUj;jpailAk; vd;gJ re;NjfNk.
,t;thwhf jdpg;gl;l mq;fj;jth;fspd; Cf;f Mh;tKk;> gzp cs;sPL kl;lq;fSk; FiwtilAk;.
nray; epiwNtw;wk; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> gpuj;jpal;rkhd rpwe;jepiy nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;fhJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l kl;lj;jpy; FOf;fs; xd;whf ,ize;J gaDWjpkpf;ftifapy;
nraw;gl;lhYk;> tpNrl cs;sPLfis va;Jk;tifapy; mjw;F Cf;f Mh;tk; toq;FtJ fbdkhFk;.
,e;j ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; ,irthd r%f elj;ij tpiutpNyNa Xh; mirf;fKbahj epakkhf
epWtg;gLk;. Nkw;gug;Gf;fbapy; Vw;nfdNt cUthfpAs;s ,zf;fkpd;ikfis kiwg;gjw;F
KaYk;. mj;jifa vjph;kiwahd czh;Tfs; mlf;fg;gl;lhy; FOtpd; mgptpUj;jp NkYk;
ghuJ}ukhfj; jilg;gLk;.
ePz;lfhy mbg;gilapy; ,f; fl;lj;jpd; xUgf;f ,ay;ghdJ FO NkYk; mgptpUj;jp
miltjw;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;Fk;. MSf;Fhpajy;yhj tpjpfs;> nghwpKiwfSf;FNkyhf
Fwpf;Nfhs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;NghJ> mwptw;wth;fSf;F ,lkw;w xU Kiwikahf Nfh\;b
Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. Gwta ajhh;j;jk; kPjhd ,e;j typAWj;jy; Nfh\;bkPJ Gwf;fzpg;igAk;>
td;ikiaAk; Vw;gLj;jp NkYk; $Ljyhd Gydwpthh;e;j mk;rq;fis mbapy; js;sptpLk;.
XusT mikjpapd;ik$l Vw;glf;$Lk;. rpy Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fs; “kdpjf; $WfSf;F”
$Ljyhd mtfhrtha;g;igf; NfhUtNjhL nghJthd tpjpfspd; mh;j;jk;> vy;iygw;wp td;ikahd
gpzf;Ffis Vw;gLj;jTk; $Lk;. VidNahh; $ba Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;fisAk;
Ntz;bepw;gh;. NkYk; rpyh; czh;Tfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; FOtpd; gzpr; nraw;ghL
ghjpg;GWk; vd;w mr;rk; fhuzkhf NkYk; fLikahd tpjpfisAk;> jil eltbf;iffisAk;
ehLth;.
,g; gjw;wq;fs; mbf;fb ,Uepiy Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wd
(n`ht;];Nuw;wh; 1957> 133ff). xUGwj;jpy; gpur;rpidnjhlh;ghd nray;epiwNtw;wk; Nehf;fpa
FOtpd; nraw;ghl;Lg; gzpfisf; ifahSk; nghWg;gpid Vw;Fk; “je;ij cUit” FO
,dq;fhZk;. kW Gwj;jpy; xU “jha;” ghj;jpuk; tpUj;jpailAk;. FOtpDs; Mf;fG+h;tkhd
#o;epiyiaAk;> Ml;fSf;fpilapy; ey;y cwitAk; tsh;f;Fk; Nehf;fpy; FOtpd;
,irTneUf;fj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; mq;fj;jth; xUtNu ,tu;. ,e;j ,uz;lhkth; xU tifahd
vjph; jiyikj;Jtj;ij vLg;ghh;. ,t;tpuz;L ghj;jpuq;fspdJk; Kiwahd fUkg;ghL
xg;gPl;lstpyhd ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F Nfh\;bapd; nray;epiwNtw;wf;fl;lj;ij ];jpu epiyg;gLj;Jk;.
,uz;lhtJ fl;lk; eilngWk;NghJ FO mq;fj;jth;fs; eilKiwnahOq;F
mbg;gilapyhd cz;ikahd MSik mgptpUj;jpf ;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;ff;$ba
tpflr;rpj;jpuq;fshf ,Uf;Fk; khwhepakg;gbkq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;jpUg;gh;. ,t;thwhff;
FO mq;fj;jth;fs; FOtpdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l ghj;jpu xJf;fPl;bd; ifjpfshf jk;ikf;
fhz;fpd;wdh;. mwpthh;e;j Nkw;gug;G gputhfk;> xLf;fg;gl;l czh;T G+h;tkhd mbNahl;lk;
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa gjw;wk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. Gjpa NkhJiffs; mj;Jld; Gjpa fpsh;r;rpfs;
jw;NghJ epfo;r;rp epuypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; Nfh\;bapd; ntspthup cwTfSk; nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhfTk;> gifAzh;r;rp
cs;sjhfTq; $l ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. mJ jdJ Ra ngWkjp czh;it typAWj;jKaYk;NghJ
FO gaDWjpAld; ntspahh;fisj; jtph;f;Fk;tifapy; jd;idr;#o vy;iyfis vOg;Gk;.
NkhJifj;; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
300
4.3 Mw;wYk; Mw;wYf;fhd jifikAk;
FO mgptpUj;jpapd; %d;whtJ fl;lj;Jf;F efUk;NghJ mth;fsJ gq;Ffs;
njspthf;fg;gl;L NkYk; mth;fsJ nrhe;jj; NjitfSf;fikthf Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j
Kiwtopapd;NghJ ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;jpd; mirahepakg;gbtq;fis ntspg;gilahf;fpg; gpd;
mtw;iwj; jfh;j;JtpLk; tifapy; gzpahw;wNtz;Lk;.
FO mq;fj;jth;fs; mth;fSf;fpilNa rpe;jid> czh;T> tpUg;gj;JzpT kl;lq;fspy;
njspT ngWk;nghUl;L gzpahw;wNtz;Lk;. ,q;F mth;fs; jpUg;jpfukhd mzpapdJ gzpapd;
NtWgLk; fUJ Nfhs;fis ntspg;gLj;jp mZFtJld;> mth;fsJ nrhe;j ,yf;FfisAk;
vz;zq;fisAk; gq;fpl;L> $l;bizj;J> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; njhiyNehf;ifAk;> gq;fplg;gLk; ngWkjp
jpirg;gLj;jiyAk; ,izg;gjw;F Kay;th;. mj;Jld; mth;fs; vjph;kiwahd mk;rq;fis
mfw;Wk;nghUl;L elj;ijrhh; xg;ge;jq;fisr; nra;J jkJ gu];gu cwTfspy; ,uf;fKk;>
ntWg;Gk; Vw;glf; fhuzkhapUg;gtw;iwg; ghprPypg;gh;.
,J FO mq;fj;jpdh;fs; jkJ MSikfis gy;NtW jpirfspy; gphpg;gjw;Fg;gjpyhf>
mjd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisj; jkJ gzpAld; xd;wpizf;f cjTk;. xU FO ,t;thW jk;ik
mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> jdJ cs r%f kl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba mstpy;
itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,aYkhapd; mJ jdJ gzp ,yf;FfisAk; <l;bf;nfhs;sf;$ba
epiyapypUf;Fk;.
,k;%d;whtJ fl;lj;jpy; FO mjd; eltbf;ifKiw Mw;wy;fis Nkk;gLj;jp
jdf;F xJf;fpaspf;fg;gl;l gzpfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;Lk;> nghUj;jkhd KiwfisAk;>
njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; fz;lwpAk;nghUl;Lk; gzpahw;Wk;. kPwj;jfhj nghJ xg;ge;jq;fis ek;gpapuhJ>
khwhf Nfh\;b nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia Ra fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; ,izg;gjw;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
,zq;fg;gl;l gq;fhz;ikf;F cfe;j NtWghLfspd; mq;fPfhuk;> Mf;fG+h;tkhd gad;ghL
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; NkYk; nropg;ghd kdpjNeakpf;f #o;epiy mgptpUj;jpailayhk;.
