ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0)...

30
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Transcript of ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0)...

Page 1: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

M I C R O B I O L O G Ya n i n t r o d u c t i o n

ninth edition TORTORA ⏐ FUNKE ⏐ CASE

16Innate Immunity:

Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Page 2: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease.

Immunity: Ability to ward off disease.

Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen.

Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific

pathogen.

Page 3: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Host Defenses

Figure 16.1

Page 4: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physical Factors

Skin

Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with

Keratin, a protective protein

Page 5: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physical Factors

Mucous membranes

Ciliary escalator:

Microbes trapped in mucus

are transported away from

the lungs.

Lacrimal apparatus:

Washes eye.

Saliva: Washes microbes off.

Urine: Flows out.

Vaginal secretions: Flow out.Figure 16.4a

Page 6: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical Factors

Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum.

Low pH (3-5) of skin.

Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue

fluids.

Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice.

Transferrins in blood find iron.

NO inhibits ATP production.

Page 7: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Normal Microbiota

Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal

microbiota compete with pathogens.

Page 8: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Formed Elements in Blood

Table 16.1 (1 of 2)

Page 9: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 16.1 (2 of 2)

Formed Elements in Blood

Page 10: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neutrophils 60-70%

Basophils 0.5-1%

Eosinophils 2-4%

Monocytes 3-8%

Lymphocytes 20-25%

Differential White Cell Count

Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of

100 white blood cells.

Page 11: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

White Blood Cells

Neutrophils: Phagocytic

Basophils: Produce histamine

Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis

Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune response

Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages

Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi

Wandering macrophages roam tissues.

Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity.

PLAY Animation: Host Defenses

Page 12: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Phagocytosis

Phago: from Greek,

meaning eat

Cyte: from Greek,

meaning cell

Ingestion of microbes

or particles by a cell,

performed by

phagocytes.

Figure 16.6

Page 13: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Phagocytosis

Figure 16.7

Page 14: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inhibit adherence: M protein, capsules

Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae

Kill phagocytes: Leukocidins Staphylococcus aureus

Lyse phagocytes: Membrane attack complex

Listeria monocytogenes

Escape phagosome Shigella

Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion

HIV

Survive in phagolysosome Coxiella burnetti

Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis

PLAY Animation: Phagocytosis

Page 15: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inflammation

1. Redness-rubor

2. Pain-dolor

3. Heat-calor

4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Acute-phase proteins activated (complement,

cytokine, and kinins)

Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and

leukotrienes)

Margination and emigration of WBCs

Tissue repair

Page 16: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Histamine Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

Kinins Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

Prostaglandins Intensity histamine and kinin effect

Leukotrienes Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

Chemicals Released by Damaged Cells

Page 17: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inflammation

Figure 16.8a–b

Page 18: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inflammation

PLAY Animation: Inflammation

Figure 16.8c–d

Page 19: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fever: Abnormally High Body Temperature

Hypothalamus normally set at 37°C.

Gram-negative endotoxin cause phagocytes to release

interleukin–1 (IL–1).

Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the

hypothalamus to a high temperature.

Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering which

raise temperature.

When IL–1 is eliminated, body temperature falls (crisis).

Page 20: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fever

Advantages

Increase transferrins

Increase IL–1 activity

Disadvantages

Tachycardia

Acidosis

Dehydration

Page 21: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Complement System

Serum proteins

activated in a

cascade.

Figure 16.9

Page 22: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Effects of Complement Activation

Opsonization or

immune adherence:

Enhanced

phagocytosis.

Membrane attack

complex: Cytolysis.

Attract phagocytes.

Figure 16.10

Page 23: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Effects of Complement Activation

Figure 16.11

Page 24: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classical Pathway

Figure 16.12

Page 25: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alternative Pathway

Figure 16.13

Page 26: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lectin Pathway

Figure 16.14

Page 27: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Some Bacteria Evade Complement

Capsules prevent C activation.

Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent MAC formation.

Enzymatic digestion of C5a.

PLAY Animation: The Complement System

Page 28: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Interferons (IFNs)

Alpha IFN and Beta IFN: Cause cells to produce

antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.

Gamma IFN: Causes neutrophils and macrophages

to phagocytize bacteria.

Page 29: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Interferons (IFNs)

Figure 16.15

Page 30: ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y · 2008-05-19 · fluids. Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice. Transferrins in blood find iron. ... 4. Swelling (edema)-tumor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Innate Immunity

Transferrins

Bind serum iron

Antimicrobial peptides

Lyse bacterial cells