Nfh\;b ,g;NghJ typikia ntspg;gLj;jp> cah;e;j kl;lj;jpy; ,ize;J nrayhw;Wtjw;F
KbAk; vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; ,lh; xd;Ws;sJ. Gjpjhf cUthfg;gl;l
elj;ijg;ghq;FfSk;> Gjpjhfj; jhgpf;fg;ngw;w eltbf;ifKiwfSk; vspjhf Nt&d;wp> ePz;lfhyj;jpy;
nefpo;Tj; jd;ikaw;Wg;NghFk;. ,jw;F vjpuhfg; ghJfhf;Fk;nghUl;L ghj;jpu nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia
va;Jk; nghUl;L $l;lhfg; gzpahw;wNtz;Lk;. #o;epiyfs; khWk; NghJ mjw;Nfw;g nraw;gLk;nghUl;L
mq;fj;jth;fspd; ghj;jpuq;fisAk;> jiyikj;Jtg; gq;fspg;igAk; vg;NghJk; rPh;nra;aNtz;Lk;.
vdNt> jiyikj;Jtk; VjhtJ xU egiu ikakhff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ:
khwhf> jdpg;gl;l nghWg;G> mh;g;gzpg;G czh;T mbg;gilapy; vg;NghJ Gjpa Kd;Kidg;GfSk;>
MjuTk; Njitg;gLk; vd;gij czh;e;J jkJ gzpiaf; nfhz;Lelhj;Jtjw;Ff; FO
mq;fj;jth;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;th;. #o;epiyf;Nfw;g jiyikj;Jtk; khWk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilg;
gpd;gw;wp mth;fs; jhkhfNt Njitahd topfhl;Lk; J}z;ly;fis toq;Fth;. rpy J}z;Ljy;fs;
jug;glNtz;Lnkd;gJ Kf;fpak;. MapDk;> vthplkpUe;J mit tUfpwJ vd;gJ mt;tsT
Kf;fpaky;y vd;gij mth;fs; Kiwahf czh;e;J nfhs;th;.
,J ntw;wpngWtjw;F> FO 'cau; njhlh;gpy;" Njh;r;rp ngwNtz;Lk;: FOtpy; eilngWk;
rk;gtq;fSf;F Nkyhf mit gw;wpa #o;epiyiaAk;> nray; epiwNtw;wj;ijAk;
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
301
Nkk;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L Njit vd fz;Lzug;gl;l njhlh;Gfs;. mj;Jld; mJ “cau; fw;wiyAk;”
gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;. vt;thW rpwg;ghff; fw;fyhk; vd;gijf; FO fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld;
FO mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> nray; epiwNtw;w Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; gq;fspg;G ey;Fk; nray;f@lhf Ez;zwpit
nraw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
,j;jWthapy;> Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fs; ,ize;j gzpapy; jkJ KOikahd Mw;wiy
gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba msTf;F Nfh\;bAlDk;> mjd; gzpfspd; Nehf;nfy;iyAlDk; xd;WgLth;.
gzpapd; tpisTfs; kpfr; rpwe;jsTf;F mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;. NkYk; FOf;fs; mit ,d;dKk;
Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fSf;F G+h;thq;f mDjhgk; fhl;bdhYk; “ehk;” vd;w czh;it
mDgtpg;gjw;Fk;> jPtpukhf tsh;g;gjw;Fk; Kad;whYk;> ntspahUldhd mjd; cwTfis
ntspg;gilahfTk;> nfsutkhfTk; fl;likj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
,e;jj; jWthapNyNa Nfh\;b ek;gfkhd ngWkjp epiyg;gLj;jy; kl;lj;Jf;F Kjph;r;rp
milfpd;wJ. rhh;Gepiy> vjph;-rhh;Gepiy Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd Kd;ida Nghuhl;lk; (ngd;dp];
kw;Wk; n\g;gh;l; vd;Nghh; 1956 ,d; gpufhuk;) Mf;fG+h;tkhd “,ilr;rhh;Gepiyahf” khwpAs;sJ.
gy;NtW tbtq;fspyhd ntspaff; fl;Lg;ghLfisg; Gj;jprhjphpaj;Jld; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F FO
mq;fj;jth;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Ra-jPh;khdj;Jf;Fk;> ntspthupj; jPh;khdj;Jf;FkpilNa
rhpahd xU rkepiyia va;Jtjw;fhd toptiffisAk; fz;L czh;e;Jnfhs;tu;.
4.4 rPh;g;gLj;jy; - Rafl;likg;Gk; khWjYf;fhd jpwDk;;.
Kd;ida %d;W fl;lq;fspd;NghJ gzpf;FO nraw;ghLfis mjpfhpf;Fk;nghUl;Lk;>
mq;fj;jth;fs; jkJ Mw;ww; rhj;jpag;ghLfis xd;Wjpul;b xOq;fikg;gij ,g;gzpf;FO
mwpe;Js;sJ. ,t;tpU Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; khWghlhditahf ,Uf;fNtz;bajpy;iy. khwhf>
gzp Mw;wiyf; Fwpj;njhJf;FtJk;> mzp mq;fj;jth;fspd; nrhe;j mgptpUj;jpAk; xd;wpnyhd;W
jq;fpAs;s mzp Fwpapyf;FfshFk;.
rPh ;jpUj;jf; fl;lj;jpy; Gjpjhf cs;sJ vd;dntdpy; FO jd;idj;jhNd
,irthf;fk;nra;J GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;sg; gofpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,J njhlh;r;rpahfr;
RahjPdkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba xU jpwdhFk;. ,k; Kiwtopapy; $wpathW mth;fs;
kuzpj;jypdJk;> Njhd;WjypdJk; rf;jpiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;th;. mzp Gjpa gzpfisAk;
mq;fj;jth;fisAk; njhlh;e;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gzpr;#oYk;> FOtpdJ cs;sf/nrhe;j
tho;f;ifAk; njhlh;e;J khWfpd;wd vd;gij mth;fs; czh;e;Jnfhz;Ls;sdh;.
gy etPd mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ ghj;jpu my;yJ tpRthr NkhJiffspdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhJ
xNu Neuj;jpy; gy;NtW mzp nra;jpl;lq;fspy; jkJ NkYj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; gzpahw;wNtz;Lnkd
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;F FOtpYk;> FOtpDs;Sk; njhlh;r;rpahd khw;wq;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ>;
khWtjw;fhd mgptpUj;jpaile;j Mw;wYk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fs;
cld; epfOk; fUj;jpl;lf; mzp gytw;wpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ug;gJ xU JNuhfkhff; fUjg;glhJ>
khwhf> gzpr;#oypd; xU Kf;fpa gFjpahff; fUjg;glNtz;Lk;.
#o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAld; nraw;glNtz;Lkhapd;> mjhtJ
cz;ikapy; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; xU mzp> jdJ nrhe;j mgptpUj;jpia gaDWjpAld;
xOq;fikf;ff;$ba xU FOthf miktjw;F mzpapDs;NsAk;> mjd; ntspaf #oypYk;
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis kpfr; nrk;ikahf mwpe;J nfhz;L> mjd;Nky; ,tw;iw gaDWjpAld;
ifahStjw;fhd jpwikia mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; mgptpUj;jpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. eilKiwapy;
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
302
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
,jd; fUj;J vd;dntdpy; Kd;ida FO mgptpUj;jpapd; jdpg;gl;l fl;lq;fspy; mJ ngw;Wf;
nfhz;l gzp ,yf;Ffs;> gq;Ffs;> tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iw mJ njhlh;e;J kPs;tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j
Kw;gLk;NghJ gy epr;rakw;w fl;lq;fisj; jhz;lNtz;bapUf;Fk; tUk;. Gjpa gzpfisg;
nghWg;Ngw;Fk;nghUl;L jd;idj;jhNd kPsikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> ,t;tpyf;if kdjpy; nfhz;L
mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fspy; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; FO fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> gzp
epiwnta;jpaJk; gioa gpizg;Gf;fs;> eyd; tpUk;gpfs; kw;Wk; czh;TfspypUe;J tpLglNtz;ba
Njitia mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
jk;ikj;jhNk kPs; fl;likj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba> ,t;thwhf nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAld;
khwf;$ba FOf;fs; RakhfNt ,k; Kiwtopiaf; ifahStjw;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
mth;fshy; vg;NghJk; mzp mq;fj;jth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;Gfs;> FOtpd; Kiwtop> #oypd;
Njitfs; (Fwpg;ghf mikg;Gfs;> thbf;ifahsh;fspd;) Mfpatw;wpy; KOf;ftdk; nrYj;jp
jk;ikj;jhNk GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s ,aYkhftpUf;Fk;. ,j;jpwikfspy; Njh;r;rpailtjhy; kl;LNk
mzp etPd mikg;Gfspd; cs;sf> ntspaf tiyaikg;Gf;fspDs;Ns gaDWjpAld;
gzpahw;Wtjid vjpu;ghu;f;f KbAk;.
RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tjhapd;> ,e;ehd;F mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wg;ghijapd;
Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd:
* Mokw;w mh;g;gzpg;gpypUe;J Mo;e;j> mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;T.
* czh;tw;w ntspthupr;; nrYj;jpfspypUe;J ntspthup> Ra ,af;f epiyf;fpilNa czh;T
G+h;tkhd rkepiy
* xU gf;fr;rhh;ghf jq;fpapUj;jiyr; #oTs;s Nghuhl;lq;fspypUe;J xd;wpnyhd;W
jq;fpapUj;jiy Mf;fG+h;tkhff; ifahSk; ,aYik.
gpnahd;(1961) jdJ FO mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;if cUthf;Fjy;> fpsh;r;rp Mfpatw;wpd;
Kjw;gbfspy; gpujhdkhff; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhh;. FWfpafhy gapw;rpf;FOf;fSldhd ,tuJ
gzpfs; ,t;thuk;g #o;epiyia Muha;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpd. ,jpypUe;J FOf;fs; kPz;Lk;
gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;yf;$ba Mgj;J njhlh;e;Jk; Vw;gLtij mtuhy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
MapDk;> gzp njhlh;ghd nraw;FOf;fspd; kPJ NkYk; Muha;r;rp elhj;jpajpy; ,jw;Fk;
mg;ghy; mzpfs;; Kjph;Tepiyapd; NkYk; gy fl;lq;fis vjph;ghh;f;fKbAnkdf; fhl;baJ.
,it jhkhfNt mgptpUj;jp milAk; vd;gjpy;iy. khwhf> Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUg;Gld; ,J
nra;ag;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld;> FOf;fs; me;jg; ghijiaNehf;fpr; nry;Yjy;%yk; fw;if>
mgptpUj;jp nray;Kiwfspy; Cf;fKld; gq;Nfw;fNtz;Lk;.
jdpg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpg; gbfspy; NkhJiffSf;fhd gy;NtW rhj;jpatsq;fs; cs;sd
vd;gij ,e;j tpghpg;G vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
cUthf;Fjy;> fpsh;e;njOjy; fl;lk; 1 ,y;:
*mzp ];jpuepiyapd;ik>
* Njhw;wq;fs;> gjtpfSf;fhd Nghuhl;lKk; Mjutspf;Fk; $l;bizg;Gf;fspd;
cUthf;fYk;: mzpahdJ ,e;j Muk;gg; ghq;FfSf;F kPz;Lk; fpukkhfr; nry;yf;$Lkh
my;yJ khwhf mJ mLj;j mgptpUj;jpf;fl;lj;ij Nehf;fpj; Jzpr;rYld; nry;Ykh vd;gijf;
fhl;Lk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf NkhJiffs; njhlh;ghd kdg;ghq;fpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NtWghLfs;
Vw;gLk;.
303
epakg;gLj;jy; fl;lk; 2 ,y; :* kpf tpiuthd nghUj;jkw;w epakg;gLj;jYk;> nefpo;r;rpaw;w jd;ikAk; ;
* fPo;tUtdtw;Wf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; NkNyhl;lkhd mwpthh;e;j Nkw;gug;G gputhfj;Jf;Fk;
czh;r;rpfs; rk;ge;jkhd fPNohl;lj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd gjw;w epiy:
* ,ul ;ilj ; jiyikj ;Jtg ; g hj ; j p uq ; fSf ;Fk ; > KiwNa mth ; fisg ;
gpd;njhlh;NthUf;Fkpilapyhd NkhJiffs;; my;yJ>
* FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; czh;TG+h;tkhd ghpkhzq;fSf;F epahak; toq;Fk; Kaw;rp> mNj
Ntis epahaj;ij tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fhik> gpwhpd; ,ilaPl;il td;KiwhPjpapy; jLj;jy;:
,J Muk;gj;jpy; kpfTk; $Ljyhd epakg;gLj;jypdhy; va;jg;ngWk;.
* cl;fpilahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhj ghj;jpu xJf;fPLfspypUe;J tpLgl;L khwhf Gjpa
ghj;jpu tiutpyf;fzq;fis tpUj;jpnra;tjw;F KaYjy; : vt;thwhapDk;> ,jw;F jil
eltbf;iffs; gpuNahfpg;gjd;%yk; jw;NghJs;s ghj;jpu xOq;Ffis tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F
tpioAk; gpw mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; vjph;g;Gf;fhl;lf;$Lk;>
* mirah epakg;gbkq;fs; mjpfhpj;jtifapy; kl;Lg;gLj;JtjhfTk;>
epiyg;gLj;JtjhfTk; vz;zg;gl;L> epuhfhpf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; mzp NkhJiffs;.
nray;epiwNtw;wf; fl;lk; 3 ,y;
* mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Njit gw;wp gy;NtWtiffspyhd jiyikj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; fl;likg;G Kd;Kidg;Gfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw Kd;nkhopAk; NghJ, Xh; mq;fj;jth;
Kiwtopiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;j tpUk;Gk;NghJ> VidNahh; mjd; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwf;f tpUk;Gth;;
* njhlh;ghly; khw;wj; Njit my;yJ mjd; gaDWjp njhlh;ghf NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ; “NgRtijg; gw;wpg; NgRtJ” gadw;wJ vdf; mzp mq;fj;jth; xUth; fUjf;$ba mNjNtis>
,k; Kiwtop gpwUf;F ngWkjpahd Mokhd njhlh;ghlYf;fhd Xh; Muk;gkhfj; Njhw;wyhk;.
* r%f Nghl;bj;jfT Fwpj;j kpjkpQ;rpa cah; vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fisAk;> Nfhhpf;iffisAk;
jpzpg;gjd;%yk; gpwh;kPJ mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; jhh;kPfk;rhh;> cstpay;rhh; mOj;jq;fisg;
gpuNahfpj;J gjw;wj;ijj; J}z;Lk;NghJ; ,q;Fs;s gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy;> Nfh\;b
mq;fj;jth;fs; xt;nthUtUk; xUNghJk; rkkhd gyj;ijf;nfhz;bUf;fkhl;lhh;fs; vd;gjhy;>
ntt;NtW FO mq;fj;jthplkpUe;J xNutpjkhd gq;fspg;Gfis vjph;ghh;g;gJ ajhh;j;jkw;wJ
vd;gij mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; czuj;jtWtNjahFk;.
* ,jd;tpisthf FOkPJk;> mzpapd; gzpkPJk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j Cf;fKk;> jdpg;gl;l
mq;fj;jth;fs; xUth;kPJ xUth; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kjpg;Gk; Kjypy; mjpf czh;TG+h;tkhd
kpjkpQ;rpa kjpg;ghfTk;> epahakw;w Nfhhpf;iffshfTk; khwp> gpd;dh; Ra ntspaf
rpWikg;gLj;jy; er;Rtl;lj;jpy; Ngha; Kbfpd;wJ. Vkhw;wj;ij mDgtpj;jgpd;dh; “kiw
cah;T etpw;rpapy;” mzpia js;sptpLfpwJ:
* %d;whtJ mgptpUj;jpf;fl;lkl;lj;jpy; gzpahdJ cah;e;j mstpyhd kdQ;rhh; nraw;ghL>
Mf;fj;jpwd;> nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;gk; Mfpatw;iwf; NfhUk;: rpy mzp
mq;fj;jth;fs; epakg;gLj;jypd; vspa tpjpfSf;F kPz;Lk; nrd;W ,yFthd tho;f;if
elhj;j KaYk;NghJ gpw FO mq;fj;jth;fs; ,jid vjph;f;ff;$Lk;.
NkhJifj;; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
304
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; 4 Mk; fl;lj;jpy; :
* gpujhdkhd FOj; Njly;nray;Kiwfs; rk;ge;jkhf FO mq;fj;jth;fs; NtWgl;l msTfspy;
nghWikfhl;lf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> cUthf;Fjy;> fpsh;e;njOjy;> epakg;gLj;jy; Mfpa
midj;Jk; Fiwe;j tpUj;jpaile;j gbfspy; nray;epiwNtw;wj;Jf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;tifapy;
mOj;jj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.
* mzp; nray; Kiwfs; ,iltplhJ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;ag;gLtjhYk; rpy mzp
mq;fj;jth;fs; ntspg;gilahd toikahd gq;Fgw;wypy; <LgLtjhYk; VidNahh;
,ij Neh;ikaw;wnjd;Wk;> Mjutw;wnjd;Wk; vhpr;rY}l;Ltnjd;Wk;> vz;zyhk;.
* #oy; njhlh;ghd mzpapy; mbg;gilahd jpwe;j jd;ik nghJthd “rq;fkpg;gjw;fhd
Mtiyf;” nfhz;bUe;jhy;> jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jth;fSf;F mJ cshPjpahf rypg;G+l;Ltjhf
mikayhk;: mjhtJ jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jth;fspd; jdpj; jd;ik $l;Lj;jd;ikahy;
mlf;fg;glyhk;. ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; mbf;fb Vw;gLk; gjw;wj;Jf;fhd %yfhuzk; ,ilkhw;w
neLf;fbfshFk; (tPyd; 1990Ig; ghh;f;f). GyDzh;TfSk;> mgpyhirfSk; khWtjhy; kl;LNk
NkhJiffs; vof;$Lk;. ehk; jw;NghJ ve;jf;fl;lj;jpy; cs;Nshk;? vjph;fhyj;jpy; ve;jj;jpirapy;
ehk; mgptpUj;jp mila Ntz;Lk;? ve;j eltbf;iffs; ,g;NghJ mtrpakhdit> ve;j
eltbf;iffs; chpa fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpait? mLj;jfl;lj;ij Nehf;fp efUtjw;F Kd;dh;
Fwpg;gpl;l VjhtJ fl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;Lg; G+h;j;jpnra;ag;glNtz;Lkh?
5. mzpf;FOk tsh;Tk; Nkhjy;jPh;Tk;
mzpg; gzpapy; Ie;J kl;lq;fspd;NghJk;> mzpapd; ehd;F mgptpUj;jpf;
fl;lq;fspd;NghJk; NkhJif vOtjw;fhd rhj;jpatsk;Fwpj;j vkJ tpghpg;G xU gue;jtifapyhd
NkhJiff;Fr; rhj;jpats %yq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sJ. NkhJiffspd; jdpg;gl;lepiyapYk;
mzp mgptpUj;jpapd; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfs; Kiwahfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lhy; mzpg;
gpur;rpidfis mit vOtjw;F Kd;dh; my;yJ vOk;NghJ gaDWjpAld; ifahsKbAk;.
mzp mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Kiwfs; mNjNeuj;jpy; NkhJifj; jLg;G mj;Jld; NkhJifj;jPh;Tf;fhd
KiwfshfTk; gad;glyhk;.
xt;nthU Fwpj;Jiuj;j #o;epiyapYk; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; mzpapd;; mgptpUj;jp
me;j];ijg;gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fNtz;Lk;:
* FOtpy; vtUf;NfDk; rpukq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mit ahUf;F cs;sJ?
* xU gpzf;fpYs;s ve;jg; gpur;rpidfs; ve;j mq;fj;jth;fshy; czh;twpjyhfg; ngwg;gLfpd;wd?
* ve;jf; fl;lj;jpy; mzp jhk; jw;Nghija fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf czh;fpd;wJ?
* ntspg;gilahd gjw;wq;fs; FOtpd; mgptpUj;jp neUf;fbia Rl;bf;fhl;Lgitahf cs;sdth?
* my;yJ jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jthpd; gpur;rpidfs; FOkPJ Vw;wg;gLfpwjh? NkYk;> ,J
,t;thwpUg;gpd;> ,g; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F mzp vd;d nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
gaDWjpAs;s nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fspd; tpUg;GfisAk;>
,yf;FfisAk; kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T nra;aNtz;Lk;:
* mzp mgptpUj;jpapd;nghUl;L ve;j msT rf;jpia mspg;gjw;F xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk;
jahuhf cs;shuh?
305
* FOit NkYk; vt;thW tpUj;jp nra;ayhk; vd;gJ njhlh;ghf xt;nthU eghpdJk; fUj;Jfs;
vd;d?
* ,e;j jdpg;gl;l vz;zq;fSk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; gu];guk; xj;jpay;Giladtha; cs;sdth?
mit NkhJfpd;wdth? FOtpd; mgptpUj;jp me;j];jpd; NtWgl;l kjpg;gPLfis mit
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdth?
mzp mgptpUj;jpahdJ Fwpg;gpl;l Neuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk
toikahd gzpfSf;F ,ilA+whf eilngWk; “Ntiyf;Fg; Gwk;ghd” eltbf;ifahff;
fUjg;glyhfhJ. cz;ikapy; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; gzpahdJ rpe;jpj;jy;> fw;if Neuq;fSld;
njhlh;Gw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhy; “gzpia mz;ba” “gzp GhpAk; Nghjhd” eltbf;iffshff;
fUjyhk;. mzp eltbf;iffspd; Ie;J ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfspd;
gpd;dzpapy; mzp ; gzpr; nray;Kiwfs; fpukkhf kPsha;Tnra;ag;gl;lhy; mzp
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd J}z;Ltpirfs; “gzp GhpAk;NghJ” $l cUthfyhk;. ,e;jtifahd
gFg;gha;Tf;F Mjuthf Row;rp mbg;gilapy; ,irTgLj;Jeh ; mj;Jld; /my;yJ
mtjhdpg;ghsh; ghj;jpuq;fSk; xJf;fg;glyhk;. ,J mzpapd; tho;f;iff; fhyg;gFjpapy;
gy ;NtW re ;jh ;g ;gq ;fspy ; xt ;nthU mzp mq;fj ;jtUk ; mtjhdpg ;ghsuhfTk ; >
nraw;gLeuhfTk; gzpahw;Wtij mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.
NtiyiaAk;> fw;ifiaAk; kpf neUf;fkhf ,izg;gjpy; xU mzp ntw;wpfz;lhy;
khj;jpuNk mJ xU fw;wy;Kiwahf khwKbAk; vd;gJ njspthFk;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ve;j xU kl;lj;jpYk; mj;jifa FO mgptpUj;jp Muk;gpf;fyhk;.
5.1 FOtpd; jdpcWg;gpdh; kl;lj;jpy;
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; xt;thU cs;sf cstpay; fhuzq;fSf;Fk; Kfk;nfhLf;Fk; tifapy;
gzpahw;w KbAk;:
* mzp kw;Wk; mjd; Kiwahd #oy; Nghd;w mjd; jdpg;gl;l glq;fis Nrfhpg;gjd;%yk;
jphpGgLj;jg;gl;l jdpegh; czh;twpjypypUe;J tpLgly; :
* Nfs;tpf; nfhj;Jf;fs;%yk; jw;NghJs;s rpe;jidg;ghq;Ffis kjpg;gha;Tnra;tjd;%yKk;
,tw;iwf; FOtpy; my;yJ gq;fhsh; kj;jpapy; gphpj;Jg;ghh;g;gjw;fhf gFg;gha;T nra;jy;:
* fw;gdhtsj;Jld; kw;Wk; fiy EZf;fkhd ,ilaPLfspd; Clhf czh;TfisAk;>
kdg;ghq;FfisAk; czh;TG+h;tkhd kl;lj;Jf;F cau;j;Jjy;.
* nrhe;j ,yl;rpak;> kw;Wk; ngWkhd vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf
mzpapd; xl;Lnkhj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; ,it ve;jsTf;F xj;jpaYfpd;wd vd;gij
Muha;e;J tpUg;gj; jpzpTg; gug;ig mb czh;T> miu czh;T epiyapypUe;J> rpe;jid
czh;T kl;lj;Jf;F cah;j;Jjy;.
* jdpg;gl;l elj;ijg; ghq;Ffisg; ntspg;gLj;jp mitFwpj;Jr; rpe;jpg;gjw;F kPSl;ly;
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
toikahf> nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; ,g;ghpNrhjidfis mit KOikahd FOtpDs;>
cg FOf;fspDs>; my;yJ fw;if gq;Filikapy; ,Ug;gpDk;> FO ,ilaPLfSld; ,ize;J
NkhJifj;; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
306
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
elhj;jKbAnkd;gijf; fz;Lnfhs;th;. vt;thwhapDk;> mzp mq;fj;jth;fspilNa mgptpUj;jp
Vw;gl;lhy; kl;LNk mzpapd;; xl;Lnkhj;j mgptpUj;jpAk; rhj;jpakhFk;. rpwg;ghf> mzp mgptpUj;jpahdJ
jdpg;gl;l GyDzh;Tfs;> gpur;rpidfis mwpAk; jpwd;> NkhJifiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd Mw;wy;>
r%fj;Njh;r;rp Mfpatw;wpd; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd Nkk;ghl;Lf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jdJ nrhe;j czh;TfisAk;> Nehf;fq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba
Mw;wiyg;NghyNt Cf;fKld; nrtpkLj;jy;> gpwh; czh;twpjy; ,aYik kw;Wk; mth;fsJ
fUj;Jf;fspd; nry;jfit Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; MfpaitAk; mNjasT Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
gaDWjpkpf;f NkhJifj; jPh ;T ,aYik $l;LwT elj;ijf;Fk;> tpl;Lf;
nfhLj;jYf;fhd tpUg;gj;Jf;Fk; JizGhpAk;. mzpapd; nray;epiwNtw;wy; Mw;wy; ,Wjpahf
mjd; jdpg;gl;l mq;fj;jth;fspd; (xl;L nkhj;j) jifikfspy; jq;fpAs;sjhy; ,J kpfTk;
jPh;khdfukhdjhFk;. ,jpy; njhopy;El;gj;jpwd;fis kl;Lky;yhJ> r%f ,aYikfs; kw;Wk;
RahjPdj;Jf;fhd Njh;r;rp vd;gtw;iwAk; cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; jkJ
mDgtj;Jf;fhd nghWg;ig Vw;W> jkJ nrhe;j rpe;jid czh;T> tpUg;gj; Jzpthw;wy;
Mfpatw;iw czh;TG+h;tkhf kPsha;Tnra;Ak; ,aYikia mgptpUj;jpnra;J> Fwpg;gpl;l
#o;epiyapd; Njitf;F Vw;wthW (“ePq;fNs cq;fs; Mrdj;jtprhsh;”) nghUj;jkhd cs;sPLfis
FOTf;F toq;Ftjw;fhd Mw;wiyAk; tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F ajhh;j;jG+h;tkhd
Rakjpg;gPL> xUtuJ nrhe;j ,aYik gw;wpa rhpahd rpe;jid> NkhJifr; #o;epiyfspy;
tpopg;Gld; nrayhw;Wjy; mj;Jld; cah;e;j kl;lj;jpyhd rfpg;Gj; jd;ik Mfpait Njitg;gLk;.
,it midj;Jk; mzp mgptpUj;jpia NkYk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. ehk; fhl;bAs;sgb>
,e;j mgptpUj;jp xUgf;fk; jq;fp epw;wypypUe;J gu];guk; xUthpnyhUth; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
epiyf;Fk;> ntspaf fl;Lg;ghl;L elj;ijapypUe;J gaDWjpkpf;f Ra jPh;khdj;Jf;Fk; mj;Jld;
RahjPdj;Jf;Fk; vspikahd #oypy; jd; Ra cWjpg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J mjpf rpf;fyhd
#o;epiyfisf; ifahSk; jpwid Nehf;fpAk; efUk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l mzpapd; #o;epiyiag;nghWj;J> jdpg;gl;l egUf;Fk; mzpf;F;FkpilNaAs;s
vjpnujph; epiyfs; tpj;jpahrkhff; ifahsg;glyhk;. gy;NtW tbtq;fspyhd FO mOj;jq;fs;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd jdpg;gl;l Nehf;nfy;iyia kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpFwpfs; ,Ug;gpd;
nghUj;jkhd gpujpr;nraw;ghLfs>; jdpeghpd; Raeph;zaj;ijAk;> RatiuaiwiaAk; NkYk;
Nkk;gLj;jf; $ba eltbf;iffis mtrpag;gLj;Jk;. epakg;gLj;jy; fl;lj;jpy; FOtpd; mwpthh;e;j
Nkw;gug;G ePNuhl;lk; jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fis mlf;Fk; msTf;F Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpapUe;jhy;
,JNt epr;rakhd epfo;thf ,Uf;Fk;.
5 .2 cs;slf;fk; Kidg;GW kl;lj;jpy;/vOtpdh kl;lj;jpy;
,q;F gpur;rpid tplaq;fis Mf;fG+h;tkhf nraw;gLj;JKfkhfg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy;
gpzf;Ffspd; gy;NtW tplaq;fisg;gw;wp KOikahff; fye;JiuahlNtz;ba Njitia
mq;fPfhpf;Fk; Kiwfspy; kl;LNk nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; ntw;wpailaf;$ba rhj;jpak; cz;Lk;.
,e;j #oiktpy; gpwh; nra;jJ Nghy; <];kd; (1978) kpfTk; gaDWjpkpf;f njhopy;El;gq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;Js;shh; “gpzf;F tplaq;fisg; ghpkhzg;gLj;Jtjd;” %yk; nghpa mstpyhd
nghJikg;gLj;jy;fistpl rpwg;ghfTk;> fhj;jpukhfTk; fye;Jiuahlf;$bathW mk;rq;fis
ntspg;gLj;Jk;tifapy; ghhpa fUg;nghUl;fis rpwpa cg-jiyg;Gfshf nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
gphpf;f KbAk;. xU Ngr;Rthh;j;ij miktpy; ,ij va;Jk;nghUl;L `hthh;l; ghlrhiy (gp\h;
kw;Wk; VidNahh;> 1991) Kad;W ghPl;rpf;fg;gl;l Kiwfisj; je;Js;sJ.
307
jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; xt;nthUtuJk; njhopy;El;gj; jpwikiaAk;>
epGzj;Jtj;ijAk; KOikahf;Fk;nghUl;L xUthplkpUe;J xUth; njhlh;r;rpahff; fw;Wf;nfhz;L
NkYk; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. mzpapd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Njh;r;rp
ngw;wpUg;gh;. ,Wjpahf epGzh;fisAk;> ty;Yeh;fisAk; fye;jhNyhrpg;gJ gpur;rpid njhlh;ghd
NtWghLfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F rpwe;j top vd;gijf; mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; fz;Lnfhs;th;.
5.3 Clhl;l kl;lk; - cstpaw; r%f kl;lj;jpy;
mNdfkhd mzp mgptpUj;jp ,ilaPLfSf;F ,J xU tifAjhuzg; Gs;spahFk;. ,jpy;
fPo;fhZk; rhj;jpakhd mZFKiw topfs; xd;Nwh> gyNth mlq;fpapUf;ff;$Lk;.
* ml;il kjpg;gha;Tfs;> Nfs;tpf;nfhj;Jfs;> epwe;jPl;ly;> mirT mg;gpahrq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
gad;gLj;jp nghJthd FO #o;epiyia kjpg;gha;Tnra;J> rpe;jpj;J> fye;jhuha;jy;. ,k;Kiwfs;
midj;Jk; gpd;D}l;ly; mspg;gjw;fhd Kiwahd eilKiwapNyNa jq;fpAs;sd.
* NkNy tpghpf;fg;gl;lthW FOtpd; mgptpUj;jpepiyia kjpg;gha;Tnra;jy; $ba Ghpe;Jzh;itg;
ngwf;$ba tifapy; jiyth; vd;w mjpfhuj;ij jw;fhypfkhfj; jsu;j;JjYk;> Nfh\;bapd;
jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; nray;Kiwfis gaDWjpAs;stifapy; njspTgLj;JjYk;> gpur;rpidfisAk;
NkhJiffisAk; NkYk; tpiuthf Nky;kl;lj;Jf;F nfhz;LtUk;. ,e;j NkhJiffs; vt;thwhapDk;
Mf;fG+h;tkhd NkhJif xOq;FgLj;jiy fbdkhf;Fk; msTf;F ,Oj;jbf;fg;gLtjw;F
,lkspj;jyhfhJ. jdpg;gl;l gzpapd; ,aYikapNyw;gLk; njhe;juTfs; VNjDk; gpur;rpid
njhlh;ghd gzpfisj; njhlh;tjw;F Nky; Kd;Dhpik ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w tpjpia gpuNahfpg;gJ
gadspf;Fk;. FO fyhrhuk; ,e;j tpjpia Kiwahf kjpj;jhy; gzp nray;epiwNtw;Wjypy;
rpf;fy;fs; vjidAk; ePf;Ftjw;F> my;yJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs;> nray; Kiwfs; my;yJ
xUtUldhd njhlh;Gfspy; cs;s epiyFiyTfs; vjidAk; ePf;Ftjw;F jilfSk;> njhe;juTfSk;
ce;Jtpirahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;thwhf> Kuz;ghLfs; Mf;fG+h;tkhd cjtpahsh;fs; MtJld;
Njitahd Nkk;gLj;jy;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd;
* FO gz;ghl;il njspTgLj;jp mjd; mgptpUj;jpia czh;TepiyAld; fl;likj;jy; : -
,J FOf;fs; jkJ ngWkjpfs;> epakq;fs; Mfpatw;iw EZf;fkhf kPsha;Tnra;tjw;Fk;>
jilahapUf;Fk; elj;ijg;ghq;Ffis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;> ,tw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd
Fwpj;Jiuj;j eltbf;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; FOf;fs; jkJ tpOkpaq;fisAk;>
epakq;fisAk; tpkh;rd hPjpahf kPs;ghh;it nra;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. FO gzp ,yf;ifr;
rhjpg;gjpYk;> FOtpDs; xj;Jiog;ig Vw;gLj;JtjpYk; cjtf;$ba tpjpKiwfis $l;lhf
tpghpg;gjpy; ntw;wpfz;lhy; mJ xU Kf;fpakhd gbiaf; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. ,g;Gjpa
topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfis mh;j;jKs;stpjkhf ntspg;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,it RakhfNt epfohJ. khwhf> tof;fkhd ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ay;ghd rpwg;Ghpik
mlq;fyhd elj;ij tof;fq;fspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;NghJ kl;LNk epfOk;. ,jid epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
rpy topfs; 1970 ,y; fpy;> nyk;rd; (fpNsry; 1999> 155ff) MfpNahuhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
“eltbf;ifKiwapy;” Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; “tpisahl;bd; ,ufrpa tpjpfis” tpsf;Fk;
];nfhl;-Nkhh;fd;> kw;Wk; ypw;wpy;(1994) MfpNahhpd; kpf mz;kpa KiwfSk; jq;fpAs;sd.
* mzpapDs;Ns FO cwTfisAk;> ghj;jpuq;fisAk; tpsf;fpf;fhl;Ljy;. cjhuzkhf
“Kiwikahd epuy;fis” gpuNahfpg;gjd;%yKk;> cstpay; ehlfk;Nghd;w Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jp gpur;rpidahd cwTg;ghq;Ffis xOq;fikj;jy;%yKk; FOf;fs;> mzp
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
308
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
cWg;gpdh;fspilNa cs;sf xj;jpirthw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; ntw;wpailAKfkhf
mb czh;Tld; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;l vOjg;glhj ghj;jpu xg;ge;jq;fs; njspthf;fg;gl;L>
cwTfs ; k Psha ;T nra ;ag ;glNtz;Lk ; . MNuhf ;f pakhd FO ,af ;ft pay ; >
ntspg;gilahd nfsutkhd ,ilkhw;wq;fshy; kl;LNk tpUj;jpailAk; vd;gjhy;
gy gjw ;wq ;fSk ; NkhJiffSk; ntw ;w pnfhs ;sg ;glNtz;Lk ; . Muk ;gj ;j py ;
gpur;rpidnjhlh;ghd fUg;nghUs;fistpl FOtpd; mgptpUj;jpf;Nf ,e;j NkYk;
$Ljyhd czh ;TG +h ;tkhd nray ;Kiwfs; Kf ;f pakhdjhapUf ;Fk ; . NkYk ;
gaDWjpkpf;f gpur;rpidnjhlh;ghd gzpfSf;F ,e;j fhl;rp epiyia ntw;wpfhZjNy
gpujhdkhd Kd; epge;jidahFk;:
* nuh[h; `hprd; (1971) mth;fshy; vLj;jpak;gg;gl;l “ghj;jpu-,zf;fg;Ngr;R” ,J
njhlh;gpy; Fwpg;ghfg; gaDs;sjhf ,Ue;Js;sJld;> gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fk; xg;gPl;lstpy;
vspjhf cs;sJ. (fpNsry; 1999> 139ff IAk; ghh;f;f): ,e;j mZFKiw jkJ
Nfh\;b rfhghbfspd; elj;ijapy; khw;wq;fisf; fhz;gjw;F Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fs;
ntspg;gilahf tpUg;gk; njhptpg;gij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.,e;j Ntz;LNfhs;fs; gpd;dh;
gu];guk; rkh ;g ;gpf ;fg ;gl ;L> tpsf;fg;gl ;L> nfhLj;Jg;ngWjy; vd;w epahakhd
Kiwtopapy; Ngrp> ,zf;fg;ghL vl;lg;gLk;. gpd;dh;> tpisthd xg;ge;jq;fs; tphpthf
kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L> jpUj;jg;gLk;.
e hk ; Vw ;nfdNt gu] ;guk ; khwhe pakg ; gbkq ;fisj ; njspTgLj ;j p
ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;jp> NkhJiffSf;fhd rhj;jpatsq;fis tpsf;Fk;
gy;NtW topfis tpghpg;gjw;F ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;. ,Jnjhlh;gpy; gpNsf; kw;Wk;
VidNahhpd; (1964) “GyDzh;T njspthf;fy;” Kiwfs; Fwpg;ghfg; gaDs;sitahFk;
(fpNsry; 1999> 146ff Ig; ghh;f;fTk;). NkhJk; jug;gpdiu (jdp egh;fs; my;yJ cg
FOf;fSk;) mth;fs; kw;iwa jug;gpdiu mftaNehf;fpy; vt;thW fz;Ls;sdh; vd;gij
Kjypy; gjpTnra;Ak;gb Nfl;gNj ,t;ntz;zf;fUthFk;. gpd;dh; mth;fs; ,jid kw;wthplk;
rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; jkJ Ra cUtk; kw;iwa jug;gpduhy;
jug;gl;l mth;fsJ Xtpaj;jpypUe;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT NtWgl;Ls;sJ vdf;fz;lhy;
mth;fs; njhlh;e;J “mj;jifa xU GyDzh;it gpwhpy; Vw;gLj;Jk;tifapy; ehk; vd;d
nra;Js;Nshk;? vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa xU vjph;kiwahd gbkk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLtijj;
jtph ;f ;FKfkhf ehk; vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk;?” vdf; Nfl;fNtz;Lk;. mspf;fg;gl;l
t psf ;fq ;fSk ; > ngwg ;gl ;l KbTfSk ; g pd ;dh ; jug ;g pdh pilNa gh pkhwg ;gl ;L
tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,k; Kiwapay; njhlh;ghd tpghpg;Gfs; vd;d nra;aKbAk; vd;gjw;fhd nghJthd
xU Rl;bahFk;. mtw;wpd; Kiwahd gpuNahfk; xNu msthd mwpT mDgtj;ij Kd;
Cfpj;jitahf ,Ug;gJld; Nfh\;b kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jpapy; Nghjpa msT mDgtk;
nfhz;l nraw;ghl;lhsh;fsplk; tplg;glNtz;Lk;.
5.4 eilKiwapd; -topKiw kl;lj;jpy;
,q;F gphpT 111(4) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gy;NtWtifahd ,ilaPLfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;.
nghJthf> cs;r%f kl;lj;jpd; gzpfis eltbf;ifKiw> Kiw kl;lg; gapw;rpAld;
njhlh;GWj;JtJ kjpEl;gkhdJ.
309
5.5 Gwepiy cwT kl;lj;jpy;
,e;j kl;lj;jpy; gzpfisj; njspTgLj;jy;> Njh;r;rp tplag;gug;Gfs; kw;Wk;
mikg;igg;nghWj;j tiuapyhd Nfh\;bapd; Nehf;nfy;iy vd;git ,e;j kl;lj;jpyhd
tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l NkhJif Kfhikj;Jt topKiwfshFk;.
,jid elj;Jtjw;fhd kpfr;rpwe;jtop nra;;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fs; vd;gJ
ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
* Nfh ;bapDs;Sk; > Nfh ;bf ;Fk ; mikg ;g pd ; VidNahUf ;FkpilapYkhd jfty;
ghpkhw;wj;ij ,yFgLj;Jk; tifapy; ,ilj;jhf;f tbtikg;GKiwfis mgptpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
* Fwpg;ghff; FO cwTfspilNa gifik epyTk;NghJ xUth; jdJ nrhe;j “glq;fis”tiue;J kw;wth;fshy; jug;gl;l glq;fSld; xg;gpLjy; : NkNy tpghpf;fg;gl;l
g pNsf ;f pdJk ; g pwh pdJk ; (1964 ) GyDzh ;T njspthf ;fy ;Kiw xU ey ;y
mZFKiwahFk;.
5.6 njhlh;r;rpahd Nky;epiy Nehf;F
$l;Liog;gpdJk;> nray; tpisTfspdJk; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; Nfh\;bfs;
xd;whf ,ize;J jkJ gzpfis fpukkhf kPsha;Tnra;tJld;> xj;Jiog;gpdJk;>
gzptpisTfspdJk; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;tifapyhd njhlh;r;rpahd Kaw;rpfis rPh;jpUj;Jk;
topfisf; fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ij xt;nthU Nfh\;b $l;lj;jpd;gpd;dUk; nra;aKbAk;.
G+h;j;jpnra;jgpd;dUk; nra;a KbAk;. gpur;rpidia mwpjy; kw;Wk; mbg;gilr;rpe;jid
Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fSf;F %ba miwapDs; ,lk;ngWk; Nfh\;b mkh;Tfs; gaDWjpkpf;fjhf
,Uf;Fk;.
,j;jifa xU kPsha;Tr;nray;Kiw tif KOikahf elj;jg;gl;lhy; Nfh\;b
mq;fj;jth;fs; gzpfisr; nra;Ak;NtisapNyNa mjd; jhf;fq;fis mtjhdpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;th;. nra;;jpl;lq;fspy; Jbg;ghfr;nraw;gLk; mNjNtis> ,f;fhuzpfisAk;
mth;fs; mtjhdpj;Jf; nfhs;th;: NkYk; Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fs; ,e;j mtjhdpg;G kw;Wk;
Rarpe;jidg; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJk; gpd;dh; gpur;rpidnjhlh;ghd gzpfs;> Kiwtop
njhlh;ghd kw;Wk; csr;nray;Kiw> ,af;ftpay; njhlh;ghd ntt;NtW nghWg;Gzh;TFwpj;j
tpj;jpahrkhd czh;it ngw;Wf;nfhs;th;. Nfh\;bfspd; Ra mgptpUj;jpf;F ,it midj;Jk;
,d;wpaikahj Kd; epge;jidfs; MFk;.
ehk; fye;Jiuahba Nfh\;bg;gzpfs; nghpa epWtdq;fspd; #oikTfspNyNa toikahf
epfo;tjhy;> NkYk; midj;Jklq;Fk; mikg;G mgptpUj;jpr;nray;Kiw xd;W #o;e;jpUe;jhy;
kl;LNk Nfh\;b mgptpUj;jpapd; ntw;wp epiyNgwhdjhftpUf;Fk;.
khw;wq;fs; ,k;Kiwahfg; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;lhy;> Nfh\;b mgptpUj;jp nray;Kiwfs;
mikg;gpd; RahjPd mgptpUj;jpf;F mbg;gilahd gaDWjpkpf;f Kd;Njitahff; fhzg;gLk;.
mj;Jld;. ,J Nfh\;bfspDs;Sk;> mikg;GfspDs;Sk; fhzg;gLk; NkhJiffis jtph;g;gjw;F
kl;Lky;yhJ gue;j gzpahw;Wk; cyfpy; Vw;gLk; NkhJiffisj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy;
Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;G ey;Ftjw;F nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F cjTk;.
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
310
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
6. KbTiuAk;> jpwe;j tpdhf;fSk;
Nfh\;bfSk;> mtw;wpd; jiyth;fSk; Nfh\;b ,af;ftpaiy mwpe;J ngahpLk;
nray;Kiwapy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;lhy; Nfh\;bapd; gzpfisf; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT Nkk;gLj;j
KbAk;. mth;fs; ,jidg; Ghptjw;F cjTKfkhf nraw;ghl;lhsu;;fs; kw;Wk; (Nfh\;bj;jiyth;fs;)
Nfh\;bf; fUk;ghl;bd; Ie;J gpujhd kl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;wpdJk; gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdj;ij
tpiuthff; fz;Lnfhs;s cjTk;. mbg;gilf; iff; fUtpfs; gytw;iw Kd;itj;Js;sNjhL>
mit xd;wpd;kPnjhd;W nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;ifAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. mitahtd> jdpg;gl;l
Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth; cs;slf;fk; my;yJ gpur;rpidfs;> ,ilj;jhf;fk;> Kiwikapay;fs; kw;Wk;
ntspthup cwTfs; vd;gdthFk;.
JujpU\;ltrkhf ,j;JiwapYs;s mNefkhd gapw;rp mkh;TfSk;> ghpNrhjidfSk;
1 Mk; kl;lk; (jdpg;gl;l Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;) 4Mk; kl;lk; (Kiwikapay;fs;) vd;gtw;iw
cjhrPdk;nra;fpd;wd. Nfh\;bfs; gpd;dh; 1>4>5 kl;lq;fspy; rpwg;ghff; ifahz;bUf;ff;$ba
NkhJiffis ,ilj;jhf;f kl;lj;jpy; ifahsNtz;ba epiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L KaYfpd;wdh;.
,jd; tpisT NkhJifapd; xU rl;lepiyj; jiftw;w “,ilj;jhf;fkhf;fy; my;yJ
MSUthf;fk;” MFk;.
,tw;iw milahsq;fz;L gaDWjpAld; ifahStJ nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSf;F xU
gpujhd rthyhf ,Ug;gJld;> gzpia epiwNtw;Wk;nghUl;L mth;fSf;F vspjhfg;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba> ek;gfkhd iff;fUtpfs; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. kWGwj;jpy;> epGzj;Jt
gapw;rpngw;w cstpayhsh;fshy; kl;LNk ek;gfkhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba> rpf;fyhd> Neuk;
MFnryT kpf;f jPtpukhd fUtpfs; kpfr; rpwpa gyidNa mspf;Fk;.
Nfh;b mq;fj;jth;fs; jkJ Nfh\;bfspd; mgptpUj;jp epiyia Kiwahf kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk;>
mj;Jld; vjph;fhy mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; ghpe;Jiufs; nra;tjw;Fk; vspjpy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
fUtpfis cgNahfpg;gjw;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; kpfTk; jPh;khdfukdjhFk;. JujpU~;ltrkhf
,f;FO ,af;ftpay; JiwapDs; gy;NtWgl;l rpe;jidg;Nghf;FfisAila gy epGzh;fs;
,e;j Ma;Tg; gzpfis> ,luwpAk; gzpfis xU fl;likf;fg;glhjtpjj;jpy; Ghptjpy; tplhg;gpbahf
cs;sNjhL jkJ ghpe;Jiufis toq;Ftjpy; gpujhdkhfg; gq;Nfw;Nghhpd; Fwpj;Jiuj;j
mDgtq;fspNyNa jq;fpapUf;fpd;wdh;. rpwe;j mDgt Mw;wy; GyDzh;T mgptpUj;jpf;F ,J
cfe;jjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy;> kPz;Lk; Nfh\;bfspd; NkhJifg; gpur;rpidfSf;F ehshe;jk;
Kfk;nfhLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSf;F ,jdhy; fpl;Lk; gad; kpff;FiwNt. Nfh\;b mgptpUj;jp
Ma;T ,ufrpakhdjhfTk;> Cf;fkhd Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fspdhy; mZf Kbahj
tpQ;QhdkhfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy; xUNghJk; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl Kbahj kUl;rp cz;lhf;Fk; tpisitNa
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,jw;F cjTKfkhf jw;NghJ ehk; Nfw;rpdJ (1998) Nghd;w jw;NghJs;s Ra
,luwpAk; iff;fUtpfis NkYk; Kiwikahf mgptpUj;jpnra;Ak;tifapy; gzpahw;wNtz;Lk;.
Fwpg;ghf Nfh\;bfs;> mtw;Wld; njhlh;Gw;w mikg;Gfs;> xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpapUg;gJ ghprPypf;fg;gl;L>
rpytplaq;fspy; kPs;fl;likf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gFg;gha;thsh;fs; Nfh\;bfspdJk;>
mikg;GfspdJk; cstpay; r%f ,af;ftpaiy kl;Lk; (mNefkhd ngwg;gl;l Kiwik
mZFKiwfspd; gpujhd ftdikak;)> Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhy; NghjhJ. mjd; njhlh;Gw;w fyhrhu>
njhopy;El;g fUtp tiyaikg;GfSk; Xu; mikg;gpd; r%f cg KiwikfSk; gu];guk;
xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpapUf;Fk; tpisitAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,J jtwpdhy;> ekf;F
311
Fiwe;Jnry;Yk; mj;Jld;> kpfr; rpwe;jepiynad;W Nehf;Fk;NghJg; gaDWjpaw;w cstpay;
r%f mZFKiwNa vQ;Rk;.
Mw;wg;glNtz;ba gzpapd; ,ay;G gy;Jiwr; rPy ,ay;Gilajhf ,Uf;fNtz;baNjhL>
cstpay;> r%ftpay;> mikg;gpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g topKiwfisAk;> Ez;zwpTfisAk;
gaDWjpAs;stifapy; xd;wpizg;gjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
7. crhj;Jiz E}y;fSk;> Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk;
Antons, K. 1992. Praxis der Gruppendynamik, Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Ballreich, R. 2000. Problemlösen im Dialog, Graz: Seminarunterlage Trigon.
Bennis, W. G. and H. A. Shepard 1956. "A theory of group development," Human Relations,
No. 9, 415-437.
Besemer, Ch. 1995. Mediation: Vermittlung in Konflikten, Baden: Stiftung gewaltfreies Leben.
Bion, W. R. 1961. Experiences in Groups and Other Papers, London: Tavistock.
Blake, R., H. Shepard and J. Mouton 1964. Managing intergroup Conflict in Industry, Houston, Tx: Gulf.
Bomers, G. and R. Peterson (eds.) 1984. Conflict management and Industrial Relations, Boston:
Kluwer-Nijhoff.
Bos, A. H. 1974. Oordeelsvorming in Groepen, Wageningen: H.Veenman & Zonen.
Brown, L. D. 1983. Managing Conflict at Organizational Interfaces, Reading: Addison-Wesley Longman.
Burke, W and H. Hornstein (eds.) 1972. The Social Technology of Organization Development,
Washington, DC: NTL Learning Resources Corporation.
Burton, J. 1969. Conflict and Communication, London: Macmillan.
Cohn, R. 1992. Von der Psychoanalyse zur Themenzentrierten Interaktion, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Eiseman, J. 1978. "Reconciling 'incompatible positions',“ Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,
14, 133- 150.
Fisher, R., W. Ury and B. Patton 1991. Getting to Yes, Boston, Mass.: Penguin Putnam.
Gal, T. and H. Gehring 1981. Betriebswirtschaftliche Planungs- und Entscheidungstechniken, Berlin/
New York, NY: Gruyter Verlag.
Glasl, F. 1982. "The process of conflict escalation and roles of third parties," in Bomers and Peterson,
op. cit, 119-140.
Glasl, F. 1984. Conflicten in organisaties voor sociaal werk. Unpublished survey of NPI. Zeist (NL).
Glasl, F. 1994. The enterprise of the future: How companies develop, Stroud: Hawthorne Press.
Glasl, F. 1996. Entwicklung und Reife von Arbeitsgruppen, Graz: Trigon Basiskonzept.
Glasl, F. 1997. Konfliktmanagement, 5. Aufl., Bern/Stuttgart: Haupt.
Glasl, F. 1999. Confronting Conflict: A First-Aid Kit for Handling Conflict, Stroud: Hawthorne Press.
Glasl, F. and B. Lievegoed 1993. Dynamische Unternehmensentwicklung, Bern/Stuttgart: Haupt.
Götz, J. 1998. Entwicklung eines Instruments zur Eigenevaluation der Gruppenreife und des
Autonomiegrades von Teilautonomen Arbeitsgruppen, Salzburg: Universität Salzburg,
Unveröffentlichte Diplomarbeit.
Grandori, A. 1984. "A prescriptive contingency view of organizational decision making," Administrative
Science Quarterly, vol. 29, 2: 192-209.
NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba
xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;
NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;
312
gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;
Grandori, A. 1987. Perspective in Organization Theory, Cambridge, Mass: Harper & Row.
Harrison, R. 1972. "Role-negotiation: a tough minded approach to team development," in Burke and
Hornstein, op. cit.
Hax, H. 1974. Entscheidungsmodelle in der Unternehmung, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.
Hofstätter, R. 1957. Gruppendynamik, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.
Janis, I. L. 1972. Victims of Groupthink, Atlanta, Ga: Houghton Mifflin.
Katzenbach, J. and D. Smith 1993. The Wisdom of Teams, Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School.
Langmaack, B. and M. Braune-Krickau 1995. Wie die Gruppe laufen lernt. Anregungen zum Planen
und Leiten von Gruppen, Weinheim: Beltz.
Redlich, A. 1997. Konflikt-Moderation, Hamburg: Windmühle.
Rosenberg, M. B. 1999. Noviolent Communication, Del Mar: PuddleDancer Press.
Rosenstiel, L. von 1992. Grundlagen der Organisationspsychologie, Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel.
Rubin, J., D. Pruitt and S.H. Kim 1994. Social Conflict. Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement, New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Scott-Morgan, P. and A. D. Little 1994. Die heimlichen Spielregeln. Die Macht der ungeschriebenen
Gesetze in Unternehmen, Frankfurt/Main: Campus.
Simon, H. 1975. Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrative
Organization, New York, N.Y.: The Free Press.
Tannenbaum, R. and W. H. Schmidt 1958. "How to choose a leadership pattern," Harvard Business
Review, March/April, 95-101.
Tuckman, B. W. 1965. "Developmental sequences in small groups," Psychological Bulletin No. 63,
384-399.
Tuckman, B. W. and M. A. C. Jensen 1977. "Stages of small group development revisited," Group and
Organization Studies , No. 2, 419-427.
Vopel, K. 1994. Themenzentriertes Teamtraining, Salzhausen: ISKO.
Vroom, V. H. and A. G. Jago 1978. "On the validity of the Vroom-Yetton model," Journal of Applied
Psychology , No. 63, 151-162.
Vroom, V. H. and P. W. Yetton 1973. Leadership and Decision-making, Pittsburgh: University of
Pittsburgh Press.
Wahren, H. K. 1994. Gruppen- und Teamarbeit in Unternehmen Berlin: Walter deGruyter.
Walton, R. 1969. Interpersonal Peacemaking: Confrontation and Third Party Consultation, Reading:
Addison Werley.
Weeks, D. 1994. The Eight Essential Steps to Conflict Resolution, New York, NY: Putnam Books.
Wheelan, S. A. 1990. Group Processes: A Developmental Perspective, Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon.